...Chapter 8 Outline -In 1997, the newly elected Labor party in London gave the Scots (and the Welsh) the opportunity to vote- not for independence, but for devolution. They both voted in favor, taking a major devolutionary step in one of Europe’s oldest and most stable unitary states. - Scotland’s new autonomous status has not necessarily fueled greater calls for independence. - At the heart of most devolutionary moments however, is a strong sense of ethnocultural or economic difference and when sense of difference coincide with conflicting senses of territory, the results can be explosive. - Devolutionary pressures often arise from a combination of sources. - Catalonia produces some 25% of all Spanish exports by value and 40% of its industrial exports. - Economic forces play an even more prominent role in Italy and France. - Italy faces serious devolutionary forces on its mainland peninsula as well one is the growing regional disparity between north and south. The wealthier north stands in sharp contrast to the poorer south. - The most recent of Italian politicians was the Northern League which raised the prospect of an independent state called Padania. The Northern League’s Efforts fell short. - Devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of states. - Distance, remoteness, and marginal location are allies of devolution. - The regions most likely to seek devolution are those far from the national capitol. Many are separated by water, desert, or mountains...
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...Geography has always been crucial in the development of civilizations. From the dawn of civilization to before 600 A. D, it has shaped the course of advancement. Rivers, mountains, valleys, and cataracts influenced human evolution in various ways. Geography played an important part in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India. It still does today. Humans have developed technology because of geographical barriers. In Mesopotamia, people settled in the fertile crescent for farming. They used the silt from the crescent for their agriculture. India has a diverse geography. This diversity supports various lifestyles and cultures. In Egypt, they called the Nile river, “The gift of the Nile”, which shows how critical the Nile was to the civilization. The geography of...
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...Geography brings many changes and challenges throughout time as it affects cultural development. Geography influences all aspects of life, no matter how big or small. Near river valleys, many civilizations began and flourished because of the many resources the rivers brought. This includes farming, fishing, drinking water, and even transportation. Later on in centuries it would be more useful as trade comes into place. The closer a civilization was to a river, the more benefits they got. Less travel because of easier access. While access to water plays an important role, so does the lack of water. In later centuries, migrating to better areas like ports played a great deal on trade. Transportation has caused many conflicts in different areas...
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...The Appalachian Mountains in the eastern part of the United States and the Nile River in northern Africa are both recognized as landforms. Now to many people, this is what they would describe as geography. People have a preconceived idea that geography only consists of the landforms that surround us, but geography plays an immense role in many aspects of our life. It is not only included in the structures aspect of the earth, but also in the way we have evolved through time. Geography is responsible for some of our physical adaptations that have helped us survive in rigid conditions as well as our cultures and religions, which have guided us in our lives. We, as humans, have a need to provide for ourselves and search for the necessities we need in order to survive. We migrate to different environments in search of these things and as time passes, we evolve. Over time, our bodies have evolved in ways that seem appropriate for the environment we live in. The San Bushmen have evolved with darker skin, which protects them from the harmful rays of the sun. However, certain people living farther from the equator have lighter skin, which helps them in acquiring the right amount...
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...What is Geography? Geography focuses on the physical features of the Earth. The physical features including mountains and rivers make up the Physical category of Geography. Geography focuses on the people or civilizations on the Earth. The civilizations and the way they live make up the Human category of Geography. Geography focuses on how the people interact with the environment around them. Geography can be defined by the physical features of the earth, the people or civilizations on the earth, and how the people interact with their environment. First, Geography is the physical features of the earth. “Geography is the study of where things are located on Earth’s surface and the reasons for the location.” (Rubenstein, James). Geographers...
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...My “Ah-Ha!” moment was the mentioning of the public toilets and collection of human excrement. The purpose of the public toilets was to collect the excrement for “the manufacture of salt and the curing of skins,” and to fertilize the soil. I knew that farmers used excrement from the farm animals, but I never knew that people used their own for fertilization. Another “Ah-Ha!” was the long process the immigrants have to go through. I always thought that they come to America and settle down once they find...
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...In chapter 7, Heather explains how the Huns were able to cause so many difficulties for the Empire. Heather compares the destruction that they caused to the Persians. He talks about a Hun by the name of Attila, who was able to spread devastation throughout Europe. Attila came onto the scene as a co-ruler of the Huns with his brother Bleda, in the late 430’s. They received their power from their uncle Rua (Heather 300). The Huns were able to lay siege to heavily fortified cities. Heather admits that there is no source as to where the Huns learned how to do this (Heather 303). Still, this ability surprised the Romans. There were key transformations that enabled the Huns to rival the Romans in their military might. One of these changes was the centralization of the Huns. Attila had his brother murdered in either the year 444 or 445. Afterwards, he claimed single leadership. In doing so, he was able to break away from the tradition of his forefathers and unify the Huns (Heather 325). Another crucial change was the Germanization of the Hunnic Empire, from linguistics to burials. Attila welcomed Germanic groups into the Hunnic Empire. As a result, he was able to increase his military manpower to rival that of Rome (Heather 332). After a successful campaign against the Eastern Roman Empire in 447, Attila turned his attention to the West. In 451, Attila took his forces and invaded Gaul. A coalition of Romans and Visigoths were able to repel Attila’s men. As the fighting reached a stalemate...
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...trait from another place. relocation diffusion- sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population geographic concept- ways of seeing the world spatialy that are used by geographers in answering research questions. environmental determination- the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development, also referred to as envrionmentalism. Isotherm- line on map connecting points of equal temperature values possibilism- geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human decesion making, not the environment. nonetheless, possibilists view the envrionment as providing a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilites of human choice cultural ecology- the multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment. political ecology- an approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated. ...
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...Humans began to domesticate plants/animals for their own consumption or use. An example of these domestications is corn. Corn was the most successful plant in history, used in many early societies. Humans began to collect these wild grains, and slowly, began selecting kernels that would stay on the corn husks. In doing this, corn began to lose the ability to fall off the husks. Therefore, becoming completely dependent on humans for survival. As agriculture began to thrive and food supplies became dependable, societies grew. Hunter-gatherers could finally settle into permanent communities without worrying food would move away. They began to domesticate animals and plant crops in their newly founded societies. In doing so, societies began to become more established and complex over time. Complex societies only became more and more complex over time. In terms of agriculture, communities began to need more food and supplies for the large population. So,...
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...western Europe, which is part of the east. Transmitting cultural influence in the different direction, from west to east were Buddhist missionaries were sent to Greece and the middle east by indian emperor Ashoka. Seeking for linked trade route that goes from china to rome, so they can give out goods like silk, bronze, ceramic and lacquerware while going to a direction that is easy to flow by. For the type of art indus valley made are glyptic art, which is popular in sumer and akkad, and since there are no monumental painting there. The one glyphic art (3.1) they made were animal, it ranged it subject of bull-zebra stylized beard and thin horn on linear quality and sense of natural bulk. As the iconography of the bull is often presented about human figure. Which is such good rendering of organic form, which it is remained a typical art from south asia. While other glyphic art (3.2), were just a man in a yoga pose, sometime horned and ithyphallic, which is probably symbolic of power and fertility. They also did sculpture of nude female figure, like the dancing girl (3.4) and the male nude torso (3.5). As they both have different in their aesthetic effect, and lifelike quality in nude sculpture, even the dancing girl is for ritual purpose and torso have no arms and other part, thought I might added. Buddhism is one the major religion known to date. Mostly in asia like india and china, even they have some different path from it. The origin of buddhism came from a legend (3.6 and 3.7)....
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...The true restoration of kingdom of God consists of the restoration of the kingdom of Israel. 9. The central theme of Jesus’ preaching is eternal life, love, and the kingdom of God. 10. The kingdom of heaven is the state of communion between human and God. 11. Jesus entrusts the kingdom of his church to the Apostles at the Last Supper. 12. The two images used to describe Christ’s sacrifice on the cross are: the Lamb of God and the Good Shepard. 13. St. John meant by his quote that God loves us and that we are called the children of God. 14. Divine filiation is the teaching that Jesus is the only-begotten Son of God. You obtain this when you are baptized. 15. Three meals recounted are the feeding of the five thousand, last supper, and the meal at Emmaus. 16. The Eucharist is the sacrament, which we are able to understand Jesus’ association of the kingdom. 17. The Holy Spirit is comparable in that the Holy Spirit is the soul of the body of Christ. 18. The images are used to explain...
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...Chapter 1 Who were the first known humans and which time periods/territories did they cover? The earliest human-like creatures were known as hominids and lived in Africa about three or four million years ago. They were known as “southern ape-men”, having flourished in eastern and southern Africa. The Australopithecines were the first hominids that made simple stone tools to hunt or defend themselves, existing about two to four million years ago. These early human-like creatures were bipedal, meaning they walked upright on two legs, enabling them to make journeys on foot. In 1959, a new form of hominid was discovered in Africa labeled the Homo habilis or “handy human”. These hominids were believed to have a brain fifty percent larger than that of the Australopithecines. This allowed them to become more sophisticated in finding food and hunting in Africa. The emergence of the Homo Erectus began about 1.5 million years ago. The Homo Erectus were the first hominid to migrate to Europe and Asia from Africa. Describe the...
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...In general, Chapter 11 is about coasts, beaches and shores i.e. the land that meets ocean waters. The difference between a shore and a coast is that the coast is a larger zone than a shore. A sandy beach is a shore, however, the coast includes marshes, sand dunes and cliffs inland of the beach. Coasts also have sandbars and troughs right of the shore. Coast, shores and beaches are active zones that are eroded by waves, winds and tectonic plate movement. Coasts are active places and the location of a coast depends on global tectonic activity and the volume of water in the ocean. The shape of a coast is developed by many processes such as uplift and subsidence, the wearing down of land by erosion, and the redistribution of material by sediment transport and deposition. Another reason is a long-term change in the sea level. There are five factors that cause sea level to change and three of those factors are responsible of eustatic change which is the measure in variation of global sea levels. Eustatic change can vary due to ice ages when sea water becomes solid the sea level tends to decrease. Second eustatic change can be associated with seafloor speeding when oceanic ridges expand and thereby sediments shed by the continents during periods of rapid erosion can also decrease the volume of ocean basins and raise sea level. Third eustatic change factor is global warming when glaciers melt and therefore causing sea level to rise. Two other changes in sea level are local changes. First...
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...Chapter 13 Key Terms 1. Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan Muslim scholar, is recognized for his written archives of his travels from the Islamic lands of China to Spain and western Sudan. 2. A biome located on Earth’s surface known as the tropics is the part in the middle of the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. These lands usually experience a wide assortment of weather and monsoons. 3. A monsoon is a time period that consists of rainy and dry seasons which is caused by a recurrent wind. 4. A Muslim kingdom known as the Delhi Sultanate was the first Muslim empire located in India. This empire was created by the Sultan Mahmud, lasting from 1206 AD to 1526 AD. 5. The Mali Empire, located in western Sudan of West Africa played a big role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. One of its most well-known rulers was Mansa Musa. 6. (This guy is awesome ) Mansa Kankan Musa is known as the richest man in history. He is famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca, and along the way he gave out so much gold that he left a huge impact on Cairo’s economy for the succeeding several years. 7. A rich trading state named Gujarat was seized by Ala-ud-din Khalji in 1298. This state is located in western India. 8. With triangular sails and a wooden body, dhows were widely used in the western Indian Ocean. These small to medium sized ships were used for tasks such as fishing. 9. The Swahili Coast’s name comes from the Arabic ‘swahili’, meaning ‘shores’. These shores are found in the middle of the Horn of Africa...
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... Asthenosphere: a layer of ‘plastic’ semi-solid rock in the lower mantle. Continental drift: the separating of continents by drifting across the oceans. Magnetic striping: patterns of magnetism trapped in rocks on each side of plate boundaries. Ocean trench: a deep trench in the ocean floor that is much deeper than the rest of the ocean floor. Plate tectonics: the theory that the Earth’s crust is cracked into many large pieces that move on the asthenosphere. Rifting: the process of continents breaking up, subsiding and allowing in the sea. Seafloor spreading: the process of new crust forming at the ocean ridges and spreading outwards. Subduction: where the crust is sinking down into the Earth. Alfred Wegener proposed the theory that all of Earth’s continents were once connected, which he called Pangaea. His reasoning behind this was that all the continents fit together like a jigsaw and that he also had proof of dead organisms on different continents that had no way of being where they were unless the continents were once one and that when they drifted apart, the fossils were separated. Wegener believed that the continents can fit together like a jigsaw because they were once all joined into one large continent. He believed that something caused the continents to be separated and that they were able to move. The theory that the continents were once joined was based on the fact that the continents could be arranged to fit like a puzzle. Wegener also had proof that dead organisms...
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