...AP Euro DBQ on German aviation During the period between 1908 and 1918, Germany went from facing an inevitable war to going into the war. The German army and military needs greatly influenced the airplanes industry. Governmental policies on aircraft industry both encouraged and hindered the technological development of aircraft productions. At the beginning of 1908, Germany faced an inevitable war as the imperial competition became more intense. At this time, Germany was not sure if airplanes were necessary and suitable for military use, therefore many time nad money were invested into the development of airplanes. Annual Report On Aviation published in Germany stated that at that time, “no flying machine had yet demonstrated its suitability for military purposes” and hence the “investment in aviation technology and its potential use for military purposes should remain in the hands of the private sector and not be the responsibility of the army/the government (DOC 1). In order to make airplane a useful military weapon, the German Army Transportation Research Unit suggested that “a special military aviation organization” (DOC2) to be developed, responding to the fast development of aviation. Moreover, the memorandum of the chief of the German general staff stated that the “newly created military aviation commission provides for prizes, subsidies, and contests to promote the further development of our domestic aircraft industry” (DOC3). Letter from the War Ministry to the...
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...9/13/09 AP Assignment Number 2 3) The arrival of the Fourteenth Century brought tremendous and nearly inconceivable plague and famine. A gradual change in weather resulted in poor agricultural production, whose ultimate consequence was inadequate amounts of food for the people. Additionally, at this time in European history (late 13th, early 14th century) there had been a spike in population, so much so that Europe could not approach meeting people’s needs. Many people of this time moved from rural areas to urban cities in search of economic opportunity. Unfortunately, even in the cities economic opportunity was scarce and elusive resulting in vast penury. While many effects existed as a result of the famine, perhaps most paramount amongst them was plague. As previously mentioned, agricultural production was at record lows, and often, food scarcity is followed by malnutrition, which is then followed by disease. The Black Death as it would later be called, spread like wildfire throughout Europe sparing no one in its rancorous path. People, based on innate exigency, needed to find the source of the plague. Some groups such as the flagellant people believed G-d had sent the plague to condemn people’s sins, others who did not accept this approach needed a scapegoat. Their scapegoat was the ever so convenient Jews. During this time period economic uncertainty and social discontent was common. Labor shortages and limited demand for goods contributed to a declining economy, while...
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...Part Question 1: What was the role of the VOC in the Golden Age? Many farmers in the Republic were specializing in animal husbandry. West Netherlands consisted of low-lying peatlands during that time. When the laborers and peasants began to explode these areas, they digged ditches and ring rivers to discharge the excess water. Because of that drain the bottom dropped to five meters. Parts of Holland were thus below sea level. Unfortunately for the farmers, these low-lying areas were too wet to grow grain. The farmers then decided to graze cows, so they could use the cows for meat or the production of butter and cheese. This transition to cattle breeding was possible because Dutch schippers imported grain from areas around the Baltic Sea. This trade was settled through the city of Amsterdam, which was then bloomed by the increasing number of residents. As this grain trade went smoothly, more and more cereals could be supplied. In a period of one century, 1500-1600, the grain trade increased by the Baltic Sea. Bruges and Antwerp were no longer the most important port city in Europe, which became Amsterdam. The merchants decided to ship part of the grain to France, Spain and Portugal. If the harvest failed, the merchants could sell it for money. These traders worked according to the principles of capitalism: making as much profit as possible after an investment. This form of capitalism was also called agricultural capitalism. The main source of income for the Republic became this...
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...AP EUROPEAN HISTORY NOTES- Filled with silliness and inside jokes, enjoy at your leisure :) If something is in [] brackets, it is only written in there for our pleasure, ignore it if you are looking for actual information. Key: • 7: The Renaissance and Reformation- 1350-1600 UMSUniversal o Georgio Vasari- Rinascita=rebirth (like Renaissance) painter/architect Male Suffrage o Individualism: People sought to receive personal credit for achievements, unlike medieval ideal of “all glory goes to god” Names Ideas o Renaissance: Began in Italian city-states, a cause de invention of the printing press, laid way for Protestant Reformation Events Books/Texts Italy: City states, under HRE (Holy Roman Empire) o For alliances: old nobility vs. wealthy merchants FIGHT P-Prussia Popolo: third class, “the people”, wanted own share of wealth/power R-Russia A-Austria Ciompi Revolts: 1378 Florence, Popolo were revolting [eew], brief period of control over government B-Britain Milan taken over by signor (which is a tyrant) • o Under control of the Condottiero (mercenary) Sforza- Significant because after this, a few wealthy families dominated Venice (e.g. Medici) Humanism: Francesco Petrarch (Sonnets), came up with term “Dark Ages”, began to study classical world of rhetoric and literature Cicero: Important Roman, provided account of collapse of Roman Republic [like Edward Gibbon], invented Ciceronian style: Latin style of writing...
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...Erasmus Erasmus of Rotterdam is highly critical of the monastic life. Not as one who avoids hard work. He accuses a certain segment as doing such; but also to argue if one follows the letter of discipline as just as much folly because the participant does not work either to further God's Kingdom or the general well-being on earth. He accuses the participants of being self-absorbed and not really humble. Highly critical of monks and monastic life as not being self-sacrificing, but rather self-gratifying: To be perceived as wise but in truth teaching trivia. To follow the trivia of the monastery but to be disobedient to God's will. Elizabeth I: Speech to the Troops at Tilbury Elizabeth evokes courage later in her Tilbury speech by comparing herself to a king. Elizabeth at first admits reality that she is just a “weak and feeble woman.” Then she claims to be almost a king trapped in a woman’s body. By saying she has “the heart and stomach of a king,” she uses symbols to show she is much like a man. The heart would be a symbol of the virtues of courage, bravery and loyalty. The stomach would be a symbol for being able to keep breakfast down as the bodies and gore of battle pile up around them. Elizabeth is saying she could be right in the midst of battle with them, and the soldiers would never see a feminine quality about her the entire time. She is hinting that Spain is attacking her because she is a woman, even though she has shown all these qualities of a man. Even...
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...Kaya Mernitz AP Euro B4 During the early seventeenth century, the Dutch enjoyed global power. They dominated world trade, with the wealthy city of Amsterdam at the center. Unfortunately, other powers continued to rise as well, and fought to eradicate Dutch dominance of the world economy. From 1650 to 1713, while the Dutch were challenged in security and unity, the most formidable threat came to the prosperity of the Dutch Republic, which ultimately led to the Dutch fall from global trade power. As new countries centralized power, they came to rival Dutch supremacy and pose a security threat. England and France became the most potent. They formed an alliance and jointly declared war on the Dutch, in which the French would start a land campaign,...
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...Chapter 1: Colliding Worlds, 1450-1700 Essential Questions: How were the economic systems of the Native Americans and the Europeans the same and how were they different? The economic systems between the Native Americans and the Europeans were the same by the way they were structured both had rulers and they were different by What impact did environment play in the development of Native American cultures? Was the Native American belief system (religion) more similar or different from the European belief system? Explain your answer. What led to the rise of the slave trade? Key People, Concepts, and Ideas: Term Significance Bering Strait A 100 mile wide land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. Then the glaciers melted and the rising ocean submerged the land bridge beneath the Bering Strait. Aztecs One of the two great empires of the americas that dominated the landscape. Had a dense population and an impressive capital city, Tenochtitlan. Incas The second great empire in the Americas that dominated the landscape. Also had a dense population, productive agriculture, and an aggressive bureaucratic state. Cahokia Cahokia emerged around 1000 as the foremost center of the new Mississippian culture. It declined rapidly after peaking in size which exceeded 10,000. Its decline was probably caused by an era of ruinous warfare. Eastern Woodland Indians 12 The mississippian-influenced peoples od the southeast interacted with other groups,many of them adopted maize agriculture but...
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...The time period between 400 AD and 1400 AD was a dark age for Europe, a time of cultural decline, yet also a time of loss of education. In document A, it shows that "During the early Middle Ages, from 476 to about 1100, European civilization slipped back into semi-barbarism." Also in Capitulary of Aix-la-Chapelle concerning Adulterers of Money, 817. "Concerning false money, we have ordered that he who has been proved to have made it shall have his hand cut off." (Document C) Lastly, in Abbey of Xanten Records, 853: "A great famine in Saxony so that many were forced to live on horse meat." (Document C) In the example of document A, the sentence it reads that during most of the period between 400 AD and 1400 AD, civilization turned back it's clock and turned to semi barbarism. The definition of semi barbarism is "The quality or state of being half barbarous or uncivilized" which explains itself on one of the reasons on why the period between 400 AD and 1400 AD would be considered a Dark Age. The second example is the Capitulary of Aix-La-Chapelle concerning Adulterers of Money, 817. False money has been a problem in society for hundreds of years already, yet in the time period of the Middle Ages, if you were to have produced the false money, your hand would be cut off as punishment. This is another example of how barbaric the people became, and also how harsh the punishments were for the people who lived during the period of the Middle Ages. Lastly, in Abbey of Xanten Records...
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...In the 14th century, a new disease emerged which would later be named the “Black Death”. It originated within central Asia or Northern India, from historians believe. Either way, the disease created panic everywhere in Europe. In October of 1347 traders from Genoese came to the port of Messina. These traders brought the plague along with them. 7 infective waves occurred in Europe between 1347 and 1400, killing between 25 – 50 million people. During this dark era, people were scared and running amuck, no faith, religious or medical professionals did not understand the plague going into other people after infecting others. They believed that the world was nearing its end. People reacted to the plague with mass fear. For instance, the French Author Nicolas Versoris explains Paris’s situation; “… the rich fled” (Doc 3) while the poor were “porters and wage-earners, who had lived there in large numbers” (Doc 3) were left to die. Nicolas may have been an early noble that would have tried to escape the plague, somewhat pathetic. Those who were poor and infected were confined to their homes or villages; “Whatever house the pestilence visited was immediately nailed up… many died of hunger in their own houses… all roads and highways were guarded so that a person could not pass from one place to another”(Doc 5) as stated by Heinrich von Staden, a rich traveler, may have seen such events. The beliefs of people quickly fell and people lost faith; “what if the sickness should come into this...
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...Chapter 19 1. The American War for Independence was when the colonists decided they were sick of paying taxes to the British, and they were sick of being under Britain’s rule. The revolution started when the stamp act was put in place in 1765. This led to riots. Also, the Americans and the Britain’s had very different views on how a country should be run. For example, Britain believed in a supreme authority. America believed in having representatives of the people. The colonists kept rioting until they finally decided in 1776, to declare their independence. The Declaration of Independence was approved on July 4, 1776. It was a great risk fighting Britain because they had a very strong army. However, if they hadn’t taken that risk, we wouldn’t be living here today. George Washington led the American troops. One of the main reasons America won their independence was because France came to help. If it weren’t for France, we probably would have lost. The Americans won at Yorktown in 1781. Cornwallis finally surrendered. The Treaty of Paris was signed, which showed that America was an independent country. 2. France played a huge role in America’s victory. It’s interesting though, because France didn’t come to help because they believed in the cause. France came to help because they wanted revenge on the British. France brought in their Navy and blockaded the British. They also provided money and arms. And French officers and soldiers were under Washington’s commands. This...
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...The European countries between 1876-1914 justified their imperialism and colonization of Africa. The Western world abolished slavery in the 1800s. The Europeans believed it was right to continue enslaving Africans. This process known as the Scramble of Africa caused multiple European countries to rush to Africa to collect raw materials and expand their marketing. The Europeans were justified by money, mainly gold, glory, and god. The justification for European imperialism in Africa can be broken into three categories: economic growth for Europe, the spread of Christianity, and most pervasively, ethnocentrism (Social Darwinism). The Europeans substantiated their economic growth with money. In Document G, The Partition of Africa, 1895, by John...
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...ntroduction: The Renaissance developed humanism that brought the beauty and intelligence of an individual, which was implemented into arts, science, literature, and medicine. The Renaissance was a time in European history where extensive changes occurred. The word Renaissance is defined as "rebirth" or "revival" of the Dark Ages. It began around 1350 and persisted until 1700. The Renaissance changed the humankind view of the world by using science and reason, individualism, and embracing life. Paragraph 1: The Renaissance alternated people’s views on the human body and the universe. People back then were acclimated to living on religion, the churches ideas, and God. Nicolaus Copernicus, a polish astronomer established a theory of the universe "Relying mostly on mathematics and observation, he developed a different understanding of the universe.” Copernicus adopted new ideas and changed the view of his thinking from the Churches ideas to more logical reasons. For example, The Geocentric Universe of Ptolemy stated that the outer sphere is "The Empire of Heaven and the Home of God" meaning that back in the Middle Ages their world revolved around religion and God differing from Copernicus's theory that revolved around science and reason. Paragraph 2: The Renaissance changed people’s perspectives from surrounding the Churches ideas to focusing on broader movements and discovering individuality. Duccio Di Bouninsegna’s painting represents an image of the Madonna Enthroned Between...
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...Not that long ago, Europeans were not capable of understanding Native American culture, society, and the Native American mindset. When the time came where the Europeans met the Native Americans, it caused the Europeans to think lesser of the Natives. The Europeans thought that the Native Americans were primitive beasts. The Europeans version of a society was much different than a Native American’s. This caused made the Europeans want to change the Native American society into a European Society. Based on the European’s vision of the Native’s society, the Europeans had to “fix it” to make it seem “normal.” Another thing that they noticed when they first arrived there is that the Natives had spears, bows and arrows, wooden swords. They also noticed that they did not know how to use iron. When the Europeans arrived they found out that they weren’t Christians, so they had to convert them. They noticed that they had many gods, did strange rituals, human sacrifices, etc (Doc 3b). If you didn’t believe in Jesus then you would go to hell, according to Christianity. This was used to convert Native Americans to Christianity because they were told if you aren’t Christian then you're going to burn forever in hell (Doc 2a). While the conversion was going on the Natives were enslaved by Europeans and some of them were put in Missions by the Spanish. Of the 350,000 Californian Native Americans that were put into missions, only 100,000 survived. The Europeans misunderstanding and ignorance of...
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...The Industrial Revolution had mostly positive than negative effects. This is because most people were employed. The negative side was all the unhealthy air coming from factories. In the other hand, most factories had many workers who were employed and had nice clothes. First, in factories, most people do not get hurt and are able to purchase what they want. For instance, in document 4 people do not look hurt and have nice clothes making factories safe for all of them. This shows, how people were now able to have nice clothes because of their jobs in the factories. Also, document 4 shows there's no one hurt proving factories are a safe place to work. Last, working in factories is safe and the pay gets workers nice clothes and other materials...
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... As the Scientific Revolution and Age of Enlightenment were coming to and end, a new revolution was developing. The Industrial Revolution refers to the time period in which major industrialization occurred. Businesses used machines to manufacture products, instead of making them by hand. Millions of people moved to cities to pursue new opportunities. Although the Industrial Revolution did create infrastructure in cities, to 19th century England it was more harmful than beneficial. To begin, the living conditions in cities were very poor. Subsequently, the conditions for workers during this time were considerably worse than the previous era. Lastly, the Industrial Revolution caused an increase in deaths in urban areas during the 19th century. First of all, people in cities during the 19th century were forced to live in terrible circumstances. According to document one, there was a huge growth of the city of Manchester, a city in England with a large population and important economic centers. Furthermore, more infrastructure, such as railroads and areas of development, was found throughout the metropolitan area. As a result of this dramatic increase in population due to the Industrial Revolution, pollution and sanitation became big problems. The homes of the common people were located near factories which produced noxious gases, eventually causing people to become sickly. Also, living quarters were small and portly ventilated, so the polluted air from the factories...
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