...Chapter 3 After measuring water levels in the wells and surveying from the athletic building to the river, our calculations are complete. The objective was to find out which direction the ground water was flowing in connection with the Cumberland River. We figured this out by using the triangulation method with the data we collected. When we surveyed, we started at the new athletic building which has a bench mark of 443.5 feet and continued across the pond to the first well which had an elevation of 418.68 feet. From well 1 to well 2, it had an elevation of 418.58 feet at well 2. Well 3 had an elevation of 408.25 feet, and the river had an elevation of 409.27 feet. The graph below shows the direction of the surveying data collected. Again, it begins from the new athletic building to the Cumberland River. We took measurements in the water wells on four separate days. August 9, 2011, August 8, 2011, September 8, 2011, and January 18, 2012. The best day to take measurements were days after a heavy rainfall. January 18 was of those days. We used an electronic tape measurer to take readings in each well. We would let the tape run down inside the well until it touched the tip of the water inside and that was our depth below the top of the casing of each well. On this day in January, our depth in well 1 was 18.9 feet, in well 2 it was 21.64 feet, and in well 3 it was 10.2 feet. The reason behind well 3 being so short is because well 3 is the shortest of all wells. With...
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...Simon Jose Al hajj Mr Nazih Jurr Bad 429 – Operations Management 12 June 2012 Question 1 Analyzing the data in the table proves that not all the audience is satisfied with what is offered while attending a football game. Several complaints were recorded on different matters. Some complained about parking and traffic, others about the seating and that the stadium needs re-innovation because it became old. Most of the people surveyed were students, staff and alumnus, overall they constituted 209 from the 250 people surveyed. Other than the specific questions asked in a survey, people left numerous comments concerning anything they liked or that made their visit an unpleasant one. Some of the comments left: parking a mess, not enough traffic cops, crowded, bad seats, the stadium is ancient, lines are awful, seats stink, great food and friendly ushers. The examples provided demonstrate a statistical sample of the examples given in the table 6.6. Meaning that there are far more complaints than there were accommodations. Moreover, most complaints subjected the poor parking space and traffic in the parking, the ancient quality of the stadium and the seats that were not comfortable to sit in and watch and entire game. Out of the 250 persons surveyed during the games, only 90 gave a full grade for the parking; that is a low 36% on the parking slots while about 80% where annoyed with the traffic that delayed them and lost their time of the game so that they can park their cars...
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...1.0 THE RESEARCH TITLE Tendency To Quit Among Women As A Quantity Surveyor In Construction Industry. There are many types of work in the construction industry like architect, engineer and developer. In which, it will focus more about woman who choose to be a quantity surveyor but have shorter lifespan in that scope of work compared to men. 2.0 OVERVIEW OF THE TITLE In Malaysia, number of women involved in the construction industry is said to have not that much compared to other sectors like education and health. However, they still play important part in the construction industry especially quantity surveyor. Unfortunately, they said to retired early and choose other forms of works instead of becoming a quantity surveyor. According to Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM), there are about 4,928 members in the ISM where the number of women is1,500. The areas that they are working are as follows: • Quantity surveying: 42% • Geomatic and land surveying: 13% • Property consultancy and valuation surveying: 24% • Building surveying: 38% It proves that quantity surveyor dominates the chart in the quantity surveyor profession. But, men still beat them in number. According to Sr Wan Maimun Wan Abdullah, President of the Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM), the reason men make up the majority is due to misconceptions by the general public about the surveying profession. Surveyors are often associated with the construction sector – burly men in yellow helmets, filthy...
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...very paper needs an introduction. In fact, the introduction is the most important part of your paper, because few of your readers will ever read beyond it. And there's not much hope that any of them will if you don't grab their attention from the start. So it's a mystery why so many papers begin with twaddle like this excerpt from a conference on high performance computing. Massively parallel computers (MPCs), characterized by their scalable architectures, are a viable platform on which to solve the so-called grand-challenge problems. These distributed-memory systems are expandable and can achieve a proportional performance increase without changing the basic architecture. In order to take full advantage of scalable hardware, the application software must also be scalable to exploit the increased computing capacity. If you find your thoughts drifting away, don't feel bad; we have evidence that the authors felt the same way - consider the near-meaninglessness of the second sentence. The real weakness, though, is that this extreme form of ``grandmothering'' has no other function than to tell you something you already know, and wouldn't be comprehensible if you didn't already know. The paragraph is entirely superfluous to any reader who knows the meanings of ``scalable'' and ``grand-challenge problems.'' Other readers, who don't know the buzzwords, are discouraged from continuing. Everybody loses. I'm not going to give you the usual advice that you fuss and fret over...
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...The second strategy discussed in Dick Morris’ book is triangulation. This political term goes back to the second half of former President Clinton’s first term in office. When the democrats lost control of Congress in 1994, Clinton found himself alone in the political arena. Clinton turned to his top advisor Dick Morris for help, who delightedly created the strategy of triangulation. Morris defined triangulation as taking the best of both worlds political ideas, for example taking ideas from democrats and republicans to come up with a third alternative design. With democrats residing to the left and republicans residing to the right a third option must be considered to stay in the center to accomplish a bipartisan policy. This technique requires to reject the ideas of extreme liberalism and the extreme conservatism in which to create a mix and match of solutions towards political issues. A political leader who attempts to triangulate will more or less position themselves in the center rather than to the far left or right. This allows any political figure to evade the downsides of classifying themselves as being too extreme, for example U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater was considered too far right wing conservative. Being too far left or too far right can distance a political figure from possible voters or other political figures....
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...How triangulation Ensures Validity and Reliability in Social Science Research 1.0 Introduction Triangulation has been defined as the use of more than one approach to the investigation of a research question in order to augment confidence in the findings (Bryman, 2004). For Yeasmin & Rahman, (2012) triangulation is a process of verification that increases validity by incorporating several viewpoints and methods. When applied in the social sciences, it refers to the combination of two or more theories, data sources, methods or investigators in one study of a single phenomenon to converge on a single construct, and can be employed in both quantitative (validation) and qualitative (inquiry) studies. This paper provides a historical background and the development of triangulation as a concept and its application. The paper also presents an overview of various concepts linked to triangulation as applied in social research Finally the paper discusses the benefits and challenges of triangulation offering some relevant examples that guide in understanding the concept. 2.0 Background of Triangulation Originally triangulation was a method used to determine the location of a fixed point based on the laws of trigonometry. The laws state that if one side and two angles of a triangle are known, the other two sides and angle of that triangle can be calculated. Triangulation though not defined was used in the early civilizations of the ancient Egypt and Greece...
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...Social Research Department of Social Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU United Kingdom 44 (0)1509 223358 (phone) 44 (0)1509 223944 (fax) A.E.Bryman@lboro.ac.uk Word Count: 1,026 Triangulation. Triangulation refers to the use of more than one approach to the investigation of a research question in order to enhance confidence in the ensuing findings. Since much social research is founded on the use of a single research method and as such may suffer from limitations associated with that method or from the specific application of it, triangulation offers the prospect of enhanced confidence. Triangulation is one of the several rationales for MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH. The term derives from surveying, where it refers to the use of a series of triangles to map out an area. TRIANGULATION AND MEASUREMENT The idea of triangulation is very much associated with measurement practices in social and behavioral research. An early reference to triangulation was in relation to the idea of UNOBTRUSIVE METHOD proposed by Webb et al. (1966), who suggested, “Once a proposition has been confirmed by two or more independent measurement processes, the uncertainty of its interpretation is greatly reduced. The most persuasive evidence comes through a triangulation of measurement processes” (p. 3). Thus, if we devise a new survey-based measure of a concept like emotional labor, our confidence in that measure will be greater if we can confirm the distribution and 1 correlates...
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...One process involved in corroboration is triangulation. Denzin (1978) has identified several types of triangulation. One type involves the convergence of multiple data sources. Another type is methodological triangulation, which involves the convergence of data from multiple data collection sources. A third triangulation procedure is investigator triangulation, in which multiple researchers are involved in an investigation. Related to investigator triangulation is researcher-participant corroboration, which has also been referred to as cross-examination. Other procedures can be used to improve understanding and/or the credibility of a study. These include research or inquiry audit, peer debriefing, and the seeking of negative cases in the field that might disconfirm interpretations. Participant Observation | Systematically seeks out and organizes data concerning what is being studied based on a social science theory and methodology rather than focusing on achieving a situationally defined goal. | | Keeps detailed records of what occurs, including those things characteristically taken for granted. | | Periodically detaches self from the situation to review records from the neutral position of a social scientist. | | Constantly monitors observations and records for evidence of personal bias or prejudice. | Five Types of Participant Observation | External Participation constitutes the lowest degree of involvement in observation...
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...Define reliability and validity Then use a study to determine how reliable and valid it is, justify answer Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Bartlett, 1932 Reliability Did more than one person record and interpret the data, and do they agree? If you use the same methods again in the same situation, do you get the same results? No, when the experiment was replicated (better controlled) many of the errors in peoples recalling was not found even though the same kinds of errors remained. Validity: Methodological issues * Did not ask participants to be as accurate as possible * Didn’t care much about the environment in which the experiment was conducted Define qualitative and quantitative research, then compare and contrast them, strengths and limitations of qualitative research Quantitative: Explaining a phenomenon by collecting quantitative (numerical) data that are analysed using mathematically based methods such as statistics. Qualitative: Instead of testing, measuring, and experimenting, qualitative research aims at understanding the subject of study …the process of understanding a social or human phenomenon, based on methodological research traditions. Researchers aim at generating a complex, holistic view, at analysing and describing the standpoint of the subjects within a natural context. Quantitative;...
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...Task – Describe the different types of market research (P1) In this assignment, I will be producing a report explaining and describing the different types of marketing research. What is market research? Market research is the process of collecting valuable information to help find out if there is a potential market for a new product or service. Market research is carried out in all areas of marketing activities and the information collected concerns customers, markets, responses to existing and planned marketing campaigns and the general business environment. This means that the process needs to be continuous so that trends, opportunities and threats are identified. There are two different types of market research, primary research and secondary research. Primary research Primary research consists of a collection of original primary data. There are advantages and disadvantages of primary research. There are various forms of primary research, which are: Observations Observations are a method of primary research where companies monitor customer behaviour. This can be in the form of a ‘mystery shopper’ in a store. Experimentation Experimentations are a method of primary research where an element of the marketing mix is changed. The results are then analysed. Surveys Face-to-face surveys; postal surveys; telephone surveys and email surveys are all different types of surveys used as methods of carrying out primary research. A face-to-face survey is...
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...Introduction In my homeland country, in the mid 90s there was a general election and according to a particular popular pole and surveys a certain political party would have won a landslide election victory. To everyone's surprise, they lost the election badly. This goes to show that biasness/unreliable data is known to throw things out of perspective and give people false hope. The results of that particular election caused rioting for several weeks. Once this phenomenon comes into the picture of any questionnaire the findings can create profound negative impact. The most frequent and important ways of misconduct in scientific research are falsifying results, plagiarize and over-interpretation. Motives are prestige, money, pressure of time and conflict of interests. The "publish or perish" phenomenon and the sometimes difficult attainable deadlines play an important role. Furthermore, there is a "gray-zone" in which clinical scientific researchers are influenced particularly by the pharmaceutical industry, leading to the writing of tendentious publications. (Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2004). Over the last 25 years, a small but growing body of research on research behavior has slowly provided a more complete and critical understanding of research practices, particularly in the biomedical and behavioral sciences. The results of this research suggest that some earlier assumptions about irresponsible conduct are not reliable, leading to the conclusion that there is...
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...I believe the work to be credible because of the detailed information presented about the character of the article. Credibility was a crucial criterion in Wolcott "Adequate Schools and Inadequate Education; The Life History of a Sneaky Kid. That is proposed in several quality frameworks. Wolcott (1994), used the strategy reflexive journaling, that set up credibility. The data collection used in the article was prolonged engagement, persistence observation, comprehensive field notes, verbatim transcription, triangulation of data method, saturation of data, and member checking. Quality enhancement strategies used in Wolcott "Adequate Schools and Inadequate Education; The Life History of a Sneaky Kid." were data collection, data coding/ analysis and presentation of findings. The data triangulation involved in the research was multiple data sources for validating conclusions. The three types of data triangulation: time, space, and person. The time was the young man over the years, the space was the years that passed, and the person was...
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...Project Report CS239: Computational Geometry Optimal Packet Routing Scheme with Multiple Sources and Multiple Destinations Submitted by (403-134-387) Winter 2004 Input / Problem The idea of the problem originates from the need of online companies like amazon, netflix, etc, to send the merchandize purchased by customers. The customers are located at different places. How these packets are routed so as to minimize the cost is a big problem. Most of the times these stores have multiple distribution centers or outlets from where the demand can be met. Thus the problem takes the shape of multiple source, multiple, multiple destinations. Given ‘n’ Source points (Distribution centers), and ‘m’ destination/consumer points. Location of the distribution and destination points described in their (x,y) co-ordinates. The measure of cost is the distance metric (length of the route). Output The output of the problem would be, which distribution center would serve which destination points and how the packet would be routed to minimize cost. Note: If the routes are represented as a graph then the graph would be a disconnected graph, depending on what destination nodes are served by which distribution center node. What is known? The general case of this problem, without any restrictions, can be modeled as Steiner Tree problem. It is a well known problem and its computation has been shown to be NPHard, by Garey, Graham and Johnson (1976). Approach In this analysis...
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...Assignment 1: Literature critique An exploration of the impact of strategic international human resource management on firm performance: The case of Foreign MNCs in China By Chanzi Bao, Robert and UK Farhad Analoui, Robert Gordon University. 2011 Overview of the article’s content The paper reports the intensive competition arising from globalisation requiring MNCs to seek low cost, innovation, speed and adaptability and the need to manage their human resources globally and strategically in order to become a source of competitive advantage. The authors state that there is a need to manage human resources strategically so that they become source of sustained competitive advantage (Wright and McMahan, 1992; Boxall and Purcell, 2008). And that this has led to the evolution of strategic international human resource management (SIHRM), which not only acknowledge the need of balancing global integration and local responsiveness (Evans et al., 2002), but to seek strategic fit between HR policies and business strategy in order to achieve superior business performance. The researcher’s paper focus upon China with reference to foreign MNCs’ operations and the challenges faced from the dual pressure of balancing globalisation and localisation. Arguing that by combining the concept of SHRM with IHRM it identified a new research area of SIHRM which addressed the HRM issues and activities resulting from, and impacting on, the strategic activities and international concerns of MNC’s, that...
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...economically and result in the loss of human resources and job layoffs. When approached, the nurse refused relocation and threatened legal repercussions for the violation of several federal laws. In addition, the media expected a news release within 24 hours after the information leaked by a staff member. The result of negative media coverage would potentially damage the hospitals reputation for quality healthcare and affect the decision of many community members to use the hospital. This paper will discuss three decision-making models the president can use to communicate his or her decisions internally to employees and board members, as well as, to the external environment of the media and public using qualitative, quantitative, and triangulation methods. Decision Making and Communication In this situation, multiple decisions need to be made which are complex in nature and time sensitive. The Willful Choice decision-making model articulates that “decisions are made by rational, intentional, and willful choice.” (Johnson, 2009, p. 215). In this case, the problem is centered on the nurse who is thought to have HIV/AIDS. He is refusing job relocation at no loss of pay or benefits and has discussed the issue with a lawyer who feels many federal laws would be violated if the hospital insists on relocating the nurse. A willful...
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