...Human trafficking and exploitation have been in existence since the beginning of time. This paper focuses on the underground economy of human trafficking and its relation to the transitioning economies of Russia and Ukraine. To understand the scope of the issue of human trafficking on transitioning economies, the history and origination of the issue must be clearly understood. The emergence of human trafficking, also commonly referred to as modern day slavery, can be dated back to the beginning of the 20th century; the start of slavery when humans were trafficked for mainly for labor. Records of human slavery within Europe date back to ancient Greece and Rome, but the practice did not end in ancient history. There are long-standing historical precedents for the exploitation of Slavs within Western Europe. It is commonly perceived that slavery disappeared from Europe many centuries ago. There was little knowledge of the active slave market in Palermo Sicily, with slaves being brought from Africa until the middle of the nineteenth century. Much of the slave trade was ran by legitimate actors and companies sanctioned by the state. An active slave trade with Africa flourished in the large colonial powers of Europe such as England and some of the smaller colonial powers such as Portugal. In addition to Africans, indigenous American populations were also enslaved in the colonies of Central and South America and the Caribbean. When the importation of slaves was outlawed in the colonies...
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...[Type the document title] Literature Review: Road Traffic Accidents 9/17/2011 Student Name: University: Table of Contents INTRODUCTION TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 4 Safety 4 Safety of Roads 4 Safety condition of Vehicles 5 Road Traffic Accidents 5 Major Causes of Road Traffic Accidents 7 Improper maintenance of vehicle 8 Red Light Running 9 Use of Mobile Phones while driving 10 Drunk driving 11 Avoiding Seat Belt or Helmets 11 Youth races and careless driving 11 Improper road structure 12 Effects of Traffic Accidents 13 Social Impacts of Road Traffic Accidents 13 Economic Impacts of Road Traffic Accidents 14 Ways for controlling the traffic accidents 14 INTRODDUCTION INTO THE CEASES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN JEDDAH CITY 18 History of the problem in Saudi Arabia 18 The Roads and Public Transport in Saudi Arabia 19 The causes of the Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia 19 The effects of the Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia 20 Jeddah City 22 Population 22 Economy 22 Society 22 Road &Traffic Laws in Saudi Arabia (Jeddah) 23 THE USED METHDOLGIES AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 23 The different used methodologies for gathering the data 23 Analysis of international data 24 Analysis Middle East data 27 Analysis Saudi Arabia and Jeddah data 28 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION 29 REFERENCES 31 Literature Review INTRODUCTION TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Safety According to Security Industry Association (SIA 160), safety...
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...What types of crimes should be eligible for the death penalty? Have you ever made a mistake? Have you ever afraid to go to the police? There is no one make a mistake in the world. However every country has law so don’t afraid to go to the police when you make a mistake. Law designed for protect you from bad things. Every country has law related with their culture lifestyle and development. There are in the world around six billion people. Everyone is different from each other. Some of them has good attitude but some of them has bad attitude. In my case those who has a bad attitude depends on their environment and bibulosity etc., maybe some people bored because of their happy life. So they made a crime. Have you ever heard about “Death Penalty”? If so then what do you think about it? Capital punishment, the death penalty, death sentence, or execution is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. At this time, there are many countries use the Death penalty for example Belarus, China (PRC), Cuba, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, (ROC) ,Tonga, United States and Vietnam. There are many methods in capital punishment Decapitation, Electrocution ,Gas chamber, Hanging, Lethal injection, Shooting (firing squad), Stoning and Nitrogen asphyxiation (proposed)...
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...Traffic Problems in Baton Rouge 5:30 traffic in Baton Rouge could easily be defined as the time in which no one wants to get in their car and go anywhere regardless of urgency. Baton Rouge, Louisiana is notoriously known for their inefficient traffic systems. Why is that? With a population rank of 67th in the United States, Baton Rouge’s ranking of 33rd in the nation for worst traffic congestion has definitely impacted the community’s identity (Meaux, Reveille). Money, or lack thereof, plays a huge role in what could be called Baton Rouge’s traffic crisis. "Unless you have the funds to update your infrastructure, people are going to be stuck in traffic," said Mark Lambert, communications director with Louisiana's Department of Transportation and Development. "Our infrastructure is terribly behind the needs in Louisiana ... All of it comes down to a matter of money (Meaux, Reveille).” The government’s perspective on the matter of money is that they simply aren’t being allotted enough towards specifically solving the congestion problems of Baton Rouge. For every gallon of gasoline purchased, Louisiana gets $0.16 for infrastructure improvement (Meaux, Reveille). Money is definitely at the root of the problem, however there are many other contributing factors. Due to how far behind Baton Rouge is in congestions problems, society obviously believes that more money needs to be funneled in that direction. The society thinks that the Baton Rouge roads need to be revamped. Shouldn’t...
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...ABSTRACT Air pollution are one of the most important environmental issues world wide . In this study pollutant CO, BC, PM were measured to determine the ambient air quality in Noida, U.P.. Traffic congestion increases vehicle exhaust emissions resulting of which ambient air quality degraded. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of traffic related air pollution at various sites in Noida. To determined the health effects in locations , questionnaires were prepared and distributed to selected individuals each who live and work in the selected area Key word index : traffic, carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC), particulate matter(PM) 1. INTRODUCTION In India high influx of population to urban areas,...
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...traditional telecommunications networks have allowed us to cross barriers associated with time and distance, the new multimedia realm is allowing us to include vital physical cues in the information stream, introducing a physical reality into the world of electronic communications, goods, and services. Not surprisingly, some of the industries that are being most radically revolutionized are those that deal with the human senses, including entertainment, health care, education, advertising, and, sadly, warfare. Simply put, technology changes your way and pace of life. In recent years, the word telecommunications has been used so often, and applied in so many situations, that it has become part of our daily lexicon, yet its definition remains elusive. So, let's start with a definition. The word telecommunications has its roots in Greek: tele means "over a distance," and communicara means "the ability to share." Hence, telecommunications literally means "the sharing of information over a distance." Telecommunications is more than a set of technologies, it's more than an enormous global industry (estimated to be US$2.5 trillion), it's more than twenty-first-century business and law that is being re-created to accommodate a virtual world, and it's more than a creator and destroyer of the state of the economy. Telecommunications is a way of life. Telecommunications affects how and where you do everything—live, work, play, socialize, entertain, serve, study, teach, rest, heal, and...
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...Mobile Phones And Driver Safety Mobile phone use behind the wheel is the major cause of motor vehicle accident in the United States and around the world that results in traffic collisions, property damage, injuries, fatalities and death. A growing number of people are using mobile phone while driving to stay connected with friends, families, co-workers and result in motor vehicle accidents. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated that 1.2 million crashes each year involve drivers using mobile phones for conversation and at least 100,000 additional crashes can be related to drivers who are texting (NSC 2011). Every year nearly 1.3 million people die and 50 million are injured as a result of motor vehicle accident (NHTSA 2011). These deaths and injuries have a huge impact on families and communities life. Mobile phones first came into the market in the mid-1980s in the United States and have science showed a dramatic growth all over the world (CTIA, 2000a). Over the previous period in the U.S. alone, mobile phone subscribers exceeded 267 million and placing it among the fastest growing industries in the world (CTIA 2008). Graph The latest data available from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated that the majority of mobile phone owners use the device while driving. According to reported, in USA today in 2007 about 11% of the population used a phone while driving during the day (O' Donnell, 2009). Graph Such fastest growth of...
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...ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS In their study (Mantulya, Muli-Muisiime 2001), from 1977 to 1996 there was a considerable up tendencies in the number of RTAs in Kenya simultaneously with the affiliated fatalities and injuries. In their study, founded on principle accounts, the total number of street traffic misfortunes for the 10 years time span (1987-1996) was 114.741. these misfortunes producing 23124 killings and 125 907 injuries. Thirty-nine per hundred of wounds were described to have been severe. Information from pursue ups of the wounds to work out eventual wellbeing conclusion was not gladly available. In the 10 ear gap from 1987 to 1996 the number of RTAs had increased by 65%. The usual policeman statistics from 1992 to 1996 recognise two foremost determinants of RTAs; person going by car mistake, and strains with travellers, pedal cyclists and vehicles defects accounting for a little number of RTAs. CAUSES OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Most traffic misfortunes are initiated by multiplicity of factors. This may be a blend of human mistakes and failings, poor street measures and situation and vehicle defects. Traditionally, RTAs are split up into three groups; therefore the Man; the Vehicle and the Traffic Environment. These three constituents are the foremost components which considerably assist to RTIs premier to either death or disability. Gekonge (1990) discovered that 85% of determinants were attributed to man; while 6% to the vehicle and 9% to the traffic environment...
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...to take the human out of the loop? From the beginning of the world humans always wanted to make their life easier. They produced more and more complicated tools for hunting, then for harvesting and other branches of human activity – these tools allowed them to make their job without using their bare hands. Time was passing, humanity was evolving newer technologies, people knew more and more about the world and laws that rule it. But one thing that every human-being wanted the most was faster way of travelling. The first step was inviting wheel. Later humans built carts, coaches and many other vehicles propelled with animal’s or person’s strength. But still it was too slow and too less automatic for people. The change came in 1769, when Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot presented his steam vehicle. Then everything started to evolve faster – and we step to nowadays, where we have many different types of cars, even the ones fueled by water or electricity. In our century, where artificial intelligence isn’t a Sci-Fi subject only but also reality, people started to think about using it in car’s safety and driving system’s development. One of the results is Google’s self-driving car, which is travelling in states of Nevada, Florida and California, where autonomous vehicles are already legalized. This technology is evolving all the time and maybe there will come the day where whole world will be able to use such kind of cars. But there comes the question – is it safe to take the human out of the...
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...Human Trafficking: The World is a Scary Place Dating back to the early 1400s, human trafficking has been a continuous world issue. It all began with the Portuguese buying and selling Africans to use them as slaves. Ever since then, human trafficking has escalated to something more terrifying and is becoming a larger issue. Between sex and labor trafficking, human trafficking is a huge issue worldwide. To work beyond what the nation has already accomplished, we can further educate ourselves to help protect those in danger of what human trafficking entails. Why is it a Big Deal? Continuing through the 1600s, African slave trade began to gain countries, including: Spain, North America, Holland, France, Sweden, and Denmark. Beginning in 1904...
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...ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES: AN UNRECOGNIZED GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM Maryellen Corliss American Sentinel ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES: AN UNRECOGNIZED GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLE Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected global public health problem which requires more public knowledge and concern for their effective and lasting prevention, and a reduction of their consequences. Twenty million people around the world are injured or disabled each year by road-traffic injuries. These now rank ninth on the list of leading causes of disability, but are projected to rise to third place by 2020 as the number of motor vehicles grows (Peden & Hyder, 2002). The epidemic is the worst in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, about 85 percent of all deaths globally are due to traffic accidents and 90 percent of the disabilities caused by them happen in low and middle income countries (World Health Organization [WHO], 2004). The poorest people in those countries are the hardest hit. In the United States, people who die on the road are usually the drivers of automobiles. In the developing world, the most vulnerable, in order, are pedestrians; passengers on minibuses, buses, and trucks; and cyclists. They share the same road at the same time with cars, various motorized two- and three-wheeled rigs, and people riding or driving domestic animals. Traffic safety laws that exist may go unenforced because of a lack of police resources. Drivers’ licenses and road-worthiness...
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...Autonomous cars are the new and upcoming buzz in the vehicle world as well as a very controversial topic in public and road safety. It is the newest innovation to come to the vehicle world since the “push to start” button replacing the ignition system with a key. Autonomous cars, more commonly known as self driving cars, have been sparking arguments against why normal cars,where a human manually drives and has full control of the vehicle, are safer than these autonomous cars that are controlled by an artificial intelligence(AI) program, which is pretty much a robot. There are different statistics that show the differences in safety and travel time between the two. Autonomous cars can and are improving road safety and traffic times. They can do this by having father reaction times and reflexes than a human driver. If a public highway is opened just for autonomous cars, or even just a lane, traffic times and be significantly cut down since they will be able to travel at faster speeds with...
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...State of Nevada became their first state in their United States to get their permit for autonomous cabs. California became their third state for their same law somewhat in May 2012 their first licensed cabs came into effect. Their technology behind this idea includes a $70,000 LIDAR (laser radar) system which allows their vehicle to generate 3D of its surroundings. Their maps along with their maps of their world is combined, somewhat produce different data types that allow their cabs to navigate somewhat drive it. Also, installed in their cabs is their system anti-lock brakes which is faster somewhat better due to ABS somewhat engine management help to keep their cabs stable on their road. Their testing was cab spied on about ten cabs each accompanied by a driver with a clean driving somewhat giving him company is one of their Google engineers. Their cabs were tested on their roads of San Francisco somewhat also on their Golden gate bridge. Their system prevents accidents by maintaining a safe distance between two vehicles by their use of special type of sensors. Their humans can also take control of their wheel by applying their brakes. Within a year, their Google automobile team claimed to have covered 300,000...
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...European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.6, No.5, 2014 www.iiste.org Risk Exposures, Vulnerability and Mitigation Methods among Road Transport Workers in Nigeria Festus M Epetimehin PhD Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji- Arakeji fessy51@yahoo.co.uk, fmepetimehin@jabu.edu.ng Abstract This study examines risk exposures among Road Transport Worker and their methods of mitigation. A simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents from Lagos State. Nigeria. In order to determine how different types of risk exposures contribute to number of accidents on the roads, Cramer’s V was used to analyze and test the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 significant levels. The result of the findings revealed that age, driving experience, treatment seeking behavior and speed limit have significant relationship with drivers’ risk exposures. The study also reveals that younger drivers are more exposed to accident than older drivers and the treatment seeking behavior used by the Road Transport workers exposed them as well as their families to financial danger. In line with these findings, it was recommended that Road Transport Workers, RTW should use a formalized means to mitigate their losses. Keywords: Risk, Vulnerability, Mitigation, Risk exposure, Accident, Insurance 1.0 Introduction Risk is an integral part of mankind. It is a permanent and important part of life. Everyone is exposed to various kind of risk including their...
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...Causes of Traffic Congestion: Time wastage lead to inefficiency of public transport and negative impacts on economy In a congested traffic condition, the first thought of people is that time is wasted when they are caught in a traffic jam. According to Rozmi Ismail, et. al (2012), traffic congestion causes unpredictable time which causes the bus service system in Malaysia to be inefficient. Other than that, Morgan (2014) also claimed that, drivers will also face the same problem as they could not predict an actual time to certain destination causing their working performance to decline. As a result, economic growth is affected as time is wasted in a traffic jam which causes every individual to be late for their work and appointments, leading to loss in productivity for businesses (Hartman 2014). In Malaysia, heavily congested highways in Klang Valley causes lost in manpower hours that will lead to a loss more than RM12million per year (Gomez 2014). Fuel consumption and pollution In a congested traffic condition, fuel consumption is much more higher than a smooth rate traffic as the fuel consumption rate is strongly associated to the driving pattern such as stop and go, acceleration on-deceleration and so on (Robinson 1984). The consumption rate of a motor vehicle increase in traffic congestion will increase the fuel consumption costs of commuters thus daily expenditure of commuters will be burdened (Morgan 2014). Other than that, emission of greenhouse gases which leads to...
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