Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Human Anatomy and Physiology, 12th ed. Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

I. Introduction
A. The interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned injuries and illness because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners.
B. Primitive people certainly suffered from occasional aches and pains, injuries, bleeding, broken bones, and diseases.
C. Before agriculture, infectious diseases did not spread easily because isolated bands of people had little contact with each other.
D. With agriculture, humans became susceptible to worm diseases because excrement was used in fertilizers and less reliance was placed on wild plants that offered their protective substances.
E. With urbanization, humans became more susceptible to infectious diseases and malnutrition.
F. Tooth decay was lowest among hunter-gathers and highest among city residents.
G. Preserved bones from children can reflect malnutrition because when a child starves or suffers from severe infection, the ends of the bones stop growing. When health returns, growth resumes, but leaves behind areas of dense bone.
H. At first healers had to rely on superstitions and notions about magic.
I. The forerunners of modern drugs were herbs and potions.
J. Early medical providers developed the language of anatomy and physiology from Greek and Latin.
II. Anatomy and Physiology
A. Anatomy is the study of structure of body parts including their forms and organization.
B. Physiology is the study of function of body parts.
C. Anatomists rely on examination of the body.
D. Physiologists rely on experimentation.
E. Anatomy and Physiology are difficult to separate because anatomical structures make possible their functions.
F. The anatomy of the hand, which is