...Course : Environmental Science The primary air pollutants in China Associate Professor : XU Bin Student: Dragan Cigoja Student number: 1593686 Mentor: Lecturer WU Bing The primary air pollutants in China API Air Pollution Index China State Environment protection Agency started with daily pollution monitoring from 2008 and it was covered 86 most important cities. Its purpouse is to check daily air quality by measuring the level of six atmospheric pollutants (table 1). Air pollutant Particle pollution Formula Source Health implication PM2.5 Particular matters of 2,5 micrometers or smaller. motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning Bring toxic chemicals and heavy metals into the body and with them risk of cancer as well as heart and lung diseases Particular matters larger than 2,5 micrometers and smaller tha 10 micrometers in diametar. Near roads and dusty industries irritation of the eyes, nose and throat coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath,reduced lung function, irregular heartbeat, asthma attacks,heart attacks, premature death in people with heart or lung diseas. Short term exposures result with an multiplicity of harmful effects including bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms. These effects are partialy important during the exercising or playing. long-term exposure to NO2 levels currently observed in Europe may decrease lung function and increase the risk of respiratory symptoms such as acute...
Words: 3448 - Pages: 14
...identify the effect that surface modifications have on the urban heat island phenomenon and related ozone problem in the metropolitan area of Chicago, IL. The basic hypothesis is that urban, summertime temperatures can be significantly lowered by increasing the vegetative landscape cover and enhancing the solar reflectivity of paved and roofed surfaces within an urban area. It is proposed that in addition to a decrease in temperature, the modification of an urban surface to include more vegetative cover and lighter, lower albedo surfaces will also reduce energy consumption, ozone exceedances, and detrimental environmental and human health effects associated with high levels of ozone. The analysis is divided into three main parts. The first section of this report introduces the causes of ground level ozone and its effects in urban areas. It explains both the chemistry and transport associated with ozone exceedances. The second section is a compilation of the most viable mitigation strategies of urban heat islands: increasing vegetative cover and increasing proportions of light to dark surfaces. The effects, implementation strategies, and specific strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach are described, including a comparison of asphalt and concrete pavements systems using a life cycle analysis approach. The final section provides a case study of the Chicago area. This study entailed an examination of the land use, development of an urban fabric analysis in which total...
Words: 10201 - Pages: 41
...Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 60155-BD Introducing Energy-efficient Clean Technologies in the Brick Sector of Bangladesh June, 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized Environment, Climate Change, and Water Resources Unit South Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC, 20433, USA Tel: 202.473.1000 Fax: 202.477.6391 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Fax: 202.522.3018 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 2011 Copyright © 2011 Standard Disclaimer This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) reports are published to communicate the results of ESMAP’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, its affiliated organizations, members of its board of executive directors for the countries they represent, or to ESMAP. The World Bank and ESMAP do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence...
Words: 15772 - Pages: 64
...Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Today, it is becoming a serious crime to pollute the air and water. ------------------------------------------------- Forms of pollution The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each of them: * Air pollution:- the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5. * Light pollution:- includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference. * Littering:- the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties. * Noise pollution:- which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar. * Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage...
Words: 1328 - Pages: 6
...Pollution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Pollution (disambiguation). The litter problem on the coast of Guyana, 2010 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Ancient cultures Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."[2] Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production,[3] but at that time the pollution was comparatively small and could be handled by nature. Urban pollution Air pollution in the US, 1973 The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the cesspools of pollution. The Industrial Revolution brought an infusion of untreated chemicals and wastes...
Words: 5408 - Pages: 22
...My Le Professor Robb A. Bajema EL 100 April 26th, 2013 Air pollution in China Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in China. According to a new analysis, approximately 1.2 million people die prematurely from exposure to outdoor air pollution in China. A study by Greenpeace and Beijing University focusing on four Chinese cities estimates the number of people dying prematurely from air pollution is close to three times that killed by traffic accidents. The air has been classified as hazardous to human health, at its worst hitting pollution levels 25 times that considered safe in the US. The entire city is blanketed in a thick grey smog that smells of coal and stings the eyes, leading to official warnings to stay inside. The majority of the air pollution in China is generated by the burning of coal to generate electric power. China gets 80 percent of electricity and 70 percent its total energy from coal, much of it polluting high-sulphur coal. Around six million tons of coal is burned everyday to power factories, heat homes and cook meals. Jerry Goodell wrote in Natural History magazine: “In China coal is everywhere. It’s piled up on sidewalks, pressed into bricks, and stacked neat the back doors of homes. It’s stockpiled into small mountains in open fields, and carted around behinds bicycles and wheezing locomotives. Plumes of coal smoke rise from rusty stacks on every urban horizon. Soot covers every windowsill and ruins the collar...
Words: 2822 - Pages: 12
...COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE POSITION PAPER September 1998 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT WORKING GROUP ON BENZENE 1 POSITION PAPER PREFACE Scope Summary 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Benzene in the atmosphere 1.2 Emissions of benzene 1.3 Atmospheric chemistry and transport 1.4 Benzene ambient air concentrations 1.5 Current National Standards and Guidelines 1.6 Summary 1.7 References 2. RISK ASSESSMENT Scope 2.1. 2.2 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6 Human exposure to benzene Health Effects National and other Health-based Air Quality Guidelines Evaluation of human health risks Recommendations for developing limit values Reference 2. ASSESSMENT METHODS Scope 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of monitoring methods 3.3 Network design and siting criteria 3.4 Other assessment techniques: air quality modelling 3.5 Data quality objectives 3.6 Random or continuous measurements 3.7 Information on air quality to the public 3.8 Upper and lower assessment thresholds 3.9 Summary 3.10 References 2 4 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Results of economic analysis 4.3 Discussion 5 DISCUSSION AND FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of Chapters 1-4 5.2 Considerations to be taken into account in setting limit values for benzene 5.3 Options for consideration 5.4 Reviewing limit values 3 COMMISSION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Council Directive on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management...
Words: 14114 - Pages: 57
...CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND Just twenty years ago, the dismantling of Cold War division in Europe began with parliamentary changes in Poland (Bochniarz and Cohen 2006). These changes initiated a domino effect in transformation of other Central and Eastern European countries (CEE); the transformation of Romania, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria was soon followed by sweeping changes in Russia and Central Asia, affecting more than 400 million people (Chandler 2000). Needless to say, however, the transformation of Central and Eastern Europe near the climax of the 80s took the European Community (EC) by surprise. In the pre1989 era, the EC exercised only a limited relationship with CEE countries and showed no serious interest for a European project of political and economic integration that would include any of the CEE states. According to Gower (1999), this inability to foresee the potential of the CEE region strongly reflects the ineffectiveness in the EC policies. Shortly after transition to democracy, ten CEE states (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) declared their utmost desire to join the “family of Europe” (Andonova 2004). As the idea of EU membership for these newly independent democracies in Central and Eastern Europe started to gain some serious ground in the early 90s, the debate over enlargement and its economic, social and The first chapter is like a long foreword...
Words: 14067 - Pages: 57
...molder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. . . . Both aspects of man’s environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights even the right to life itself.” Therefore, it becomes very important to study the impacts of industrial pollution and threats to bio diversity closely while studying about Human Rights. Industrial pollution is one of the main causes of pollution worldwide. Industrial activities are a major source of air, water and land pollution, leading to illness and loss of life all over the world. The World Health Organization estimates that outdoor air pollution alone accounts for around 2% of all heart and lung diseases, about 5% of all lung cancers, and about 1% of all chest infections. Apart from health hazards, water pollution due to discharge of contaminated water and Global Warming are some of the harmful effects of industrial pollution. Industry accounts for more than half the volume of all water pollution and for the most deadly pollutants. Human rights cannot be secured in a degraded or polluted environment. The...
Words: 1551 - Pages: 7
...EARTH POLLUTION By: GLEIDI B. LEOGAN (BSE-1A) TO: DR. ROSEL W. DELES (ENG.2) I. INTRODUCTION Pollution is a major global concern because of its harmful effects on the person’s health and on the environment. Everyone is affected as we are all inhabitants of this one and only place we call home, our planet Earth. Each person has something to contribute to prevent its further deterioration, to help ourselves, the children and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. We can help combat pollution in our own immediate environment if we are aware of the nature and form of pollutions and its effects on us and the environment. A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant, its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence. There are two main categories of pollutants. Biodegradable pollutants are materials, such as sewage, that rapidly decompose by natural processes. These pollutants become a problem when added to the environment faster than they can decompose. Non-degradable pollutants are materials that either do not decompose or decompose slowly in the natural environment. Once contamination occurs, it is difficult or impossible to remove these pollutants from the environment. I. SOURCES OF EARTH POLLUTION A. AIR POLLUTION SMOG OVER SANTIAGO Set in an enclosed...
Words: 3357 - Pages: 14
...EARTH POLLUTION By: GLEIDI B. LEOGAN (BSE-1A) TO: DR. ROSEL W. DELES (ENG.2) I. INTRODUCTION Pollution is a major global concern because of its harmful effects on the person’s health and on the environment. Everyone is affected as we are all inhabitants of this one and only place we call home, our planet Earth. Each person has something to contribute to prevent its further deterioration, to help ourselves, the children and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. We can help combat pollution in our own immediate environment if we are aware of the nature and form of pollutions and its effects on us and the environment. A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant, its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence. There are two main categories of pollutants. Biodegradable pollutants are materials, such as sewage, that rapidly decompose by natural processes. These pollutants become a problem when added to the environment faster than they can decompose. Non-degradable pollutants are materials that either do not decompose or decompose slowly in the natural environment. Once contamination occurs, it is difficult or impossible to remove these pollutants from the environment. I. SOURCES OF EARTH POLLUTION A. AIR POLLUTION SMOG OVER SANTIAGO Set in an enclosed...
Words: 3357 - Pages: 14
...problem of enormous dimensions. The domestic and industrial effluents are contributing in enhancing this problem. It might become the biggest problem if it is not dealt with immediately . Industrial Waste The term industrial waste is generally understood to refer specifically to the liquid waste produced as a result of some industrial operation, as distinct from an industry’s solid refuse or its gases, fumes and vapors. Like municipal sanitary sewage, most of such liquids must ultimately be disposed of into rivers or other water courses. The liquid wastes of a community, whether domestic sewage or industrial wastes, should receive appropriate treatment before discharge into streams in order to prevent gross pollution. The treatment methods for domestic sewage are based on a fundamental and growing body of knowledge. These methods, however, are not suitable for industrial wastes, which are quite varied in character. Frequently anew industrial process development will produce a waste that is not amenable to treatment by any of the conventional methods. For such wastes, laboratory investigations followed by pilot-plant studies must precede final design of treatment works. According to a 1998 survey, 70 million persons in India live in communities served by sewerage systems and the number of persons so served increase more rapidly than the national population. In the same year, the population equivalent of the nation’s industrial wastes on the basis of organic strength of the waste...
Words: 10123 - Pages: 41
...Law Environment and Development Journal LEAD REVIEW OF NESREA ACT 2007 AND REGULATIONS 2009-2011: A NEW DAWN IN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan COUNTRY LEGISLATION 8/1 VOLUME LEAD Journal (Law, Environment and Development Journal) is a peer-reviewed academic publication based in New Delhi and London and jointly managed by the School of Law, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - University of London and the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC). LEAD is published at www.lead-journal.org ISSN 1746-5893 The Managing Editor, LEAD Journal, c/o International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC), International Environment House II, 1F, 7 Chemin de Balexert, 1219 Châtelaine-Geneva, Switzerland, Tel/fax: + 41 (0)22 79 72 623, info@lead-journal.org Country Legislation REVIEW OF NESREA ACT 2007 AND REGULATIONS 2009-2011: A NEW DAWN IN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan This document can be cited as Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan, ‘Review of NESREA Act 2007 and Regulations 2009-2011: A New Dawn in Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in Nigeria’, 8/1 Law, Environment and Development Journal (2012), p. 116, available at http://www.lead-journal.org/content/12116.pdf Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan, Professor of Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, Email: mtladan@gmail.com Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs...
Words: 14024 - Pages: 57
...11 INTRODUCTION This report of Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) aims to assess ADB’s future role and operational strategy in the environment sector and will also provide input to the Country Strategy and Action Plan (CSP). This CEA for 2005-2009 outlines the environmental issues that are most significant to the Bangladesh’s economy. It will also provide background information on the environmental constraints, needs and opportunities in Bangladesh. Over the given period of this strategy document, ADB will be working with the Government of Bangladesh (Gob) for the improvement of the environment sector, wherein this report may be a basis for actions and/or intervention. This work focuses on the aspects of understanding the important features of the Bangladesh environment that need to be essentially understood. The purpose of the report is to present the findings of a review done on the environment sector. The review considered the ongoing and past interventions, legal and policy regimes and finally outlined the outstanding issues facing the sector. Objectives of the study It is well established that the process of land use change leads to the alteration of existing environmental conditions of any area. The specific objectives of the study were: 1. To identify the existing land use pattern of the selected area; 2. To explore the prime causes of land use change and its Effects on the environment of the study area, and 3. To give...
Words: 5450 - Pages: 22
...Abstract Fast population growth and global environmental transformation is two subjects that have received considerable public thought over the past several decades. Population boost became a global public policy issue during the med twentieth century as mortality declines in many developing nations were not matched with reductions in fertility resulting in unprecedented growth rates. Since Population size is naturally linked to the environment as a result of individual resource needs as well as individual contributions to pollution, population increase yields heightened demands on air, water, and land environments, because they offer essential assets and act as sinks for environmental pollutants. Incidentally, concern with environmental change has come to forefront primarily since 1970, with discernible levels of environmental degradation fuelling public concern with the scope of contemporary environmental transformations and the advent of satellite imagery aiding environmental research (Colombo B. et all 1996). At the present date are estimated roughly 6.5 billion people in the world and the figure continues to multiply. In contrast there are a restricted number of natural resources. On the worldwide root the human population has revealed a J shaped pattern of escalation over the past years, while the availability of natural funds are mandatory for human survival is in slow decline (Cohen J.E.1995). Population policies which gears to reduce future growth represent logical...
Words: 1872 - Pages: 8
