Free Essay

An Investigation on How to Overcome the

In:

Submitted By Thanhhoang
Words 3280
Pages 14
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

[pic]

THESIS PROPOSAL AN INVESTIGATION ON THE COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES USED BY VIETNAMESE TOUR GUIDES TO OVERCOME LANGUAGE LIMITATIONS WHEN COMMUNICATING WITH FOREIGN TOURISTS

(NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ CHIẾN LƯỢC GIAO TIẾP MÀ CÁC HƯỚNG DẪN VIÊN VIỆT NAM SỬ DỤNG ĐỂ KHẮC PHỤC NHỮNG HẠN CHẾ VỀ NGÔN NGỮ KHI GIAO TIẾP VỚI KHÁCH DU LỊCH NƯỚC NGOÀI)

Supervisor : Prof. Nguyen Hoa Name : Hoang Thi Thanh Date of birth: 25/12/1989 Cohort : 22 (2013 – 2015) Class : D

HANOI, 25/08/2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|CONTENT |PAGE |
|RATIONALE OF THE STUDY |1 |
|OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY |3 |
|SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY |4 |
|SCOPE OF THE STUDY |5 |
|RESEARCH METHODOLOGY |5 |
|5.1. Research questions | |
|5.2. Research methods | |
|5.3. Data analysis | |
|BASIC KEY TERMS |7 |
|HYPOTHESES |9 |
|DESIGN OF THE STUDY |9 |
| REFERENCES |11 |

1. Rationale of the study

Tourism is now one of the world’s largest industries and one of the fastest growing economic sectors. In Vietnam, this sector already accounts for 4.6% of Vietnam's GDP in 2013 and is forecast to rise by 8.9% in 2014; it generates 1,899,000 jobs directly in 2013, which is 3.7% of all jobs - numbers which are expected to rise at almost double the global average over the course of the next 10 years.
It is no doubt that of all tourism-related jobs, tour guides play a decisive role in the success of the tourism industry. However, reality has shown that Vietnam’s current tour guides, even those who are trained in tourism schools, have not yet been able to meet the real work requirements, especially language competence. Hence, the limitation of language ability then often leads to some conversation brokenness while communicating with customers. Nevertheless, it should be noticed that the problem does not only happen with low-ability language speakers but can even be met by any other skilled language users and in all languages. Communicating in a foreign language includes challenging situations where the user’s language skills do not suffice to fully express the intended meaning.
An example of conversation gap is reported when lecturer Trinh Le Anh from the Tourism Faculty of Ha Noi National University led his students during an internship trip, he encountered a funny situation when a beautiful and graceful tour guide who spoke English very fluently explained to visitors that the kylin statue at temples and pagodas was a "buffalo". When her clients asked why the statue of a buffalo was located at the front of temples and pagodas, the guide replied, "Since Viet Nam has a wet rice civilization, buffaloes are considered very important. So, it is very normal to see the buffalo at temples and pagodas." Similar situation occurs with one of my friends, Truong, who is a tour guide in Sapa. Once he was assigned to accompany a group of British students of biology from a university in England to research the flora along the Fansipan mountain of Lao Cai. On the way to the mount, the students kept asking him about the names of different trees they happened to see alongside; of course Truong did not know many of them so a few times he tried to explain the typical features of the trees, but most of the times he chose to just neglect the questions and jumped over to a new topic which could attract his tourists with a hope that they would forget the main concerns. “You don’t need to answer all of your tourists’ questions if you don’t know the answers” he said, “Sometimes ignoring is a good way to avoid other complicated questions arousing to yourself”.
Those are merely a few among numerous circumstances in which the tour guides were made confused by the lack of appropriate vocabulary repertoire when working with foreign tourists. However, not in all cases do the alternatives satisfy the listeners. Lecturer Trinh Le Anh said he felt disappointed with the guide’s explanation. "After listening to her, I felt extremely confused. What I fear most is that if her story is remembered by foreign guests and retold in their countries, a mascot like the kylin will become a normal animal and a friend of peasants”. Anh remarked; while the other tourists might feel abandoned and isolated with so many of their questions left unanswered. These will result, more or less in the final displeasure of the foreign visitors to the tour guides in general and unluckily, to the impression on the Vietnam country itself.
Having been working in tourism sector for 4 years, including 2 years working as a professional tour guide, I am well aware of those language problems which can be encountered with any tour guide, especially those who are not majored in foreign languages. In the above illustrations, the tour guides all attempted to compensate for the lack in language skills to maintain the communication.
Those attempts are called communication strategies (CSs), i.e. the strategies that “language users use to solve linguistic problems at one given point using only the resources, linguistic or non-linguistic, available at that time without external aid.” (Anna L., 2011) There are a number of works having been carried out in the subject of communication strategies; however, most of them majorly deal with those used in either classroom environment or languages learning in general but scarcely are there any researches paying attention to the problems that arouse in real communication situations, such as in tourism environment, what strategies are used by the tour guides, and how they are achieved.
This is the reason for me to carry out a study to investigate the most popular communication strategies used among the tour guides in Vietnam to overcome the language limitations and which strategies are believed to be more effective.

2. Objectives of the study

In fact, not any tour guides can deny that their foreign language is not perfect, and that communicating in another language than their mother tongue can be challenging sometimes by encountering unexpected conversation gaps for the lack of necessary linguistic items. As a result, they have to use, either consciously or unconsciously, different strategies to compensate for those gaps. Following this assumption, the study aims at: 1) Investigating the most used strategies by the tour guides in Vietnam while communicating with foreign visitors.

2) Justifying the most effective strategies used by the tour guides in Vietnam while communicating with foreign visitors.

3. Significance of the study

This paper is an attempt to look into under-researched issue on tourism and for Vietnamese tour guides while communicating with foreign visitors in English. Thus, once completed, its outcome may bring about beneficial impacts to several entities involved, namely English speaking Vietnamese tour guides and foreign visitors, and even Vietnamese teachers and learners of English.
First of all, it is English speaking Vietnamese tour guides that will benefit the most from the result of this research. This study will help them to integrate a number of compensation strategies used by other tour guides, which may be unconsciously different from theirs and could strengthen their guiding competence as a career. Moreover, from the awareness of the available strategies used by various tour guides, they can select the most suitable ones for themselves and avoid offensive causing offensiveness towards their customers.
In addition, the visitors from a foreign country, especially one who has never been to Vietnam before, will be able to travel at ease since their tour guide is a really professional, sensitive and competent communicator. The supposition that the tour guide does not avoid linguistic obstacles but try to compensate for his or her language limitation by finding alternatives to answer the customers will create a warm feeling and leave the visitors a nice experience in Vietnam.
Furthermore, with regards to teachers and learners of English in general, the research may provide them with deep and comprehensive insight into the authentic communicating problems and how to overcome those problems. Teachers of English, besides giving their students necessary language to communicate, can notice them with such strategies which can be useful in case the students cannot find the required vocabulary repertoire to express their ideas. Similarly, learners of English can take advantage of these strategies to actively compensate for their conversation gaps.
Last but not least, researchers of the related fields can use the current paper for reference and carry out further and deeper investigation.

4. Scope of the study

According to the specialists in justifying tourism potential of North Vietnam, the number of international visitors to this region is considered to be much larger in compared with the South and the Centre, with the existence of the most tourist attractions in Vietnam such as Hanoi, Halong Bay, Sapa and Ninh Binh. Moreover, due to the limitation of time and transportation that the researcher is committed to Hanoi, the tour guides who are currently living and working in the capital are chosen to be the targeted informants of the study.
Additionally, when it comes to compensation strategies, Oxford (1990: 47-51) divides them into two categories: Guessing Intelligently in Listening and Reading, and Overcoming Limitations in Speaking and Writing. Guessing strategies are used to understand the meaning of a message by picking up linguistic or non-linguistic clues from the communicated material while the strategies of Overcoming Limitations in Speaking and Writing helps with the production of language. As this study is merely concerned with gaps met in communicating orally, the researcher will only focus on the strategies used in Speaking.
Finally, although there are a variety of foreign languages used by tour guides out of English such as French, Chinese, Korean, etc., English speaking tour guides account for 64% of all tour guides in all spoken languages and a majority of international visitors use English as their main language while travelling. For these reasons, the researcher decides to put only English speaking tour guides into investigation.

5. Research Methodology

1. Research questions

In implementing the study, the following questions are expected to be puzzled out: 1) What are the most frequently used communication strategies by Vietnamese tour guides while communicating with foreign visitors?

2) Which strategies are likely to be the most effectively used by Vietnamese tour guides while communicating with foreign visitors.

2. Research methods

As mentioned above, the study is an effort to describe as well as justify the available communication strategies used by Vietnamese tour guides while communicating with international visitors thus a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods seems to be the most suitable methodology for the study. In addition, such methods as descriptive, analytic, comparative and contrastive are also utilized to describe and analyze, to compare and contrast the database so as to bring out the level of frequency and effectiveness of the strategies used by the tour guides. All comments, remarks assumptions and conclusion of the study were based on the data and analysis. Data collections for analysis in the study were gained through the following resources:
- Survey questionnaires.
- Structured and Semi-structured Interviews.
- Videotaping
The questionnaire will be designed for the tour guides. However, sometimes interviews will be also applied if the author find that the answers of respondents might not be clear enough. Non-participant observation of the conversations between the tour guides and visitors will also be made by videotaping the conversations, with the hope to increase the reliability of the research. 3. Data analysis

The process of data analysis will be conducted as follows:
- Collecting questionnaire from the targeted tour guides
- Abstracting related videos in which the tour guides use communication strategies to overcome the language limitations.
- Categorizing the strategies based on the recurrent patterns used by the tour guides
- Interviewing some tour guides to add up to the preferred and more effective strategies referred in the questionnaire and videos
- Justifying the level of frequency and effectiveness of the strategies based on the data shown in the questionnaire, interviews and videotapes

6. Some basic key terms

1. Travel: According to WHO, Travel refers to the activity of travelers. A traveler is someone who moves between different geographic locations, for any purpose and any duration.

2. Visitor: a visitor is a traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited. These trips taken by visitors qualify as tourism trips. Tourism refers to the activity of visitors.

International visitors are those whose country of residence is different from the country visited; these international visitors also include nationals residing permanently abroad, who may represent an important segment of the market, with special characteristics. 3. Tour guide: A person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural heritage of an area which person normally possesses an area-specific qualification usually issued and/or recognised by the appropriate authority.

International tour guide: the tour guide who works under an international tour guide license. In Vietnam, an international tour guide are eligible once having met all of the three following conditions: having a bachelor degree, having a certificate in tourism training skills and having a certificate in a foreign language. 4. Communication strategies

According to the definition by Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (Richards et al, 1992: 64-5) a CS is “a way used to express a meaning in a second or foreign language, by a learner who has a limited command of the language.” As the learner lacks knowledge of grammar or vocabulary in the language, he or she will use strategies to compensate for these gaps in knowledge. In her work Bialystok (1990: 3) quotes several researchers who have formed definitions of the CSs of second language learners. For example, according to Faerch and Kasper (1983) CSs are ”potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal”, and as per Corder (1977) they are ”a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when faced with some difficulty”.
According to Bialystok (op. cit.: 3-5), three features of CSs can be drawn from the different definitions: problematicity, consciousness, and intentionality. However, Bialystok argues that these are not defining features of CSs, as there can also be strategy usage outside these characteristics. For example, the language user does not always select the strategies systematically, which is assumed by intentionality. Children, on the other hand, are not capable of conscious reflection on their cognitive processes, yet, they use CSs. Finally, CSs can be used even when there are not any problems in the communication. For instance, the speaker may want to emphasize some matter by explaining it more thoroughly to the interlocutor. Although not defining, the three features are nevertheless common characteristics of CSs. 5. Compensation strategies

The strategies mapped and examined in the present study focus on compensation, i.e. the strategies that students use to solve linguistic problems at one given point using only the resources, linguistic or non-linguistic, available at that time without external aid. This mimics the natural situation in which natural language is most commonly used – if no aid in terms of other interlocutors is available - and also the situation students are faced with in a test situation in school. The terms communication or learning strategies will not be used as research has shown that it is difficult to separate the two as communication and learning can occur almost simultaneously. Compensation strategies, is a more suitable term. CS will here be used in relation to the four skills as outlined by the CEFR. The classification of the mapped strategies in this study follows below:
[pic]
Compensation strategies thus refer to strategies that learners use to solve a linguistic problem using only their linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge available at the time. Oxford’s taxonomy
Oxford (1990: 47-51) divides compensation strategies into two categories: Guessing Intelligently in Listening and Reading, and Overcoming Limitations in Speaking and Writing. Guessing strategies are used to understand the meaning of a message by picking up linguistic or non-linguistic clues from the communicated material while the strategies of Overcoming Limitations in Speaking and Writing help with the production of language. As my study is only concerned with the production of spoken language, I will not pay more attention to the guessing strategies. According to Oxford’s (1990: 50) model, there are eight different strategies for overcoming limitations in speaking and writing. The eight strategies are listed here:
1. Switching to the Mother Tongue
2. Getting Help
3. Using Mime or Gesture
4. Avoiding Communication Partially or Totally
5. Selecting the Topic
6. Adjusting or Approximating the Messages
7. Coining Words
8. Using a Circumlocution or Synonym
The Oxford’s taxonomy will be applied in the study analysis due to its widely acceptance and practicality when considering the real situations of tourism environment.

7. Hypotheses

As stated earlier, the aim of this study is to discover the communication strategies available when communicating with international visitors by the Vietnamese tour guides. Two following hypotheses are taken into account: 1) The strategies used vary among different tour guides.

2) There are strategies recurrent among those used by different tour guides

3) Some strategies are more effective than the others in achieving communication purpose.

8. Design of the study

The study will include three parts:
Part one will be the Introduction of the study which states the problems, the research questions, objectives, scope, significance and the design of the whole paper.
Part two will be the Development which will be composed of four chapters. Chapter one will present the theoretical background related to the issue. Chapter two will present the research methodology (i.e. subjects of the study, data collection instruments, and procedure). Chapter three will present the data analysis and Chapter four will be the findings and discussion.
Part three will be the Conclusion which summarizes significant findings of the investigation, elaborates contributions of the research, puts forward practical suggestions for future research as well as addresses notable limitation.

References 1. Anna L. (2011) Compensation Strategies in English as a Foreign Language: A study of strategy use in immediate receptive situations. Karlstads universitet Press.

2. Wenden, A. & Rubin, J. (eds.) (1987) Learner strategies in language learning. London: Prentice-Hall International.

3. Oxford, R. (1990) Language learning strategies: what every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

4. Færch, C. & Kasper, G. (eds.) (1983) Strategies in interlanguage communication. London: Longman.

5. Henna V. (2014) Introverts and extroverts as communication strategy users-a comparative study of Finnish speakers of English. Master’s Thesis

6. Andrew D. Cohen (1996) Second language learning and use strategies: Clarifying the issues. Revised Version

7. Beatriz L. Medina (2010) L2 Skills and the use of compensation strategies: The case of adult learners. Antonio University of Nebria

8. Parks, S. & Raymond, P. M. (2004). Strategy use by nonnative-English-speaking studentsin an MBA program: Not business as usual! The Modern Language Journal.

9. Hong Ha (2012) Tiềm năng của du lịch Việt Nam không phải là "sex, shopping..."

Website: http://www.baomoi.com/Tiem-nang-cua-du-lich-Viet-Nam-khong-phai-la-sex-shopping/137/14449062.epi 10. Trung Hieu & Dieu Linh (2014) Unprofessional tour guides ruin experience.

Website: http://vietnamnews.vn/talk-around-town/254180/unprofessional-tour-guides-ruin-experience.html 11. Thanh Thanh (2013) Hướng dẫn viên du lịch đang khan hiếm.

Website: http://kinhdoanh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/doanh-nghiep/huong-dan-vien-du-lich-dang-khan-hiem-2881899.html

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Racsism Profiling in the Criminal Justice System

...world where chaos and animosity and racism run, we as Average Americans have a really big problem with racial profiling in the Criminal Justice system and is it a hindrance or help. A question that we must ask ourselves, should we allow racial profiling during investigations? Like many of you I would say absolutely not, however the thought of racial profiling has been around for centuries and can be traced back to slavery days. Racial profiling was established by stopping any black person and demanding for papers because they weren’t with their white owners. “The United States imprisons a higher percentage of its black population than the apartheid in South Africa”. [1]. The article with further reading goes to state that one point in the life of the Black male one-in-three will serve time in jail at some point in their lives and that between the Blacks and Latino population they have a much higher contact rate with the Criminal Justice system than the average White male. It seems to be that the reason why this is is because of lack of education, low income areas of living. However, we see that there are quite a few that have made it out of this traditional role. There are several famous people that have overcome the harshness of the stigmatize that we as Americans put on people. Pit Bull a.k.a. Armando Christian Pérez who is of Cuban decent and was raised in the slums of Cuba. He worked hard and went for his dream of becoming a famous rapper. There is also Tyler...

Words: 899 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Wee 7 Questioning and Investigation

...Questioning and Investigation HUM-111 4-14-14 Dana Greiner Questioning and Investigation As we live through this world full of wonder, solving problems and resolving issues we look back and contemplate on the work or ideas that we had. That contemplation is most likely of a critiquing nature. We use critical thinking as a form of evaluating the solutions or ideas that we had so in the future we could learn from our mistakes and work on them to make them better with less faults. As any problem can simply pop up at any given time, it is important to know about all of the phases of critical thinking including questioning and investigation. If there was a problem such as the developing of illness going around in a new suburban community, I would have to think critically with what I have learned in order to solve it. The first step is to express the problem in order to avoid having assumptions towards it. Assumptions can be easily made as a result of thinking that the problem is self-evident (Ruggiero, p. 125, 2012). Early on we had to avoid the assumption that this would be a problem due to genetics. One way to express the problem is: How can the development planning and execution of the community can be improved in order to produce better health for the community? After the problem has been properly expressed, is now time to think of the questions that would need to be answered. Mostly the types of questions that need to be asked are going to be factual data and no opinion...

Words: 630 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Us V Arthur Young

...routine audit that resulted in a criminal investigation of the corporation’s tax returns after questionable payments that came from a “special disbursement account” were found. The IRS attempted to retrieve the work papers from the CPA firm, but were denied because the CPA firm had been instructed by the corporation to not release the work papers. Issues: The issue involved in this case is whether the IRS has the authority to request the workpapers from the CPA firm. Arguments and Authorities: The IRS cited IRC §7602(a) which gives the Secretary of the Treasury the authority to “examine any books, papers, records, or other data that may be relevant or material” to an investigation into a tax issue. In this case the work papers were relevant to the IRS’s case. The 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals agreed that the work papers were relevant, however they reasoned that a work product immunity doctrine was necessary to ensure integrity within the securities market and promote full discloser between accountants and their clients. The denied to enforce the summons because the IRS failed to sufficiently prove that the work papers were necessary to overcome the work-product immunity doctrine, and the IRS was not indicating that the corporation was attempting to commit fraud. In the case of United States v. Bisceglia, 420 U.S. 141, and Couch v. United States, 409 U.S. 322, the Supreme court upheld summons for records relating to IRS investigations. Also,...

Words: 374 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Barriers

...Barriers to Effective Communication Paper Communication is process that is used by humans to get the things they need and want in life. It is conducted in many forms and ways. Listening and hearing through communication is important to make sure instructions are understood and can be carried out effectively. In criminal justice there are formal and informal channels of communication and need to be conducted in a professional manner, in order to make factual and accurate reports to help in investigations. Barriers can hinder effective communication, rather it is emotional or physical. In this paper I will discuss all of these types of communications and the issues that may arise with them. Communication is a process that happens every day throughout life and involves several steps. It is a valued part of daily activities. People spend 70 percent of their time communicating. Every person can benefit from mastering this process through better understanding of others ideas and opinions. Having the ability to allow communication to flow is positive as it opens the door for personal and business relationships. Communication requires more than one other person. There are several different ways to communicate. Verbal is the most used form, people talk to each other to relay messages, instructions, learn, teach and to make conversation with one another...

Words: 1070 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Christopher Boone Challenges

...understand the challenges faced by the protagonist of the story, (Christopher Boone) and what he had done to prevail the many challenges he had faced as an autistic child. In order to gain a sense of maturity an individual must overcome difficult challenges. This will be demonstrated by examining Christopher Boone’s ability to learn and talk to people and his ability to deal with new environments. One of the first challenges faced by Christopher was his inability to interact with strangers, because he had been too scared that they might hurt him,...

Words: 933 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

China's Tainted Baby Milk Powder

...there was damage to Baidu.com’s reputation. The rumors made the company’s information appear unreliable. By the rumor of the company being paid off for both not disclosing information and by ad placements, in the way that paid ads are listed pages before unpaid ads. The placement of ads also gives way that companies could pay for ad placement. 2. Future reputational damage could force the company into bankruptcy if the public’s trust is completely lost. How the company is view could be measured by how my hits the site would continue to get. If the public believes the information is unreliable, the hits to the sight would decrease. If a decrease happens, it is highly likely that the need for the company will not continue to exist. Because of the rumors of the omission of information and ad placement, the public could question the reliability of the information that is on their site. Once the public’s trust is completely lost, recovery is difficult. 3. Baidu.com will have to overcome the rumor of how they were said to have accepted payments for withholding a company’s information from on-line searches. They will have to disclose all of their financial records. This is done in an effort to make the company financial activities as transparent as possible and display that they are confederate in their financial activities. This will aid the company in regaining the trust of the public and the public will ultimately trust the information that is contained on the...

Words: 1247 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

People Change

...the fear that people feel when they try to change and what they should do to overcome the fear.) Thesis Statement: As we see the characters, Wallace and Ronald Pryzbylewski in the Wire, overcoming fear can be a first step to change. (Introduction: This paragraph explains what I will cover in my writing.) People do not change easily. Many people fall in love with similar people and hurt because of similar reasons. They recognize their mistakes, but make the same mistakes over and over again. Why? One reason is they are doing it wrong. But another reason runs deeper. They are afraid to change. The decided personality is not changed easily like the foot stamp on the wet cement. Although the reasons for resisting change can be external and situational, I claim that the most damaging fears are internal because the individual is with the problem and situation. As we see the characters, Wallace and Ronald Pryzbylewski in the Wire, overcoming fear can be a first step to change. Four of the most prevalent common fears are: fear of failure, fear of success, fear of criticism, and fear of the new thing. (Give two examples that whether overcome the fears or not. These three example paragraphs show how they overcome the fears and how to change or not.) Here are examples from the Wire, the TV show. One is the person who overcome the fear, Ronald Pryzbylewski, and another is the person who does not overcome the fear, Wallace. Pryzbylewski is fit in two types of fears, fear of failure...

Words: 1672 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Police Shooting Findings

...Police Responses to Officer-Involved Shootings Introduction Both mental health counselors and police professionals have investigated and detailed the ecstatic impact of officer-involved shooting incidents. Post-shooting trauma has resulted in many departments seeking professional support for officers involved in shootings. Research shows the percentage of officers who experienced exceedingly high, moderate, or no responsive impact after involvement in a shooting. Evaluation of Personal Impact of the Study from a Police Officer’s Perspective This research has an immense personal impact on officers. The physical, psychological and emotional reactions of police officers after a shooting incident vary. If the findings of this research were to be implemented, it would have a positive, personal effect on the police officers involved in shootings (Klinger, 2006). The findings showed that most officers experience physiological, psychological, and emotional reactions just before and as they fired a gun. Their recollections of the event were found to be vague, or in extreme cases, they could not remember the incident at all. Also, exceedingly few officers experienced long-lasting negative effects after a shooting. Their post-shooting reactions were influenced by actions and attitudes of family, friends, colleagues, and investigators. These reactions lessened as activity and attention about the incident diminished (Klinger, 2006). Many police officers...

Words: 805 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Depression in College Students

...pression Affects College Students How Depression Affects College Students Nikki M. Broadnax Elementary Education Major Abstract The age group of depressed college students is 18 – 32 many students find the adjustment from high school to college difficult. Even the student that seems most at ease with their new lifestyle will often confess to moments of missing their familiar high school friends, family and other comforts of home. A study by UCLA reports that more than 25-30 percent of college freshmen say they feel overwhelmed most of the time in the beginning stages of college. Some students, however, find themselves feeling much more than simply overwhelmed. 2006 college seniors surveyed, the numbers has increased 50% since the 1970s. Unthinking depression has its peak in females between the ages of 18-40, and for males between 21-40, emphasize that depression occurs at all ages. The difference between adult and childhood pictures of depression have been attributed to an inability of the child to verbalized his or her affective state incomplete superego development, and absence of consistent self-representation. How Depression Affects In College Students More than 18 million adults, almost a tenth of the United States population above the age of 17-23, have been found to demonstrate symptoms of a depressive disorder each year (Rosack, July 8, 2010) Depression is defined as a state of intense sadness or despair that has progressed to a level that...

Words: 2357 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Police Brutality Case Study

...There have been changes made to both police departments in regards to accusations of police abuse of power and police brutality, in addition to how more and advanced trainings would have made a difference if it had been present before the issues discussed. There will be extensive research within each department and pulling the different training methods that were demonstrated to make changes that were required. If there have been significant changes to police behavior within the police departments due to the extensive added training, that is proof the training had been effective. Training builds the officers' odds of winning encounters, gives them certainty, and can spare them and their districts from lawsuits. Training can also raise the...

Words: 1182 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Nt1320 Unit 7

...Student: Eckert Schnetler Instructor: Rupa Sarda. Introduction Effective database programming and management in the fields of computer science and database management depend on lifelong learning and implementation of core concepts. This post explores two primary database programming paradigms and evaluates their benefits and drawbacks. It also reflects on my recent experiences learning about databases and the ACID principle. 1. What is the difference between a. and a. Reflective Analysis of Personal Learning Experience I made a big advancement in my knowledge of database management systems this past week. I started a thorough investigation of the ACID principle, which is a fundamental idea in the sector. Atomicity,...

Words: 529 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Hiring Best Candidate for Fiber Optic Sales Manager

... loss in organization revenues, cost, can be prevented through education and initiation of promoting diversity in workplace, especially to its upper management officers. My intention here is to find out the proper way of investigation to minimize the possibility of lawsuit. There are possible solutions at the corporate level with effective programs and policies to help preventing similar incident happening again like Maria’s. There are proactive strategies an individual can use to minimize organizational discrimination as well. Now let’s examine the proper way of investigation that can help to minimize a chance of lawsuit. As per the Right Way to Investigate, a supervisor along. with help of Human Resources (HR) to do the investigation immediately after the complaint was filed in writing as facts can be retrieved fresh from other employee’s mind. Timing is very important and prompt investigation would show the filing employee the organization is taking the complaint seriously. It’s crucial to not draw any form of conclusion prior interviewing all persons who have knowledge of the compliant. Interview all persons involved two to three times to get consistent information. Lastly but not least, to advice HR and company lawyer before writing the investigation report and the conclusion on the record as it may be audited in great detail for court use. (The right way to investigate complaints now so they don't wind up in court later, 2012). It important for me as a supervisor to...

Words: 959 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Triangulation

...depicted by various methodologists is the validation of qualitative results by quantitative studies. Not only that but also researchers use 'triangulation' for validating quantitative research instruments when the research phenomenon under investigation has little theoretical underpinnings. In quantitative approach, 'triangulation' for confirmatory purpose is normally applied to confirm if instruments were appropriate for measuring a concept. In addition to that, as a confirmatory approach, 'triangulation' can overcome challenges related to a single-method, single-observer and single-theory biasness and thus can be applied to confirm the research results and conclusions. Quantitative studies provide easily replicable data and statistically significant results that with good sampling techniques can be extended to describe a broader audience or the whole public at large (Benoit & Holbert, 2008). Qualitative research provides rich descriptions and allows the researcher to explore topics in more depth and detail. Qualitative data is excellent for understanding the reasons behind the results of quantitative research. For completeness purposes, researchers use 'triangulation' to increase their indepth and understanding of the phenomenon under investigation by combining multiple methods and theories. The use of 'triangulation'...

Words: 772 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Mis Choice Point Case

...Case description ChoicePoint, a Georgia-based corporation and 1997 spin-off from Equifax Inc., provides risk-management and fraud-prevention data. Traditionally, ChoicePoint provided motor vehicle reports, claims histories, and similar data to the automobile insurance industry, but in recent years it broadened its customer base to include general business and government agencies. ChoicePoint collects, stores, and sells the personal information of consumers (e.g., social security numbers, birth dates, employment information, criminal histories and credit histories) to more than 50,000 businesses and agencies. The company also offered data for volunteer and job-applicant screening and data to assist in the location of missing children. In 2004 ChoicePoint had over 4,000 employees, and its revenue was $918 million. In the fall of 2004, ChoicePoint was the victim of a fraudulent spoofing attack in which unauthorized individuals posed as legitimate customers and obtained personal data on more than 145,000 individuals. According to the company's Web site: “These criminals were able to pass our customer authentication due diligence processes by using stolen identities to create and produce the documents needed to appear legitimate. As small business customers of ChoicePoint, these fraudsters accessed products that contained basic telephone directory-type data (name and address information) as well as a combination of Social Security numbers and/or driver's license numbers and, at...

Words: 1145 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Maths

...Primary Mathematics EDM312 Word Count – 1657 “Use your reading and classroom experience to provide a critical analysis of the potential of teaching activities you would use to develop children’s learning of reasoning. Include within your analysis how you would include discussion and ICT.” Reasoning falls under the ‘Using and applying’ heading of the National Strategies guidance (DfES,2006) this covers ‘Making decisions, reasoning and generalising about numbers and shapes; and problems involving ‘real life’, money or measures’ (p3). This assignment will discuss activities which develop children’s abilities to reason. In addition it will consider the underlying skills required to develop children’s confidence and understanding of reasoning. Finally it will consider whether a child acquiring the skill of reasoning is important to their education and mathematical development. In addition throughout it will examine the teachers’ role in developing high-quality mathematical dialogue. To some, the ability to reason may seem like a simple skill, however in order for a person to reason there are many fundamental skills which must be first developed. The Using and Applying Guidance Paper (DfES,2006) believes before children are able to reason they must first acquire a confidence with solving problems and thinking logically. Then they should develop the ability to ‘represent’ the problem, choosing key information and using mathematical calculations, pictures and diagrams to record...

Words: 1763 - Pages: 8