...Anaerobic digestion is an ideal solution to multiple problems. It could help solve the waste overflow and lack of resources to create energy. In the twenty-first century, we can’t be single-minded. We have to open our minds to a world of possibilities. Without doing so our planet will perish; if Earth is destroyed in the near future, we will perish along with it. If we consider any topic, we have to look at it from all the angles available. Though anaerobic digestion opens a whole new door to environmental preservation, it also closes others. There are drawbacks, but the benefits greatly outweigh them. Before I get into any detail about how wonderful anaerobic digestion is, I should explain how it works. It all starts with anaerobic bacterium. Eons ago, fossil fuels were created by the use of anaerobic microorganisms. They are one of the oldest life forms on Earth. They existed before plants started giving off large quantities of oxygen. This bacterium is also the same type of microorganism that creates natural gas today. Anaerobic decomposition differs greatly from aerobic decomposition in the fact that anaerobic decomposition happens without the need of great quantities of oxygen. Don’t forget that the planet is also running out of healthy, clean air for life forms to breathe. The anaerobic digestion process consists of three stages, each implementing the use of different bacterium. During this process, one must first define the ideal temperature; for mesophilic bacterium...
Words: 727 - Pages: 3
...LAB6_AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC GROWTH As humans, we are accustomed to thinking that oxygen is essential to life. Microorganisms, however, are quite adaptable and diverse and vary considerably in their oxygen requirements. Some bacteria require oxygen; some can grow with or without it and some are actually killed by oxygen. Bacteria are generally classified into three main groups with respect to oxygen: 1. Obligate aerobes: Like humans, these organisms have an absolute requirement for oxygen. Because aerobic metabolism generates the toxic byproduct hydrogen peroxide, obligate aerobes must produce the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. 2. Obligate anaerobes: Not only do these organisms not require oxygen, they are often killed in its presence. Because anaerobic metabolism does not generate hydrogen peroxide, obligate anaerobes generally do not produce catalase. The causative agent of botulism, Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. Since the canning process removes the air, Clostridium botulinum can grow in inadequately sterilized canned foods. This isn't normally a problem in fresh foods since they are exposed to air. 3. Facultative anaerobes: These organisms will use oxygen in their metabolism if it is available, but can also grow without oxygen. Again, since aerobic metabolism generates hydrogen peroxide, they produce catalase. E. coli, which is normal flora of the intestine, is an example of a facultative...
Words: 1075 - Pages: 5
...Anaerobic Digestion Submitted by: Submitted on: Overview This essay studies the present status of the technology in Anaerobic Digestion in US. In the first section the general process of anaerobic digestion is described. Anaerobic Digestion is basically the decomposition of organic wastes in the absence of oxygen. A brief appraisal is provided about the current position of Anaerobic Digestion in the US energy Production. Then in the next section, the technological challenges of the Anaerobic Digestion are considered. The example of the usage of Anaerobic Digestion technology is discussed and the benefits of this technology. Also the demerits of this technology for the production of biogas are examined. Finally the current improvement in anaerobic digestion technologies in US is analyzed. Introduction The Anaerobic Digestion is defined as the biodegradation of organic material that takes place in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of anaerobic microorganisms. The whole process proceeds in the series of metabolic reactions with the help of microorganisms. The organic material which is decomposed is generally the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). This is the waste produced by the society excluding agriculture and industrial wastes. So, the waste that comes under MSW is commercial waste like from shops, markets, stores, hotels or residential waste from houses or institutional waste from hospitals, schools. The process of anaerobic Digestion completes...
Words: 1701 - Pages: 7
...usually organic materials. The process of anaerobic digestion aims on breakdown of these waste materials. "It is a complex biochemical process of biologically mediated reactions, by a consortium of microorganisms to convert organic acids to methane and carbon dioxide." The process stabilizes the waste by reduction in its mass, reduction in odour and reduction in number of pathogens present in it. The process helps in reduction of landfill gas in the atmosphere. It produces energy in the form of biogas. Biogas contains methane and carbon dioxide. Digestate or waste produced after the process is over is rich in nutrients and can be used as fertilizers. General equation of the whole process is The process : The process was divided into three stages namely Hydrolysis, acid formation and gas formation (Lawrence and McCarty 1967). Stage of acid formation can be termed as non-methanogenic phase and gas- formation as methanogenic phase. A large number of bacterial population is involved in these processes. Different species of microorganisms which are used in anaerobic digestion vary according to the materials degraded by them. Microorganisms involved use different nutrients as electron acceptors. For example nitrate is used by Paracoccus denitrificans, Pseudomonas stutzerii; Costridium aceticum and Acetobacteium woodi use carbonate. Cellulolytic microbes, responsible for hydrolyzing cellulose, are present in abundance in anaerobic digesters. It is estimated that in 1st...
Words: 865 - Pages: 4
...Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise You have probably heard the terms "aerobic" and "anaerobic" before, but do you actually understand what the differences are between these two forms of exercise? It's likely you can name some exercises which fall into each category such as walking for aerobic exercise and strength training for anaerobic exercise, but do you know why these things fall into those respective categories. Let's take a closer look at the differences between these two forms of exercise and explore what is best for your body. Oxygen Supply The technical difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercises is the amount of oxygen required by the muscles for support and where that oxygen is coming from. With aerobic exercise your muscles need a continued supply of oxygen, which comes from the lungs. Throughout the workout your muscle activity depletes its store of oxygen so it must be replaced through the lungs, which is why you typically breathe heavy while out for a jog or walk. With anaerobic exercises the lungs don't have time to supply oxygen and the exercises are performed without that replenishing supply. Since the lungs are not working hard to replenish oxygen to your muscles, you typically don't get as out of breath with these exercises. Length of Exercise Session Aerobic exercises generally last a longer period of time than anaerobic exercises. Consider the difference between a power walker who goes out for 30-90 minute walks and a weightlifter that does short...
Words: 571 - Pages: 3
...is referred to as anaerobic digestion (AD). It involves the breakdown of organic matter by the concerted actions of a wide range of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. The process consists of a complex series of reactions. The sum of these being a fermentation which converts a wide array of substrate materials, having carbon atoms at various oxidation/reduction states, to molecules containing one carbon in its most oxidized (CO2) and the most reduced (CH4) state. Minor quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide (usually less than 1% of the total gas volume) are also generated. Anaerobic conversions are among the oldest biological technologies utilised by mankind, initially for food and beverage production. They have been applied and developed over centuries, although the most dramatic advances have been achieved in the last few decades with the introduction of various form of high‐rate treatment processes, particularly for industrial wastewater. There are many ways to treat municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial wastewater, sewage sludge or waste materials from food production industry including biological operations. High organic loading rates and low sludge production are among the many advantages anaerobic processes exhibit over other biological unit operations. Initially AD was looked upon as only a method of waste elimination but recently has shown the potential as a source of energy also. The main characteristic of anaerobic process is biogas...
Words: 4229 - Pages: 17
...HRF components • Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to exercise the whole body for long periods of time and is sometimes called stamina. • Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance. • Muscular endurance is the ability to use voluntary muscles many times without becoming tired. • Flexibility is the range of movement possible at a joint. It helps performers to stretch and reach further. • Body composition is the percentage of body weight which is fat, muscle or bone. It helps sportspeople depending on the type of sport they play, eg heavy rugby players are more effective in the scrum than lightweight players, but light long distance runners will always beat heavyweights. SRF components • Agility - the ability to change the position of the body quickly and with control. This helps team players dodge their opponents. • Balance - the ability to retain the centre of mass above the base of support when stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance). • Co-ordination - the ability to use two or more body parts together. This helps all athletes to move smoothly and quickly especially when also having to control a ball. • Power - the ability to use strength at speed. This helps athletes to jump high, throw far or sprint quickly. Power = Strength x Speed. • Reaction time - the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of a movement. • Speed is the rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement...
Words: 1192 - Pages: 5
...54(1), 93-102. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from MEDLINE database. 20953579 Background Information Exercise and physical activity has shown to be a significant factor in the management and treatment of diabetes. What is unknown is how benefits from physical activity directly correlate to glucose control as manifested in low glucosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic people. The study aims to prove that the decrease in HbA1c is a result of greater aerobic fitness and strength in patients that are performing aerobic or anaerobic exercise. Secondly, it is related to the changes in strength and aerobic fitness that are performing cardiovascular exercise and resistance training. Review of Literature The purpose of the article is to assess the correlation of reduced HbA1c to physical activity. It is hypothesized that this reduction is related to the changes and increase in aerobic fitness and strength in diabetic people who are engaged in aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The result from the study showed that the link between the changes in glucose control during exercise training is not that high nevertheless; physical activity offers health benefits to diabetic patients. Methodology The study used experimental method by randomized controlled trial. Random sampling of 251 patients between 39-70 years old with type 2 diabetes mellitus that were previously sedentary was allocated aerobic, resistance, or aerobic plus resistance, or to a control group that was sedentary. The participants...
Words: 3451 - Pages: 14
...ABSTRACT This investigatory project entitled “The Effectiveness of Decomposing Water Hyacinth by an Anaerobic Digester as an Alternative Source of Biogas” sought to find out if water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas and determine if water hyacinth could be an effective decomposing material in generating biogas by an improvised anaerobic digester constructed from inexpensive and local materials. Specifically, this study aimed to (i) assess biogas generation from decomposed water hyacinth in the digester; and (ii) find a solution of ways how to cultivate water hyacinth. Fifteen kilograms of water hyacinth were gathered and then the anaerobic apparatus for decomposing the dried water hyacinth have been made by the following materials: 20 liter water can, 1/4" plastic tubing, medium size tire tube, tub, PVC pipe 3/4" 2.5 ft. and pipe plug, T-valve Valve, black color paint. To make the mixture that will be fed into the anaerobic digester, the dried water hyacinth was first mixed thoroughly with water with 50% ratio. And after that, the mixture is already fed into the anaerobic digester and the production of biogas is waited for one complete week by storing the anaerobic digester in an area wherein there are no electrical items or no source of flames around. After the experimentation, data analysis revealed that the decomposed water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas because when an open fire was used to fire the piping pump of the digester, the piping...
Words: 291 - Pages: 2
...This investigatory project entitled “The Effectiveness of Decomposing Water Hyacinth by an Anaerobic Digester as an Alternative Source of Biogas” sought to find out if water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas and determine if water hyacinth could be an effective decomposing material in generating biogas by an improvised anaerobic digester constructed from inexpensive and local materials. Specifically, this study aimed to (i) assess biogas generation from decomposed water hyacinth in the digester; and (ii) find a solution of ways how to cultivate water hyacinth. Fifteen kilograms of water hyacinth were gathered and then the anaerobic apparatus for decomposing the dried water hyacinth have been made by the following materials: 20 liter water can, 1/4" plastic tubing, medium size tire tube, tub, PVC pipe 3/4" 2.5 ft. and pipe plug, T-valve Valve, black color paint. To make the mixture that will be fed into the anaerobic digester, the dried water hyacinth was first mixed thoroughly with water with 50% ratio. And after that, the mixture is already fed into the anaerobic digester and the production of biogas is waited for one complete week by storing the anaerobic digester in an area wherein there are no electrical items or no source of flames around. After the experimentation, data analysis revealed that the decomposed water hyacinth can be an alternative source of biogas because when an open fire was used to fire the piping pump of the digester, the piping pump produced...
Words: 290 - Pages: 2
...benefits can be gained by making small changes in the way the landfills are operated. Bioreactor landfill is a promising biotechnological option for faster stabilization of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). It changes the goal of landfilling from the storage of waste to the treatment of waste. In a bioreactor landfill environment, the solid waste actively decomposes rather than being simply buried in a dry tomb. This active decomposition is possible because over half the MSW is comprised of organic material (food, paper, etc.), which will decompose fairly rapidly under the right conditions. Rather than being kept dry, the solid waste is actively moistened by injecting leachate into the landfilled solid waste to accelerate decomposition. The anaerobic conditions in a conventional landfill can be replaced with aerobic conditions by introducing air into the solid waste and thus enhancing the biological process. Studies show that a bioreactor landfill transforms and stabilizes the readily and moderately decomposable organic waste constituents within five to ten years. A bioreactor increases the potential for waste to energy conversion, stores and/or treats leachate, recovers air space, and ensures sustainability. Sustainability has the greatest potential for economic benefit due to reduced costs associated with avoided long-term monitoring...
Words: 4528 - Pages: 19
...also reduce environment hazards of land filling organic waste available in huge quantity in LPU. INTRODUCTION All over the world efforts are at their maximum level to decrease the dependency on conventional fuels giving way to green energy based upon renewable energy resources. Though LPG is used in all the hostels in Lovely Professional University (LPU) but we thought of utilizing the huge quantity of food waste coming out of hostel mess on daily basis. There are around more than 12,000 students staying in the hostels and every hostel have their own mess. Making biogas out of this would not make the messes energy efficient but also reduce the environment hazards as a result of decomposition of organic waste. Biogas production requires anaerobic digestion. Project aimed to create an Organic...
Words: 1751 - Pages: 8
...Environmental Technology iFirst, 2012, 1–8 Development of a simple model for anaerobic digestion based on preliminary measurements of the bacterial sulphur activity in wastewater stabilization ponds Casimir Harerimanaa , Chéma Keffalab∗ , Hugues Jupsinb and Jean-Luc Vaselb a Centre b Département Universitaire de Recherche Multidisciplinaire en Environnement (CURME), Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi; des Sciences et Gestion de l’Environnement, Unité ‘Assainissement et Environnement’, Université de Liège, Arlon, Belgium (Received 12 March 2012; final version received 26 August 2012 ) The present study was undertaken to develop a simple and practical model for anaerobic digestion, encompassing sulphate reduction and sulphur oxidation, in a waste stabilization pond. The basic microbiological phases of the model consisted of four processes, namely acidogenesis, methanogenesis, sulphate reduction and sulphur oxidation. It also incorporated multiple reaction stoichiometry and substrate utilization kinetics. The study also aimed to investigate the mutual interaction between sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and photosynthetic sulphur bacteria (PSB) in an anaerobic sludge consortia using batch reactors. The results revealed that for an initial concentration of sulphate ranging between 250 and 2800 mg.l−1 , SRB activity ranged between 20 and 190 mgSO2− reduced . The gVSS−1 .d−1 and PSB activity varied between 60 and 4 320 mgSO2− produced .gVSS−1 .d−1 , and PSB activity...
Words: 4639 - Pages: 19
...Marks and Spencers Pestel Analysis Political - Marks and Spencers have cut salt and fat intake in many foods as part of fair trade. They have also make sure to support animal welfare and they recycle reusable goods. The government sets regulations for companies to follow such as Health and Safety, planning for hazard identificationa and risk control. If companies do not follow these regulations they will be fined or be forced to close down. Marks and Spencer did not abide by the British Standards as they were charged for neglecting health and safety regulations after a door fell on an employee. Marks and Spencer are alleged to have ignored repair requests, allowing the door to fall intodisrepair. Marks and Spencer pled not guilty to this; there is still no outcome of this trial. Econimical – Marks and Spencers revenue growth was around 2% in 2012 and its Uk retail market growth was at 1.2% which is the third lowest in the last 40 years. Marks and Spencers reported a 1% drop in underlying profits to £705.9m for the year. Although slightly ahead of predictions of £694m, it marked the retailer's first decline in three years. Sales increased by £194m to £9.9bn; the original plan required sales to ratchet up by around £800m a year. Social – Marks and Spencers keeps up to date with the social needs of customers most recently by creating low price versions of their products. Marks and Spencer aims to become a fair partner by working closely with suppliers in order to ensure that both...
Words: 447 - Pages: 2
...from maize cobs Luter Leke1, 2, Anne Ada Ogbanje2, 3, Dekaa Henry Terfa2, Tyoalumun Ikyaagba1 College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Aberdeen - UK. Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, P M B 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria. 3 Department of Renewable Energy, Energy Commission of Nigeria, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria. 2 1 Abstract Anaerobic digestion of energy crop residues and wastes is of increasing interest in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a sustainable development of energy supply. Production of biogas provides a versatile carrier of renewable energy, as methane can be used for replacement of fossil fuels in both heat and power generation as vehicle fuel. Biogas fuel production from blends of biological wastes such as Cow rumen liquor (CL), Poultry droppings (PD), and Goat Faeces (GF) with Maize cobs (M) were studied. 20 g of each inoculum was mixed with 100g of degraded maize cobs in the first three digesters while the fourth contained CL 10g, PD 10 g, and M 100 g. 100 g of M alone in the fifth digester served as the control. The blends were subjected to anaerobic digestion for 10 days on the prevailing atmospheric ambient temperature and pressure conditions. Physiochemical properties of the blends such as moisture content, crude protein, ash, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate content, C/N ratio, and pH were also determined. Results of the daily performances of each system showed that maize cobs (M) alone had cumulative...
Words: 4542 - Pages: 19
