...because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D. Insufficient-sample The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted. (based on a false analogy The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A...,...
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...The conclusion endorsed in the argument is that.... To support this conclusion, the author points out that.... In addition, the author reasons that.... The argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted claims. In an attempt to … , the article claims that … . To justify the claim, the author provides evidence that … . In addition, he points out that … . he cites the result of a recent study that … In sum, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. To solidify the argument, the author should provide more concrete evidence to demonstrate that … . In addition, the author would have to rule out the abovementioned possibilities that would undermine the claim. （Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.） The argument rests on an unconvincing assumption that A leads to B. However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption/ substantiate the clai presumm. It is entirely possible that…Or perhaps… Lacking more complete information about…, it isptuous to conclude /claim that… Firstly, the author takes for granted that A is the cause of/responsible for B just because the former occurs before the latter. (the former coincides with the latter/ A and B have a correlation) However, many other factors could bring about the same effect, such as … . Without further efforts to rule out other possible explanations, the author’s claim would be in question. / It would be groundless to attribute...
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...(Written) Assignment 2 (Presentation) Mid Term (Week 6 or 7) Final Exam 20% 15% 15% 50% 3 4 WHAT DO YOU FIRST SEE? 5 6 1 5/26/2014 7 8 WHAT DO YOU SEE AND BELIEVE? Seeing is not believing. An idea should be formed based on valid evidences and unbiased perception. However, other perceptions and interpretations are possible. Acceptance of other opinions. To think CRITICALLY! BARRIERS TO CRITICAL THINKING… 9 10 Barriers to Critical Thinking (Why do people find Critical Thinking so difficult? What prevents people from thinking critically?) 1. Egocentrism - inability to see other people’s viewpoint - focus on self: I, ME, MYSELF selfish 1. Egocentrism 2. Sociocentrism 3. Unwarranted Assumptions and Stereotyping 4. Relativistic Thinking 5. Wishful Thinking 11 12 2 5/26/2014 Two common forms of Egocentrism are: 2. Sociocentrism (family, friends, community, society) Self-interested Thinking - To accept and defend beliefs that serves your own interest / benefit / convenience Eg. In UTAR: car park vs. poor bus service - group-centered thinking: focus on group Two common forms of sociocentrism: Group Bias / Ethnocentrism - To think your own group (race, religion, culture,...
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...It has been noted that many college campuses, that students create their own circles of like-minded individuals without confronting any difference in opinions. Which is an unfortunate situation for colleges when it is supposed to be a safe environment for students to discover diversity within the campus. By continuing to stay in a bubble of their own ideas and beliefs can cloud a student’s views on the world which can lead people to create assumptions about those outside their comfort zone. This exact situation is discussed in an article by Jonathan H. Adler, a professor at the Case Western University School of Law, called, “Against Campus Echo Chambers,” where it highlights how students inhabit liberal bubbles where they are reluctant to encounter...
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...aa23 3 months ago it is very good dharankarmadhavi 5 months ago thanks for a very useful presentation. charlottemila 7 months ago Excellent presentation and thanks for sharing. http://www.comparatif-cybermarche.com/ Edufireegypt 7 months ago Thanks a lot for nice coherent presentation Ahmed from Egypt :) Jisun Lee at Jisun Lee, 11 months ago Thank you for sharing. It is wonderful. bina at bina, 2 years ago sir its excellent Jeff Bennett, Web/Multimedia Developer at Digital Splash Media, 2 years ago Thanks for sharing Zaid. Your presentation played a key part in a video about critical thinking that I just published. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-85-j7Nr9i4 chuchad at chuchad, 2 years ago Thank you for sharing. This presentation is very useful. ommeone 2 years ago Thank you for sharing the great ideas of critical thinking. It really helps me on doing my thesis. Patti Waterbury, Founder/President at Creative Growth Strategies, Inc., 2 years ago Thank you for sharing...excellent content. Comments 1 - 10 of 21 comments next Embed Video Subscribe to comments Post Comment Speaker Notes on slide 28 98 Favorites Karori International Ventures Limited at Karori International Ventures Limited, 1 month ago Tags creative thinking Greg Williams, instructional designer, eLearning developer, professor, trainer, consultant at University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1 month ago Wagner Rezende, Professor at UFG, 2 months ago osupa01 3 months ago Monica...
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...framework within which business life must be understood. ii) It is a broader framework in the business life, not the laws of the business world. d) Nothing is more dangerous to a business than a tarnished public image. iii) Once a company’s reputation has been destroyed, it is hard to rebuild it up. And they will always be known for what bad things they have done, and no matter how successful they become afterwards. 3) What evidence is offered in support of those reasons? Is the evidence good? Why? Is the evidence relevant to the author’s reasons and/or conclusion? e) Ethical errors end careers more quickly and more definitively than any other mistake in judgment or accounting. iv) The uses some examples to explain that many of us practice on a daily basis that we do not realize, and rarely does unethical behavior is determined and punished. v) He mentions that unethical behavior is not simply just “bad...
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...How will Critical Thinking benefit YOU?Establishing and Achieving your goals/Confident and productive Creative Thinker/Construct Logically valid and compelling arguments/Learning to Critically Analyse information and images – The Media, Internet and Popular Culture/Analyze Ethical Issues and Moral Beliefs Five Powerful Barriers to Critical Thinking:Egocentrism>Self-centered thinking,self-interested thinking,self-serving bias/Sociocentrism>Group-centered thinking,Group bias,Conformism/Unwarranted Assumptions>Beliefs that are presumed to be true without adequate evidence or justification,Assumption,Stereotyping/Wishful Thinking>Believing that something is true because one wishes it were true/RelativisticThinking>The truth is “just a matter of opinion”,Relativism,Subjectivism&Cultural relativism What is Thinking?Thinking is a purposeful, organized cognitive process that we use to make sense of our world/Types of Thinking?Creative & Critical Thinking/What is Critical Thinking?Critical Thinking is the general term given to a wide range of cognitive and intellectual skills needed to: Effectively identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments; Discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases; Formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions; and Make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do. Critical thinking skills emphasized in this course, include: Reasoning, Analyzing, Evaluating, Decision Making and Problem...
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...traveled to Cambridge in 1911 and requested that Russell take him on as a student. Russell was hesitant at first but was soon impressed by Wittgenstein’s intelligence. Wittgenstein was brought into philosophy by Bertrand Russell, who was one of the founders of the analytic movement in philosophy. In the Investigations, Wittgenstein is concerned primarily with the very impulse to think philosophically more than he is with any particular philosophical views. Nevertheless, we find in the Investigations a preoccupation with language, and we can see the enduring influence of Frege and Russell in Wittgenstein’s conviction that a proper understanding of language will expose the hidden flaws in philosophical reasoning. Wittgenstein takes the example of game, showing that there is no rigid definition that includes everything we consider a game and excludes everything we do not consider a game, but we nevertheless have no difficulty in using the word game correctly. As far as Wittgenstein is concerned, ordinary language is perfectly adequate as it is. His aim is not to show the underlying...
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...Greece or the eastern Mediterranean and not in Italy where they were found. Other ancient libraries could be discussed, but the above example is enough to illustrate that it would not be unusual for the Pachomian library (the cache of Bodmer papyri) to contain manuscripts much older than the third century. Older manuscripts must have been available as one of the codex covers in the Bodmer collection was stiffen by inserting a papyrus fragment of a Greek play dated to the second century. If P66 was assigned the traditional ca. 200 dating, it would not necessarily be out of place amongst the other Bodmer papyri as Nongbri has asserted. The discussion over the codicology of P66 was a very interesting segment of Nongbri’s paper. His critiques of Robinson’s assumptions of the “relic” status of P66 were well placed to be sure, but it is difficult to understand why the reconstructed binding of P66 would require it to be placed in the fourth century. It seems unwise for Nongbri to have dismissed the comparison made by Regemorter to a third century wax tablet in such a cavalier fashion. Regemorter did compare the manner in which P66 was attached to its covers with the Nag Hammadi codices. But, Nongbri’s appeal to their fourth century date is unconvincing as other codicological features of these manuscripts were in use in the previous century. For example, all of the Nag Hammadi codices are single quire codices and many of the single quire codices listed by Turner in his Typology of the...
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...support the conclusion, the arguer points out that in addition, the arguer reasons that… The argument suffers from several critical fallacies In this argument the arguer recommends that should advise to to justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that thus should follow the study recommendation and in order to The conclusion in this argument is that can experts to by doing in support of this prediction, the arguer claims that… moreover the arguer assumes that this attempt had… benefit 1)to ;2)to ;3)to; this argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions In this argument, the arguer advocates that… should … this rercommendation is based on the observation that…. Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice… because… this argument is problematic for… reasons. In this analysis, the arguer claims that… should to substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of where… in addition, the arguer assumes that… this arguments is unconvincing for several critical flaws The major problem with this argument is that… Another flaw that weakens this argument is that… In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument. The arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence… For instance… since… what’s more… etc When samples are used to male general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that...
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...are going to be defending. It should be possible to present the claim in no more than a sentence or two that tells the reader what it is that you will argue, and why and how. This is what is known as a thesis statement, and your essay outline should begin with this. A good thesis statement should: • Be no longer than a sentence or two • It should be something philosophically controversial (though not necessarily sensationalist), in that it should not merely be a statement of fact, nor of style, nor of context. • It should include a reference to the target idea or text. Examples: “Pascal’s (1632-62) famed defence of religious faith by appeal to the utility of believing in God rather than the truth of the belief is unsatisfactory since, although it professes to start from a position of metaphysical ignorance, in practice it smuggles in unwarranted assumptions about the utility of believing in the existence of God”. “Pascal argues that the practical advantage of believing in God outweighs the disadvantages, although this has been challenged by many critics who contend that the argument only succeeds if one conflates pragmatic reasons for believing with epistemic reasons for believing. In this essay, I shall defend Pascal from this...
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...How can your mental models about your world both assist and limit your perceptions when you meet a person for the first time? Mental models are psychological representations of real, hypothetical, or imaginary situations (Princeton, 2013). The first known recorded postulation of the mental models theory came from the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, who stated that reasoning is a process by which humans "examine the state of things asserted in the premises, forms a diagram of that state of things, perceives in the parts of the diagram relations not explicitly mentioned in the premises, satisfies itself by mental experiments upon the diagram that these relations would always subsist, or at least would do so in a certain proportion of cases, and concludes their necessary, or probable, truth.” Similarly the Scottish psychologist Kenneth Craik suggested that the human mind constructed small scale models of the world for which it used to anticipate events, to reason and to underlie explanation. Modern Cognitive scientists have since debated that the human mind constructs mental models due to perception, imagination and knowledge. Mental models are created through various avenues such as personal experience, social values, religious beliefs, cultural attitudes and norms. Therefore mental models are how we determine and make sense of reality; these can be range from simple generalisations to immensely complex ideas and theories. These models thus underpin all...
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...Diversity Issues Diversity Issues Organizations who make a commitment to diversity can see a significant impact on business in many ways. Diversity “requires a significant commitment for change to occur” (Delong, 2007, p.9). It is extremely important that leaders understand the commitment and embrace it in order for a positive impact to occur. Employers with diverse cultures and leaders can build positive and successful relationships with customers, suppliers and vendors. They can better attract and retain top talent. All of these equal more financial gain for the company. Diversity Leadership I agree that being a diversity conscious leader is important to professional and organizational success. Not only is diversity consciousness important in business but it is equally important in all aspects of life. Diversity consciousness consists of three components “diversity awareness, understanding of diversity, and diversity skills” (Bucher, 2015, p.38). When dealing with people from different cultures, it is important to communicate effectively. In order to do so there are skills that should be adapted. An “integral part of developing diversity consciousness is developing diversity skills” (Bucher, 2015, p.37). Bucher states that the five skills essential to success at work are speaking, solving problems, taking initiative, ability to relate to others and teamwork. Being a diversity conscious leader means being well versed in the skills listed above. Teamwork...
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...It is under this line of inquiry to determine “whether the system’s repute will be better served by the admission or the exclusion of the evidence, and it is thus necessary to consider any disrepute that may result from the exclusion of the evidence.” The impact of the admission must be weighed against the exclusion in order to determine the fairness and seriousness of the breach compared to the importance of the evidence for the Crown. As Justice Lamer stated, the court must dissociate itself from the aggressive actions of the police, especially if such actions were based on assumptions and suspicions. The judiciary would be brought into disrepute if the evidence were admitted, as Constable Woods did not have reasonable and probable grounds to perform a throat hold. When evidence is obtained illegally, the evidence must be excluded through the assessment of these factors in order to reflect society’s notion of protecting Charter rights. The Charter guarantees that Collins should have received a fair trial, thus the inclusion of illegally obtained evidence will depreciate one’s access to a fair...
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...Introduction Judicial independence, although often argued to be a fundamental concept to the rule of law, democracy and political stability, alarmingly continues to be contested and vague even in economically developed liberal democratic states recognized for the rule of law. This was particularly indicated by leading US constitutional scholar ‘name’, ‘there is a disagreement about whether or how to criticize judges and their decisions, and about whether or how to discipline judges. And, of course, there is pervasive disagreement about whether our judges exhibit too much or too little independence.’ The problems are exaggerated in cases of developing countries with unstable democracies and non-liberal authoritarian regimes. The key objective of this essay is to subject judicial independence and the statements presented on its behalf to critical examination. China is of use when analysing general ideas as it signifies a challenge to the universal understanding about what judicial independence is and why it is important. Although China ‘has never had independent courts’, the country continues to be an effective single-party socialist authoritarian regime, becoming a likely model for other developing states. Judicial Corruption in China It is certainly reasonable to say that judicial independence is an acknowledged theory in the Chinese Constitution. The original 1954 Constitution declared the need for the Supreme People’s Court (SPC) to judge cases independently. In the...
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