...History of One-Child Policy The demands of China's family planners escalated as the eighties unfolded. The one-child policy, first adumbrated by Deng Xiaoping in a 1979 speech, was in place nationwide by 1981. The “technical policy on family planning” followed two years later. Still in force today, the technical policy requires IUDs for women of childbearing age with one child, sterilization for couples with two children (usually performed on the woman), and abortions for women pregnant without authorization. By the mid-eighties, according to Chinese government statistics, birth control surgeries — abortions, sterilizations, and IUD insertions — were averaging more than thirty million a year. Many, if not most, of these procedures were performed on women who submitted only under duress. The principal modification of the one-child policy occurred in the mid-eighties when, in response to rising levels of female infanticide, the government relaxed the policy in the countryside for couples whose first child was a girl. In many parts of China this has devolved into a de facto two-child policy, as rural officials found the selective enforcement of a mixed policy — one child for couples whose first child was a boy, two children for couples whose first child was a girl — difficult to manage. Current Situation Twenty-two years after my initial field research in China, where do we stand? Today, the Chinese family planning program continues to be carried out against the popular...
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...2. Applied research has a practical problem-solving emphasis. Applied research applies research to discovering solutions for immediate problems or opportunities. Pure research or basic research is also problem-solving based, but in a different sense. It aims to solve perplexing questions or obtain new knowledge of an experimental or theoretical nature that has little direct or immediate impact on action, performance, or policy decisions. Applied research will find out how compensation (salary or commission) would affect the company revenue. Pure research might study the influence on the sales that pay by commission versus salary. 3. Explanatory research answers the questions of "why" and "how" something happened. It establishes a cause and effect relationship between two variables. Hence, the research explains. For example, the research shows a relationship between the increased presence of police patrols in certain cities versus the reduction of crimes. Predictive research is involved with the forecasting (predicting) of a likelihood of something happening. This research usually begins with, or leading to, finding what will happen, given that some baseline is already known. This research usually involves some form of human behavior decision or condition. For example if we know that teens in intercity schools, aged 13-16, are prone to high dropout rates, predictive research might assess (predict) a relationship between age or gender and not graduating from high school...
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...the workplace are similar as far as training program for all employees. Practicing positive workplace ethics within their organization was key issues in both articles. Both agreed not only should written policies be put into place but reinforce through ethical training programs and recommending ways to create a business culture of acceptable practices in the workplace by creating ethical business policies and guidelines. Both articles agreed on training programs to build a strong ethical workplace environment. In contrast Sharpe found that ethical practices improved business among employees relationship through honesty and respect which starts with management than staff. Sharpe focus was more social responsibility in business ethics, conducting workshops through the company style. Roe focus was more ethical practicing made mandatory through training to ensure that employees behave. I agreed with both articles but I lean more on the side of Sharpe because workplace ethics is a style. A style created through management which defines how and what employees do whether acceptable or not. I’ve identify with the honesty part of work ethic and how it applies to my personal, social and business life. I think integrity is a major part of anyone work ethic and it can be applied in all areas of one life even in school while taking online classes. Maintaining a strong ethical attitude in every area of my life is sometimes tough but its obtainable. Roe, Angela. “Guide to Business...
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...The Benefits of Business Ethics.” Please respond to the following: * Analyze the benefits of business ethics and determine which is the most beneficial benefit to business overall. Explain your reasoning. Business ethics focuses on examining conduct and policies and promoting appropriate conduct and policies within the context of commercial enterprise, both at the individual and the organizational level. Business ethics is a form of applied ethics where researchers and professionals use theories and principles to solve ethical problems related to business. Business ethics covers all levels of business activity, including the obligations and responsibilities of businesses to customers, employees, other businesses, national and multinational governments, and the environment. As in the broad field of ethics, many theories and approaches to business ethics exist. Business professionals and ethicists explore the field of business ethics in three common ways: (1) by studying the (often conflicting) views of famous philosophers, (2) by identifying major ethical concerns of businesses and proposing solutions to them through legislation or ethical theory, and (3) by examining case studies that shed light on ethical dilemmas. Postulate at least one (1) additional benefit of running an ethical business besides those discussed in the text. Social responsibility is an additional benefit for an ethical business to succeed. The benefits for socially responsible organizations...
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...Impact Assessment - Policies | | | |Title of policy being assessed: |Corporate Communication Strategy/Action Plan | |Department and Section: |Chief Executive’s | | |Public Relations | |Names and roles of officers completing this assessment: |Head of Public Relations | |Contact Telephone Numbers: |0116 305 6272 | |Date assessment completed: |5th March 2009 | |Defining the policy | | | |Why is the policy necessary? What are...
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...: 6 How will evaluation research be used : 6 Guidelines for maximising the utilisation of evaluation research results : 7 Conclusion : 8 Bibliography : 9 Introduction Evaluation research, sometimes called programme or project evaluation refers to a type of research rather than a specific research method (Babbie, 2001). It concerns itself with determining whether a social intervention, policy, or programme has produced or not produced the intended result (Cloete, 2006). Rossi, Freeman, and Lipsey (2004) define programme evaluation as the use of social research procedures to systematically investigate the effectiveness of social intervention programmes. Patton (1986) has defined programme evaluation as the systematic collection of information about the activities, characteristics, and outcomes of programmes for the use by specific people to reduce uncertainities, improve effectiveness and make decisions with regard to what those programmes are intended for and affecting. When conducting evaluation research policy makers, funding organisations, planners, and programme staff need answers to a number of questions: Is the intervention reaching the appropriate target population? Is it being implemented in the ways specified? Is it effective? How much does it...
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...different points of perspective that can affect a person’s view of compensation. The text identifies five different perspectives: society; stockholders; managers; employees and; incentive and sorting effects of pay on employers’ behaviors. Each perspective brings a different view to the concept of compensation and the reward of being compensated. The value of compensation is different to each perspective and has a different meaning that is applied to being compensated. Key Concepts – The Pay Model The pay model within the text shows the three basic building blocks for the framework of a pay system. The three basic building blocks within the pay model are: the compensation objectives; the policies that form the foundation of the compensation system; and the techniques that make up a compensation system. (Milkovich, page 18) To answer the question for describing the pay model, the focus will be on the second identified basic building block of the pay model, the policies that form the foundation of the compensation system. There are four policies within the pay model...
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...Date Student anonymity marking system is a system used in marking of examinations or assignments whereby the identity of the student is not disclosed to the examiner. This is mainly used to ensure that the students’ performance is only based on their merit in exams. Bias in marking may occur due to various reasons. Some of the most significant reasons are race, gender and personal knowledge of the student. This system has been in practice in many universities across the world. The same principles are also being applied to coursework which forms a large part of students’ cumulative assessment. Anonymous marking is not only helpful to the students but also to the stakeholders and examiners since it prevents them from accusations of bias and bullying. Universities and institutes that use this system issue random identification codes to candidates prior to examinations or simply use the student’s number which appears in the student’s identification cards. While this policy may be time consuming, it is more preferable since it prevents possible cases of conscious or unconscious bias. And, more importantly, it creates satisfaction among students and upholds the integrity of examiners. Therefore, Universities needs to implement this system to ensure fair and honest marking practices. From a series of studies conducted in the 1990s, it was proven that bias in marking may occur due to various reasons. The main reasons were found to be knowledge of the student’s ability, race or gender...
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...psychology students. The course provides students with the opportunity to integrate and apply learning from their psychology program of study in a comprehensive manner. Students will also assess the impact of their educational experiences on their ethical perspectives and critical thinking skills. Students will reflect on and evaluate their personal and professional growth, the benefits of lifelong learning, and the impact of these elements on their future. Policies Students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Point Values for Course Assignments...
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...Faculty Research Working Papers Series Industrial Policy for the Twenty-First Century Dani Rodrik November 2004 RWP04-047 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. Copyright belongs to the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. INDUSTRIAL POLICY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY* Dani Rodrik Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government 79 Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 495-9454 Fax: (617) 496-5747 E-mail: dani_rodrik@harvard.edu http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/rodrik/ This version September 2004 * This paper has been prepared for UNIDO. I am grateful to Francisco Sercovich for his guidance. I am also grateful to Robert Lawrence, Lant Pritchett, Andres Rodriguez-Clare, Andres Velasco, and especially Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto Unger for conversations over the last few years that led to the development of these ideas. None of these individuals should be held responsible for the views expressed here. I also thank Magali Junowicz for expert research assistance. I. Introduction Once upon a time, economists believed the developing world was full of market failures, and the only way in which poor countries could escape from their poverty traps was through forceful government interventions. Then there came a time when economists started to believe government failure was by far the...
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...Business research, is a systematic inquiry that provides information to guide managerial decisions. More specifically, it is a process of planning, acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating relevant data, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions that, in turn, maximize performance return on investment (ROI). At its most simplistic, when we measure ROI, we calculate the financial return for all expenditures. Increasingly, organizational managers want to know what strategies and tactics capture the highest return. management dilemma, the problem or opportunity that requires a management decision. Several factors should stimulate your interest in studying research methods: 1 1. Information overload. Although the Internet and its search engines present extensive amounts of information, the information’s quality and credibility must be continuously evaluated. The ubiquitous access to information has brought about the development of knowledge communities and the need for organizations to leverage this knowledge universe for innovation—or risk merely drowning in data. 2. Technological connectivity. Individuals, public-sector organizations, and businesses are adapting to changes in work patterns (real-time and global), changes in the formation of relationships and communities, and the realization that geography is no longer a primary constraint. With the increased acceptance and use of mobile technology, information...
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...country. This calls for biodiversity legislations and laws to avoid abuse of natural resources. Since, environmental protection plays an important role in many fields there is increased control and authority from different players that often leads to disputes. Policy-makers and lawyers have often overlooked the representation of systems used in legitimate regulatory behavior in the context of environmental protection. Environmental regulations are based on certain models that are perceived and created to aide policy-makers. These models help legal professionals and policy-makers to understand technical aspects and adverse impact on the environment for correctly framing laws and in decision making. Role of Environmental Models in Policies and Regulations Environmental models play an increasing role in decision making. They act as a catalyst for policy making and also for devising regulatory strategies. Models are required to be understood for policy makers and lawyers because of their focus in dispute resolution. Despite the presence of models lawyers have not understood them fully well due to its administrative nature and it does not fall in the legal domain. In the United States a prestigious body for science policy-making, namely the National Research Council (NRC) provides definition for a model as: ‘a simplification of reality that is constructed to gain insights into select attributes of a...
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...Introduction When implementing a security policy many elements should be considered. For example, the size of the organization, the industry, classification of the data processed, and even the organization’s work load must be taken into account. As with any industry, selecting the proper security framework for an insurance organization should be done cautiously. This is because having too strict of a policy may inconvenience the employees or even their customers. Because of this, consultants must bear in mind that the information handled by insurance organizations is not as sensitive as a healthcare organization, for example. Nonetheless, establishing compliance is important to protect customer information and abide by U.S laws and regulations. Organizations must also identify and address some of the framework implementation challenges that may arise. These challenges are not exclusive to one organization, but all who develop a security policy framework. It is up to the organization to be able to overcome these issues with the proper strategies. IT Security Framework for the Insurance Company An ideal security framework the insurance company should abide by is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001. This standard explains the requirements for companies to meet their Information Security Management System (ISMS) needs. It provides companies with guidance to establish, implement, maintain, and improve their information security (“An...
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...grouped under the label “business research”. The definition of research is not a simple standard that is the same for every individual. It is based on the person that is conducting the research. It has to be defined so that everyone understands what they are doing when they hear the word research. This is due to it having such a broad definition with many different meanings. 2. What is the difference between applied research and basic or pure research? Applied research has a practical problem-solving emphasis. Pure research or basic research aims to solve perplexing questions or obtain new knowledge of an experimental or theoretical nature that has little direct or immediate impact on action, performance, or policy decisions. Even though both forms of research are problem-solving based, applied research is directed much more to making immediate managerial decisions. b. Use a decision about how a salesperson is to be paid, by commission or salary, and describe the question that would guide applied research versus the question that would guide pure research. Applied research approach would consider the total income made by salesman that is paid by commission instead of salary....
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...Implementation Process Pre-marital sex has been a pressing public policy issue for decades. In the United States, numerous programs have been implemented to deal with the effects that pre-marital sex has had on the Nation’s economy and various other areas. In an essay prior to this paper, we looked at pre-marital sex from a public policy standpoint by judging the issue from five contexts: political, economic, social, historical, and ethical. In this essay, we will continue to examine pre-marital sex as a public policy issue, but we will be focusing on the policy implementation process; first by looking at what may cause it to be a problem, then by looking at the steps that the U.S. Government can take to find alternatives and implement policies, after we can look at policies that the U.S. Government has taken to fix the problem, and finally we will examine the most important criteria that is necessary to evaluate a public policy. Before I begin, I feel that it is important to draw attention to a portion of my first essay. Since we are looking at the implementation of policies, we must first come to a conclusion as to what the issue we are looking at affects most. Out of the five contexts examined in the first essay, I believe that the economic problems caused by pre-marital sex is the primary focus of the U.S Government; therefore, when looking for the root cause of the problem, we will be looking at it from the eyes of U.S policy makers and what they might see as pressing issues that...
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