...Disease in the News Jamika McMillian 245 April 12, 2012 Professor Wendy Cockron Abstract Anthrax is a life threatening disease that harms not only animals, but humans as well. There are several types of anthrax and many different types of treatments to help cure them. Although some who are infected with anthrax do not always survive. Anthrax is not common in the U.S. but it does sometimes occur. Anthrax is nationally discussed in most of today’s disease trends. Disease in the News Following the 1998 reports of a series of bioterrorist threats of anthrax exposure, the public health implications of these threats were investigated to assist in developing national public health guidelines for responding to bioterrorism. The U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed interim guidelines for managing anthrax in 2001. What follows is a summary of the investigational findings and subsequently published CDC guidelines for public health authorities regarding anthrax-related acts of bioterrorism (Matteucci, 2011). Anthrax is a life threatening infectious disease that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses. Anthrax can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products. Anthrax is now rare in humans in the United States and developed countries. In recent years anthrax has received a great deal of attention as it has become clear that the infection can also be spread by a bioterrorist...
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...fatal, caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax is most commonly found to infect wild and domestic animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, camels, and other herbivores. But, it has been found to infect humans who are exposed to the infected animals or tissue from the infected animals. Although humans can be infected with anthrax and it is classified as a highly contagious disease it hasn’t been found to have spread from one human to another. The first mention of Anthrax as an illness actually appears in the Bible in Exodus chapter 9. It says that it was the fifth plague inflicted on Egypt. But, the best ancient account of anthrax is by the Roman poet Virgil (70-19 BC). He wrote four Georgics, instructive verse works on agriculture. The third Georgic is devoted to raising animals, and contains a passage on veterinary medicine that concludes with a detailed account of an epizootic that occurred in the district of Noricum, in the eastern Alps. Virgil describes the disease in sheep, cattle, horses, dogs, and other domestic and wild animals. Although the narrative contains errors and traces of poetic license, it includes many facts. Virgil understood the severity of the infecting source, as well as the potential for transmission of the disease to humans. Anthrax continued to be a fatal disease affecting both humans and animals through the Middle Ages. In the 18th century an epidemic destroyed nearly half of the sheep in Europe. In the 19th century...
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...Kellie Hintz 15 May 2010 Writing 1200 The Human-Animal Bond: How animals enrich our lives The year 2003 started out the same as any other year. It was my second year in the Army and I was just beginning to get used to the demands of military life, when, all of a sudden, my unit got orders to go to Iraq. I felt as if my world had been turned upside down, and I had no idea how I was going to get through the deployment and still keep my sanity. About three months into the deployment, I was taking the trash out after dinner when it happened. As I was about to launch the bag into the trash trailer, I could have sworn I heard a cat meow. I thought, “I must be crazy!” I hadn’t seen a cat since I left the United States, but sure enough when I bent down to look under the trailer, there he was. Staring back at me was a cat that could have passed for my childhood cat. I doubted that he would come to me if I called him, but I decided to give it a try anyway, and to my surprise he came! This was the beginning of a three month relationship. I started calling him Marvin since he reminded me so much of the cat I had when I was young. For the three months I spent about 30 minutes a day with Marvin. He would usually show up right around dinner time. He always knew where he could find me, and when he did, he would come over and jump into my lap and lay down. He would sit with me for a while and I would pet him and talk to him about my day. Some of the people I worked with would come by and...
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...worked as many things and are now used as therapy dogs. Despite their history and personalities, many people have differing views. In the beginning they were America’s...
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...There are two main ways the CDC and government use to try and prevent an anthrax outbreak. ”If someone is exposed to anthrax but have no symptoms of the disease, doctors might prescribe preventive antibiotics, the type of antibiotics used, depends of the strain of anthrax. The second was is getting the anthrax vaccine if exposed to the bacteria. The vaccine is available to military personnel and some members of the general public. It is given in a series of five doses over 18 months.”(Medline Plus, 2015, pg.5) If one thinks that they have come in contact with a Bacillus Anthracis spore, they should seek medical attention as soon as possible. The longer one delays, the worse the infection becomes. If one waits to long the antibiotics will not be effective anymore and the infection becomes fatal. According to the CDC (2015, pg. 1)” If there were ever a bioterriosm attack with the Bacillus Anthracis bacteria then the CDC will issue the anthrax vaccine and everyone in the area should obtain one if not...
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...Members, their families, and caregivers with information they need on military facilities, health care services, and benefits. It supports access to the Wounded Warrior Resource Call Center and trained specialists who are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by phone at 1-800-342-9647 or by e-mail at wwrc@militaryonesource.com. Advocacy/Support - Disabled American Veterans* www.dav.org The DAV’s 1.2 million members provide grassroots advocacy and services in communities nationwide. From educating lawmakers and the public about important issues to supporting services and legislation to help disabled veterans — the DAV is there to promote its message of hope to all who have served and sacrificed. Advocacy/Support - National Veterans Foundation* www.nvf.org Our Mission: to serve the crisis management, information and referral needs of all U.S. Veterans and their families through: * Management and operation of the nation’s only toll-free helpline for all veterans and their families. * Public awareness programs that shine a consistent spotlight on the needs of America’s veterans. * Outreach services that provide veterans and families in need with food, clothing, transportation, employment, and other essential resources. Advocacy/Support - Salute Inc.* www.saluteinc.org SALUTE, Inc. is a non-profit organization dedicated to increasing awareness and support of issues facing active military personnel, veterans and their families and to provide financial support...
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... sterility, damage to DNA, low birth weight babies, mental retardation, developmental delays, cataracts, cancers. | Runny nose, blurred vision, sweating, muscle twitching, tightness of the chest, headache, cramps, nausea, vomiting, involuntary defecation and urination, convulsions, coma, respitory arrest. | | | | | Treatments | Treat skin lesions, Oral antibiotics like PCN, Tetracycline, Ethromycin, and Cirpo. | Treat symptoms as they appear. Many symptoms will not appear for days, weeks even years.Blood transfusions stem cell transplant, and cytokine therapy. | Treat symptoms as they appear. Give Atropine and Pralidozine (PAM) | Bioterrorism is a constant concern today. As seen in the news, bioterrorism has been used recently in Syria and the outcome has been horrific. With tensions running high throughout the middle east and terrorist, it is possible for a bioterrorism attack here in the United States. As a medical professional, the need to understand how each works, the symptoms, and treatment is a necessity. Healthcare institution hold disaster drills on a frequent basis but not a...
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...Brandon Farrow Mrs. Cox English 1 11/11/13 Navy Dolphins Dolphins are smart and amazing creatures. Scientists say they might almost be smarter than humans; they adapt really quick to their environment. The Navy is one branch of the United States armed forces that conducts military operations at sea. The Navy has programs with animals to help them protect the nation. The Navy and dolphins work together to control warfare in the water by using their sonar to track underwater mines and to keep citizens safe. These next paragraphs will explain how the dolphins and navy work together. One of the first dolphins used by the Navy was Tuffy. “Tuf Goy [Tuffy] joined the marine mammal program at Point Mugu in May 1964. By the end of September of 1964, Tuffy was retrieving a ring from the bottom of the lagoon at a depth of 200 feet” (Wood, 1973). In July of 1965, Tuffy was asked to participate in the Sealab II project with his main job being to help with the rescuing of a lost diver. Tuffy had a secondary job also of “carrying small objects-tools, for example-from the surface down to aquanauts working outside the habitat.” (Wood, 1973) “Tuffy repeatedly dove 200 feet to the Sea Lab II installation, carrying mail and tools to navy personal. To prepare for underwater tasks, Tuffy trained for six weeks and “learned to respond to a noise buzzer for the tests” (Presnall, 2002,) Judith Presnall’s book Navy Dolphins (2002), gives a visual image of Tuffy in training for rescuing lost...
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...Dogfighting is a sadistic contest in which two dogs who are specifically bred, conditioned, and trained to fight are placed in a small pit (a small arena made out of plywood walls) to fight each other for the spectator’s entertainment and gambling. “Man’s best friend” may fight to the death in dog fights, often with tens of thousands of dollars at stake. Dogfighters sometimes kill the losing dogs, and even the winning dogs may die from their wounds. Life as a dog used for fighting is a nightmare. Dogfighting is a huge problem and it needs to stop. Sometimes as an individual you don’t think there is much you can do, but there is. Humane Society of the United States (2011) says dogs that are used as fighting dogs live chained up or are put into a tiny cage, do not get the veterinary care that they need. They die in the ring or they are unceremoniously shot for losing and some are used as “bait” for other dogs. Pit bulls and dogs that look like pit bulls get a bad rap because of their reputation as fighting dogs. Dogs that are used in dog fights often die of blood loss, shock, dehydration, exhaustion, or infection hours or even days after a dog fight. Injuries that are inflicted and sustained by dogs participating in dog fights are frequently severe, even fatal. The American pit bull terrier-type are used in a majority of dog fights. Pit bulls have been specifically bred and are trained for fighting as puppies. With their extremely powerful jaws, they are capable of inflicting...
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...Culture and Socialization Learning to be Human Understanding Cause & Effect • Correlation - the existence of a regular relationship between two sets of occurrences or variables. • Causation - a relationship in which one event or situation brings about the other. • Correlation does not imply causation. But a causal relationship must mean that two variables are correlated. Sociological Imagination • The more we understand what is happening in the world, the more frustrated we often become, for our knowledge leads to feelings of powerlessness. We feel that we are living in a world in which the citizen has become a mere spectator or a forced actor, and that our personal experience is politically useless and our political will a minor illusion (Mills 1959) Macro argument. Chapter 3 Culture & Society The Concepts of Culture Culture - The values the members of a given group hold, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create. Values - abstract ideals. For example, monogamy is a prominent value in most Western societies. Norms - definite principles or rules people are expected to observe Society - a system of relationships that connects individuals who share the same culture. The Concepts of Culture Culture and society are closely related. Cultural variations among humans are linked to different types of society. No culture could exist without a society; equally, no society could exist without culture. The Concepts of Culture Ethnocentrism – judging...
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...of Beijing. Polished flint-stones, bone needles and bamboo shafts, which are believed to be acupuncture and acupressure tools, were unearthed at the site. Herbal medicine can be traced to a man named Shen Nung, or the "Divine Husbandman," circa 3494 B.C. He is one of three legendary ancestors of the Chinese people. The other two are Fu Xi, who started animal husbandry, and Shui Ren, who discovered fire. Shen Nung experimented on himself, trying numerous herbs to study their healing effects. Legend has it that he died of herb intoxication. His most ancient portrait and records are now kept at Johns Hopkins University Hospital. The well-known Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine (Hung Di Nei Jing) is the work of the Warring States Period which occurred from 475 B.C. to 221 B.C. Bian Chueh, also known as Ching Yueh Ren, compiled the Difficult Classic (Nan Jing) to supplement the deficiencies in the Hung Di Nei Jing. Bian was the first accomplished acupuncturist on record to bring a patient out of a coma. Another monumental work in this period is the Classic of Mountain and Sea, which described 270 plant, animal and mineral substances with some medicinal applications. The First Great Leap Forward...
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...brought into villages and raised by children. Ancient man may have also started the domestication process by befriending wolves which helped them hunt and drive herds. (Kodat, 2002) Having a semi-tame wolves has its advantages. For example, the acute hearing of the wolve would alarm the human if danger was near at night. However, as civilization evolved, the jobs of dogs became more varied and specific; as a result, different breeds were created to handle different jobs. Selective breeding has allowed human manipulation to create the traits that you see in your dog today, such as the pushed-in face of the pug, or the speed of they greyhound to catch its prey. The domestic dog has been the most widely kept working, hunting and companion animal in human history. The dog quickly became ubiquitous across world cultures, and was extremely valuable to early human settlements. For instance, it is believed the successful emigration across the Bering Strait might not have been possible without sled dogs (Kodat, 2002). No matter how far the dog evolves from it ancestors, there is still a great deal of wolf present in the domestic dog. Dogs are still genetically wolf and they share seventy eight chromosomes. The two species are still able to cross-breed, creating the wolf hybrid, which (unlike the mate of a horse and donkey, a mule) is not sterile. Over the thousands of years, we have shaped dogs through breeding into dogs with floppy ears, sleek coats, and short noses--exactly the opposite...
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...Overview of Bioterrorism This course has been awarded two (2.0) contact hours. This course expires on November 12, 2014. Copyright © 2008 by RN.com. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction and distribution of these materials are prohibited without the express written authorization of RN.com. First Published: Updated: November 12, 2008 Nov 12, 2011 IMPORTANT INFORMATION RN.com strives to keeps its content fair and unbiased. The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose. The planners of the educational activity have no conflicts of interest to disclose. (Conflict of Interest Definition: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which he/she has a financial relationship.) There is no commercial support being used for this course. Participants are advised that the accredited status of RN.com does not imply endorsement by the provider or ANCC of any products/therapeutics mentioned in this course. The information in the course is for educational purposes only. There is no “off label” usage of drugs or products discussed in this course. Acknowledgements RN.com acknowledges the valuable contributions of… Material protected by Copyright …The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (www.cdc.gov), the key government agency responsible for disseminating knowledge about various biological agents. …U.S. Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases...
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...------------------------------------------------- Definitions[edit] Cybernetics has been defined in a variety of ways, by a variety of people, from a variety of disciplines. The Larry Richards Reader includes a listing by Stuart Umpleby of notable definitions:[6] * "Science concerned with the study of systems of any nature which are capable of receiving, storing and processing information so as to use it for control." — A. N. Kolmogorov * "The art of securing efficient operation." — Louis Couffignal[7] * "'The art of steersmanship': deals with all forms of behavior in so far as they are regular, or determinate, or reproducible: stands to the real machine -- electronic, mechanical, neural, or economic -- much as geometry stands to real object in our terrestrial space; offers a method for the scientific treatment of the system in which complexity is outstanding and too important to be ignored." — W. Ross Ashby * "A branch of mathematics dealing with problems of control, recursiveness, and information, focuses on forms and the patterns that connect." — Gregory Bateson * "The art of effective organization." — Stafford Beer * "The art and science of manipulating defensible metaphors." — Gordon Pask * "The art of creating equilibrium in a world of constraints and possibilities." — Ernst von Glasersfeld * "The science and art of understanding." — Humberto Maturana * "The ability to cure all temporary truth of eternal triteness." — Herbert Brun Other...
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...source of infection to humans and other animals. • Rodents were the first recognized carriers of leptospirosis and are considered the primary source of infection to human beings. • Cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goat, pigs and dogs are also considered common reservoirs of the bacteria that causes leptospirosis. Pathophysiology • Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans through cuts and abrasions of the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals. As animals are constantly in our environment, there is a particular danger of getting leptospirosis when flooding occurs, such as following a typhoon or very heavy seasonal rains, because of exposure to contaminated water when wading in floodwaters. • Leptospirosis can occasionally also be transmitted through the drinking of water or ingestion of food contaminated with urine of infected animals, often rats. • Human-to-human transmission occurs only very rarely. Risk Factors Outbreaks of leptospirosis have been reported following natural disasters such as flooding. The risk of infection depends on exposure. Some humans have a high risk of exposure because of their occupation, the environment they live in or their lifestyle. The main occupational groups at risk include: • farm and agricultural workers • pet shop workers • veterinarians • sewer workers • abattoir workers • meat handlers • military personnel • survivors...
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