...Module III: Financial Analysis Cost of Project, Means of Finance, Estimates of Sales and Production, Cost of Production, Working Capital Requirements and its Financing, Profitability Projections, Break Even Point, Projected Balance Sheets, Muti Year Projections, Basic Principles for Measuring Project Cash Flows, Components of the Cash Flow Stream, Biases in Cash Flow Estimation Module IV: Project Risk Types and Measures of Project Risk, Sensitivity Analysis, Scenario Analysis, Optimal Timing, Social Cost Benefit Anaysis, Net Benefit in terms of Economic Prices, Measurement of the Impact on Distribution, Savings Impact and its value, Income Distribution Impact, Little-Mirrlees Approach, Shadow Prices Examination Scheme Components CPA TP Q/S A ME EE Weightage (%) 5 5 5 5 10 70 References • Chandra P.(2002), Projects: Planning, Analysis, Financing, Implementation & Review, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing. • Meredith J.R. & Mantel S.J., Jr.( 2000), Project Management: A Managerial Approach, Ed. John Wiley & Sons. • Machiraju H.R.(2001), Introduction to Project Finance: An Analytical Perspective, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. • Patel B.M.(2000),Project Management: Strategic Financial Planning Examination & Control, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. • Finnerty J. D.(1996), Project Financing: Asset-Based Financial Engineering, Wiley • Newbold C.R.,(1998), Project Management in the Fast Lane: Applying Theory & Constraints, St. Lucie Press • Anthony R.N. & Govindrajan...
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...Credit risk Credit risk is a fast changing discipline at the leading edge of risk management practice. The recent credit crisis brought into focus the need for effective risk management control and highlighted many of the deficiencies of the banks’ approach to measuring credit risk. This has resulted in many financial institutions reviewing their existing approach to the management of credit risk from a process, organisational and systems perspective. At the same time, many institutions are also continuing to develop more sophisticated methods of risk management, such as measuring and hedging Credit Valuation Adjustments (CVA) and modelling economic capital and incremental risk Definitions of Credit risk: ❖ Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a debtor's non-payment of a loan or other line of credit (either the principal or interest (coupon) or both). ❖ Is the risk that another party to an investment transaction will not fulfill its obligations. Credit risk can be associated with the issuer of ❖ The likelihood that an individual will pay his or her credit obligations as agreed. Borrowers who are more likely to pay as agreed pose less risk to creditors and lenders. ❖ Risk of loss that may arise on outstanding contracts should a counter party default on its obligations. ❖ The risk that a counter party to a transaction will fail to perform according to the terms and conditions of the contract, thus causing the holder of the claim to suffer a loss. ...
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...Synthesis of the Critical Factors Affecting Performance of the Nigerian Banking System Godwin Chigozie Okpara Department of Banking and Finance, Abia State University, Uturu E-mail godgozie@yahoo.com Abstract This paper is set out to determine the factors impacting most on the performance of the banking system in Nigeria. To do this, factor analysis technique was used on the factors identified by the collaborative study of the CBN/NDIC. The result revealed that factors such as undue interference from board members, political crises, undercapitalization and fraudulent practices are the most critical factors inhibiting the efficient performance of the Nigerian financial institutions. The author therefore contends that the just concluded N25billion recapitalization exercise of the central bank was a necessary but not a sufficient measure in the right direction. The sufficient measure must be one that controls all the identified critical factors at the same time. 1.0. Introduction Banks in most economies are the principal depositories of the public's financial savings, the nerve centre of the payment system, the vessel endowed with the ability of money creation and allocation of financial resources and conduit through which monetary and credit policies are implemented. The success of monetary policy, to a large extent, depends on the health of the banking institutions through which the policies are implemented. As a result of this central role of banks in the economy, their activities...
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...to forecast broad future trends. FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES – institutions that connect borrowers and lenders by accepting funds from lenders and loaning funds to borrowers. INVESTMENT COMPANIES – company that manages funds for investors. An investment company can manage several mutual funds. INVESTMENT BANKERS – firms specializing in the sale of new securities to the public, typically by underwriting the issue. PRIMARY MARKET – a market in which new securities are offered to the public. SECONDARY MARKET – a market in which previously issued securities are traded among investors. GLOBALIZATION – tendency toward a worldwide investment environment, and the integration of international capital markets. PASS-THROUGH SECURITIES – pool of loans sold in one package. Owners of pass-troughs receive all of the principal and interest payments made by the borrowers....
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...be mainly dependent on the imported product then the entrepreneurs will loose their interest to develop small scale enterprises. Political instability: Political instability of our country is another reason for developing the small scale enterprises rate slow. Political environment of our country is not suitable enough to run the efficient business in our society. Deterioration of Morality: Public moral is getting down means most of our people are loosing their moral and for this reason developing small scale enterprises in Bangladesh is not so easy like the other country of the world. Security reason: Security reason is a strong reason which is effecting the developing of small scale enterprises in Bangladesh. Government are not being able the proper and adequate security to the citizen of the country this is directly effecting the developing speed of the small scale enterprises in Bangladesh. Inadequate support from govt. & non-govt. organizations:...
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...RISK MANAGEMENT THE NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR FOR ABI ALCHEMY BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE BY OYINDAMOLA OMOSEBI CONSULTANT ALCHEMY BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE 5TH MAY 2012 Table of Content 1.0 Overview of Risk Management 1.1 Principle of Risk Management 1.2 The Risk Management Process 1.2.1 Risk Identification 1.2.2 Risk Assessment/Measurement 1.2.3 Risk Mitigation 1.3 Risk Management Plan 1.3.1 Implementation 1.3.2 Review and Evaluation of Plan 2.0 A Review of Risks in Banking 2.1 Overview of Risk Management Practices in Nigerian Banks 2.1.1 Reputational Risk and Confidence Crisis in the Nigerian Banking Industry 2.1.2 Operational Risk 2.1.3 Credit Risk 2.1.4 Human Resources Risk 2.1.5 Risk Associated with Mergers and Acquisition 2.2 Current Regulatory and the Way Forward 3.0 Summary and Conclusion 1.0 Overview of Risk Management There is risk in every business because of uncertainty about future events and exposure, almost everything we do in the business world involves risk. This is the probability that organization or an individual will be unable to meet some expectations set for itself during a given period or could incur a financial loss because of some known or unknown threats or events outside his immediate control. Therefore, Risk Management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of these risks followed by coordinated and effective application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact...
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...some form of protection against the financial loss arising from death. Life insurance substitutes this uncertainty by certainty. Insurance sector plays a very important role in the development of any economy also, as it provides long term funds for infrastructure development and at the same time strengthens the risk taking ability. Insurance is a contract between the insurance company (insurer) and the policyholder (insured). In return for a consideration (the premium), the insurance company promises to pay a specified amount to the insured on the happening of a specified event. Meaning of Customer Buying Behaviour: Before business can develop marketing strategies, they must understand what factors influence buyer‘s behavior and how they make purchase decisions to satisfy their needs and wants. Buyers are moved by a complex set of deep and subtle emotions. Their behavior result from deeply held values and attitudes their perception of the world and their place in it. Consumer behavior refers to the mental and emotional process and the observable behavior of...
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...Bus 109 qn 1 5pts Draw a demand and supply curve . Label properly with axis. Explain the curve and how it works . How to shift both curves. How to shift demand curve. 10 pts increase demand by doing what ?: Make people want it more. Marketing or advertising . Red line goes up. Not enough supply. New equilibrium point (higher on the price axis) *shift to the right. * price increase and quantity increase. 10 pts draw and explain increase in technology and how it effects the graph: Supply increases so it is cheaper to produce. The supply curve shifts to the right because more quantity produced. Price also decreases. Qn2 Personal Insurance. Liability automobile insurance bodily injury liability : held legally liable for damage caused by car or driving eg disability,death, breadwinner is handicapped and can no longer earn for the family. Property damage liability insurance damage to the other persons car or other property eg house that you drove into. COGS in a truck that's hit. Uninsured motorist. The person has no auto insurance. Bodily damages , breadwinner, medical bills. (first party insurance covers your own family and own party) Medical payments only medical bills. Group insurance also included. Possibly not first party liability but if it was your fault. Personal injury protection (no fault states only. Only two no fault states) take care of major injuries. Time off work(breadwinner situation) , medical bills. Physical damage protection ...
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...syllabus (0128) which previously were examined by UCLES. Although no previous study of the subject is assumed by the syllabus, it would be recommended that students should have done 'O' Level Business Studies 1.2 1.3 2 SYLLABUS AIMS The syllabus is intended to lead to courses that will encourage students to: 2.1 2.2 Understand and appreciate the nature and scope of business and its role in society; Develop critical understanding of organisations, the markets they serve and the process of adding value. This should involve consideration of the internal workings and management of organisations and, in particular, the process of decision making in a dynamic environment; Be aware of the economic, environmental, ethical, governmental, legal, social, technological etc issues associated with business activity; Develop skills in: decision making and problem solving in the light of evaluation, the quantification and management of information, where appropriate, effective communication, entrepreneurship. The emphasis should be on the application of concepts and issues to the local context where appropriate. 2.3 2.4 2 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Candidates are expected to demonstrate the following skills: 3.1 3.2...
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...INTERNSHIP REPORT ON HABIB BANK LIMITED PAKISTAN SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD IRFAN ALI LOGID: mc070402338 Phone# 0313-6747208 Mail address: syedirfanmw@yahoo.com & mc070402338@vu.edu.pk Address: Ward # 2 Mohala Chah Kurai MBA (FINANCE) 2007-09 SUPERVISED BY: MAHER AMEER MUHAMMAD DATE OF FINAL REPORT 10-04-2009 to 10-06-2009 NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEDICATION Allah Almighty ( whose claim (to obedience) cannot be satisfied by those who attempt to do so”) & His Beloved People. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to ALLAH Almighty for giving me such a beautiful opportunity and enabling me to complete my project. Thanks to my loving parents and guardian who help me a lot at every phase of my life, encouraged me in the days of depression and sacrificed for my better future. I am very thankful to Mr. Maher Ameer Muhammad my supervisor, who has helped me a lot in finding an appropriate project and for his reviews, encouragement, and support. I am thankful to all of my teachers and my class fellows and friends whom Cheerfulness and guidance is an asset for me .I am especially...
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...Of Nigeria A macroeconomics problem facing Nigeria, and the most disturbing, is the problem of inflation. As a result of its growing rate, Nigerian government is concerned about its impacts on her economic growth. To place an order for the Complete Project Material, pay N5,000 to GTBank (Guaranty Trust Bank) Account Name – Chudi-Oji Chukwuka Account No – 0044157183 Then text the name of the Project topic, email address and your names to 08060565721. Many authors have written on Impacts of inflation on Nigerian economy, but the authors have different views because inflation analysis, nevertheless, one thing common is that all the authors agree that inflation has Impact on Nigerian economic growth. Samuelson (1973), defines inflation as “a general rising prices for breeds, cars, haircut, rising wages, rent etc. Onwukwe (2003), on his side defines inflation as “a significant and sustained rise in the general price level or a declining value of the monetary units. The problem created by the rising prices of goods and services has become two difficult for government to solve. During inflationary period, fixed amounts of money buy less quantity of goods and services. The real value of money is drastically reduced i.e the purchasing power of consumers are reduced. The Impact of rapid inflation growth has led the federal government of Nigeria to adopt several sexual measures of inflation control. Paramount among these measures are monetary and credit policies formulated restore...
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...Background to entrepreneurship Definition and interpretation The term enterpreneurship emerges from the french (literally between take or go between )and traceable to the eighteen century economiist Richard Cantillon ,Anne-Robert –jacques Turgot and Francios Quesnay ,The term was also denoted to an actor in charge of large –scale construction Project as cathedral, bearing no risk but simply carrying the task forward untill resoures were Exhausted ,the change in the use of term began in the seventeen century with a specific reference to risk bearing and enterpreneurship was tagged a person who entered into a contractual relationship with the government for the performance of a service or the supply of good ;The assumption was the price of a contract had been valued and fixed and the enterpreneur bore the risk of profit and loss from the bargain. In the eighteen century ,the term was applied in france in several way ; cantillon in 1725 referred to entrepreneurs as risk bearing .But he tried to differentiate the entrepreneurs who provide capital or funds from those who relied on their own labour and resources. That showed an entrepreneurial role as independent of the capitalist role Quesnay considered an enterpreneur as a tenant farmer who rent property at a fixed rent and produces a given price’s like cantillon bandeau ( 1797) and Turgot...
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...a fixed capital investment between BDT 100 million and BDT 300 million. The PCBs (Private Commercial Banks) seem to have various definitions based on loan components. The small-scale segment is in general defined as enterprises with a loan component between BDT 300,000 and BDT 10 million (between USD 5,500 and USD 185,000). Medium companies are said to have a loan component between BDT 10 million and BDT 100 million (between USD 185,000 and USD 1.85 million). Under yet another definition the World Bank estimates that Bangladesh has approximately 27,000 medium-scaled enterprises (here defined by the Government of Bangladesh as registered enterprises with assets larger than USD 600,000 equivalent) and 150,000 small-scale enterprises (registered enterprises with assets of less than USD 600,000 equivalent). The small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) are mainly found within the industry and services sector. In Bangladesh, the SMEs account for about 45 percent of manufacturing value addition, 80 percent of industrial employment, 90 percent of total industrial units and about 25 percent of total labour force. Their total contribution to export earnings ranges from 75 percent to 80 percent, according to a recent economic census. The SMEs make up 75 percent of the domestic economy. There are about 60 lakh SMEs and microenterprises in Bangladesh, according to Asian Development Bank. Still, agriculture is the...
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...INTERNSHIP REPORT ON HABIB BANK LIMITED PAKISTAN SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD IRFAN ALI LOGID: mc070402338 Phone# 0313-6747208 Mail address: syedirfanmw@yahoo.com & mc070402338@vu.edu.pk Address: Ward # 2 Mohala Chah Kurai MBA (FINANCE) 2007-09 SUPERVISED BY: MAHER AMEER MUHAMMAD DATE OF FINAL REPORT 10-04-2009 to 10-06-2009 NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEDICATION Allah Almighty ( whose claim (to obedience) cannot be satisfied by those who attempt to do so”) & His Beloved People. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to ALLAH Almighty for giving me such a beautiful opportunity and enabling me to complete my project. Thanks to my loving parents and guardian who help me a lot at every phase of my life, encouraged me in the days of depression and sacrificed for my better future. I am very thankful to Mr. Maher Ameer Muhammad my supervisor, who has helped me a lot in finding an appropriate project and for his reviews, encouragement, and support. I am thankful to all of my teachers and my class fellows and friends whom Cheerfulness and guidance is an asset for me .I am especially...
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...BANGLADESH BANK PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS FOR BANKS : SELECTED ISSUES [UPDATED TILL JUNE 2009] POLICY ON CAPITAL ADEQUACY OF BANKS ........................................................................ 3 POLICY ON LOAN CLASSIFICATION AND PROVISIONING................................................ 10 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN BANK MANAGEMENT ...................................................... 16 RESTRICTION ON LENDING TO DIRECTORS OF PRIVATE BANKS .................................. 21 RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND ADVISOR IN BANKS .................................................................................................................... 25 CONSTITUTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND FIT AND PROPER TEST FOR APPOINTMENT OF BANK DIRECTORS AND DEPOSITOR DIRECTOR .............................. 27 CONSTITUTION OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS..................... 32 POLICY ON SINGLE BORROWER EXPOSURE …………………………………………….. 34 POLICY FOR RESCHEDULING OF LOANS .............................................................................. 38 POLICY FOR LOAN WRITE OFF ................................................................................................ 41 LARGE LOAN RESTRUCTURING SCHEME (LLRS) ............................................................... 42 REQUIREMENT FOR OBTAINING INFORMATION ON LARGE LOAN FROM CREDIT INFORMATION BUREAU .................................................................................
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