...Dustin Lee Dr. Shafer ENG 3850 April 29, 2015 Lady Audley’s Secret Lady Audley’s Secret is a sensation fiction novel that also has a play. The novel was published in 1862 and written by Mary Elizabeth Braddon, while the the play came out soon after. The novel begins with the sensation element of marriage and displays many other elements throughout the novel. The play, Lady Audley’s Secret, on the other hand leaves out many characters such as Clara Talboys, Mr. Talboys, Little George, and others because plays have a time constraint so they don’t lose the audiences interest and it also allows the audience to put their focus on the main issue and element at hand which is Lady Audley’s madness. In the novel readers see many elements, elements such as murder, adultery, bigamy, madness, emotions, poverty, marriage, public appeal, family life, mystery, violence, blackmail, arson, and tons of suspenseful action. On the other hand the play does not include all of these elements. The big elements like romance and marriage are almost excluded from the play totally which is a bit different because the readers of the novel are used to seeing these elements having read the novel. The difference in elements composed in the play compared to the novel helps the audience really focus on what element is being magnified and looked at deeply. That element is madness and insanity which Lady Audley holds. Madness in the 19th century and Victorian era was a big and very interesting topic...
Words: 956 - Pages: 4
...The Attainability of Happiness Can one attain happiness in this life? St. Thomas Aquinas is very opinionated on this subject. To know if one can attain happiness in this life, Aquinas first analyzes different possible sources of happiness to determine whether or not man’s happiness consists in these sources. Aquinas asks if any created good could consist of man’s happiness. St. Thomas says it could seem as if happiness consists of created goods because “man is made happy by that which lulls his natural desire”(1). Created goods satisfy us because they are what we crave, so when we attain them we could achieve happiness. Aquinas argues that while this is so, created goods cannot possibly be the source of man’s happiness. This is mainly due to the fact that created goods are “less than the goods of which he is capable, as of an object, and which is infinite. And the participated good which is in an angel, and in the whole universe, is a finite and restricted good” (2). What this means is that it does not make sense for man to solely derive his happiness from created goods because they are finite; there is only a set amount of these things in existence. Man would always have to worry about whatever good that is fueling his happiness from running out, because it is not eternal. For Aquinas, this means that our happiness cannot possibly consist of created goods because by definition, happiness is that state in which nothing is left to be desired. One is completely satisfied and at...
Words: 2070 - Pages: 9
...Natural law was developed by Thomas Aquinas, in which he believed that there is such a thing as natural moral law that all humans can live by. Natural law ethics depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator, a God. It teaches everything God made has a purpose, including every aspect of human life, and everything should work towards the purpose assigned to it. If we fulfill this purpose we do ‘good’, for example it is good to preserve life (Do not kill). If we debate the purpose for which something has been created then it is morally ‘wrong’, to destroy life is against the will of good. Aquinas’s theory can be understood in two ways: As an aspect of divine providence and as a system of practical reasoning. As an aspect of divine providence Aqunious breaks law down into two levels. The first and highest of these types of law is eternal law. Eternal law is law set by God, that is God’s plan for a rational life. In this aspect Aqunious states that humans are the only creatures God has created who are capable of understanding their place in the order of creation. Therefore humans are the only beings that can knowingly act according with the laws of nature instead of just acting out of instinct. Because of this according to Aqunious the telos of man is to reflect upon God. The second type of law is Natural law. Natural Law’s primary precept is to do good and avoid evil. Aquinas on the subject of wether natural law has different precepts states that “law is a kind...
Words: 653 - Pages: 3
...thinking about himself and he really didn’t care about the job. It was not fair that the other workers had to always pick up his slack. I don’t think that he was considering what others were feeling and that is not a good co-worker. I don’t blame him all the way because the job let him continue to be absent and they continued to give him days off. He should have been fired or replaced. I think that St Augustine would have fired him and let him learn the consequences because Augustine feels that we learn from life lessons. He thinks that we should always be aware of the choices that we make because God set the plans for us through the bible and we should live by them. St Aquinas thinks that we can learn from mistakes. I think that he would have maybe put him on probation and gave him a couple of ultimatums. Aquinas doesn’t think that we should always make one pay or feel guilty about their actions. He...
Words: 732 - Pages: 3
...Thomas Aquinas and His Use of the Scholastic Method Hayden Robinson World Civilizations The Scholastic Method is a way of proving a theory proposed by another scholar in a series of comparison, argument, and compromise. One well known user of this method was the scholar Thomas Aquinas. In Thomas’ book Summa Theologica, he proves that the existence of God is self-evident using this. Thomas offered The primary question that will be made an example of will be Question 2: The Existence of God. Seeing the Scholastic Method in these three articles will be an easy feat. With reading what he writes about and paying close attention to how he writes it, one can see strong elements of Scholasticism in his method of proving that God exists. Article One states the objections of the existence of knowledge, that God is “known”, as well as the existence of truth. Thomas gives these objections as examples proving that God’s existence is self-evident. He also states possible counter-examples so he may effectively counter the counter-examples with his “I answer that”. This statement of counter-examples show Scholasticism by making an agreement between two sides of the argument. Which is why he uses counter-examples as the “other side” of the argument that God’s existence is self-evident. Another form of the Scholastic Method is other books and or philosophers. Like one quote, Aquinas uses the verse Hebrews 11:1 which says “faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things...
Words: 680 - Pages: 3
...A Brief Look at Happiness If nothing else, one thing can be said about happiness: If individuals are happy and they know they are happy, they should clap their hands. While the intent of this simple statement is merely to amuse children, developing true happiness is thought by many to be very difficult. Also, happiness is often falsely recognized and misinterpreted. Therefore, being truly happy and knowing you are truly happy are very loaded concepts. The object of this paper is to analyze and compare the thoughts of three philosophers’ whose remarks on happiness have been most influential for centuries after their time. They are Aristotle, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas. Although I do not have the perfect understanding of happiness and believe no one does, I believe that each of their approaches to happiness hold a common theme that must be inconsistent with true happiness. They base happiness ultimately on self fulfillment. One of the earliest to ask the question ‘what is happiness?’ was Aristotle, who, in a manner typical of philosophers, before providing an answer insisted on making a distinction between two different questions. His first question was what was meant by the word ‘happiness’—or rather, its ancient Greek equivalent eudaimonia. His second question was where happiness was to be found, that is to say, what is it that makes us truly happy? Reasonably enough he thought that it was futile to try to answer the second question without having given thought to...
Words: 3294 - Pages: 14
...There is an important relationship between knowledge and charity – that is, the knowledge of God possessed by the human creature and the connection it has to those developed acts of human charity (made possible partly because of that knowledge). First we can look at charity, briefly how it is in us and what it is in itself, and ultimately how its possession by the human creature is different from knowledge of God; second, we can suggest specific social implications that Aquinas’ account of charity is likely to have. How do we, as human creatures, go about acquiring charity? Charity itself is “not given [to us] according to natural capacities but according to the will of the Spirit distributing his own gifts…it altogether transcends human nature, [and] does not depend on any natural virtue, but solely on the grace of the Holy Spirit who infuses it” (Summa Theologica, II-II. Q. 24, 3). Charity, in this sense, is a part of our being; it is “based on a communication of a supernatural kind” – our communication with God (Summa Theologica, II-II. Q. 24, 2). Charity itself is infused in us, and “resides in the will” (Summa Theologica, II-II. Q. 24, 1). Moreover, it is necessary, if we are to love God properly, that “charity be infused into our hearts,” “because our affections are naturally inclined to what we see” and correcting these natural inclinations requires the prior will of God (Summa Theologica, II-II. Q. 24, 2). This prior will is of the utmost importance because...
Words: 2518 - Pages: 11
...ex nihilo, he simply developed a universe which he already existed in. For Plato, this was a rational explanation as to why there’s order in the world rather than chaos. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) who was a student of Plato also contributed to this theory. He considered that based on all that can be observed in the world and the stars above, the only explanation for all the complexity and beauty that the world contains was a divine intelligence. He believed that there was a first unmoved mover who is responsible for all order that exists. Such a God was also viewed as possessing intelligence, goodness, eternity yet remained incorporeal. St. Thomas Aquinas (13th century) adapted and developed both Plato’s and Aristotle’s theory of the teleological argument. In his book, Summa Theologica, he used this argument in his fifth way. Aquinas stated that “whatever lacks knowledge cannot move towards an end, unless it is directed by some being endowed with knowledge and intelligence”. For example an arrow cannot reach the target by itself, it needs to be fired by an archer...
Words: 926 - Pages: 4
...Introduction Meister Eckhart (1260 - 1328) has been known as the father of German mysticism and the greatest of all mystics. Several authors reference him with the honour "the man from whom God hid nothing." He is known as a philosopher and a theologian but it was as a mystic that Meister Eckhart excelled. In his day Meister Eckhart enjoyed success as a popular preacher and churchman of high rank in his order, the Dominicans. However, Meister Eckhart was the only theologian of the medieval period to be formally charged with heresy. The shock of his trial for heresy and the condemnation of some of his work by Pope John XXII in Argo Dominco has cast a shadow over his reputation and a lingering suspicion over his orthodoxy that has lasted to this day. This research paper will focus on the intellectual and social history of Meister Eckhart. The development in thought of any theologian emerges from the life world of the theologian. [4] The life world is formed by the meeting of the cultural, social, and religious history of the day. Theologians are continually searching for new and meaningful ways to interpret religious experience. Meister Eckhart interpreted the religious experience of his day in a way that no others at the time did. I will explore in this paper some of the intellectual forces at work at the time and how he interpreted and connected with these. Secondly, it is important to understand the social history of the time. No theologians' thought is ever formed by simply...
Words: 8164 - Pages: 33
...With reference to abortion, examine and comment upon the issues that emerge from keeping up with developments in medical ethics, whilst maintaining religious principles and/or ethical values. (Total for Question 1 = 50 marks) There are several issues that arise when it comes to the development in medical ethics whilst also maintaining religious principles and ethical values. The development of medical knowledge has allowed for humans to practice different ways in helping society. But these new discoveries have found to clash with religious principles and ethical values. This can be related to the topic of abortion as it goes against monotheistic religious teachings. In the 21st Century it is allowed for a mother to abort a healthy child up to only 24 weeks in the UK. However, still within the UK it is permissible to abort a foetus with a disability up until the stage of birth. Many thoughts have been voiced as to what message is trying to be implied by this piece of legislation. Does this suggest that it is wrong to carry a disabled child? Or maybe it wouldn’t be wrong or classed as murder to abort a disabled child past the stage of viability even though it’s ready to be born. Or simply that the quality of the life of a disabled person is lesser than that of a healthy person. If this was the case then it could be a possibility that disabled people may not be classed as persons in society as they are not fully functioning humans. If disabled people are not human, this could...
Words: 937 - Pages: 4
...Charles Bell Wednesday, October 29, 2008 PHIL 3516 Professor R. Debes Natural Law Theory Defended One may pose the question; what is Natural Law Theory? To answer that question I would like to take a look at our book. Thomas Aquinas says this, “[Now] the first principle in practical matters, which are the object of the practical reason, is the last end: and the last end of human life is happiness or beatitude…. Consequently, law must… concern itself mainly with the order that is in beatitude. Moreover, since every part is ordained to the whole as the imperfect to the perfect, and since one man is a part of the perfect community, law must… concern itself properly with the order directed to universal happiness. Therefore Aristotle mentions both happiness and the body politic, since he says that we call those legal matters just which are adapted to produce and preserve happiness and its parts for the body politic.” (Q90) He goes on to say, “Thus,… Law is nothing else than an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by him who has the care of the community. The natural law is promulgated by the very fact that God instilled it into man’s mind so as to be known by him naturally…. The promulgation that takes place in the present extends to future time by reason of the durability of written characters, by which means it is continually promulgated.” (Q90) Simplified we can take a few things from this excerpt such as that Natural Law is instilled in us by God, and directs...
Words: 1422 - Pages: 6
...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Humanity and the need for divine grace Submitted to Jonathan Pruitt, Teaching Assistant in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of Theo 510 – D06 Survey of Theology by Barbara A Servello May 8, 2015 Humanity and the need for divine grace in this day and age seems to be out of our grasps. The world and humankind seems to be in chaos. No one can see that it does not matter the color of skin, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, etc. that we are all made by God and for God. Pick up the newspaper and we see that our world is out of control. Many theologians have voiced their views on humanity and the need of grace over the years. Today I can see where we may question that humankind has been created in Imago dei, the image of God. “So God created humankind in his image.”[1] John Wesley stated that the image of God can be summed up in three dimensions; the natural image, the political image and the moral image. [2] I question John Wesley’s summation that the image of God can be summed up in the dimensions of natural, political, and moral image. I will explore through other theologians if this assessment is viable. I will also use those same theologians to assess the idea for humanity to need, want and receive grace from God. “The concept of the imago Dei has been widely recognized as central to a Christian understanding of human beings, yet the paucity of biblical...
Words: 1953 - Pages: 8
...Part A) Explain, with examples, Aquinas’ theory of Natural Law (25 Marks) The theory of natural law has been around for over 2000 years. Natural law believes that every person/thing has a purpose. It is an absolutist law; this is because the rules are set for everyone and need to be followed at all times. It is also deontological as natural law defines what is right and gives us moral rules. Aristotle believed humans were born into knowing how to act morally, as it was written within us. Aristotle believed that if people would follow laws it would lead to eudemonia. Aquinas was heavily influenced by Aristotle’s belief that all people served a purpose. Aquinas went on to believe that all of us have a ‘god given’ purpose. Soon enough Aquinas had created natural law. Natural law was influenced by Aristotle and created by Thomas Aquinas. Natural law is the idea that there is a natural order to the world that should be obeyed. This is determined by God. God made us with a purpose; natural law directs us on the purposes that we need to fulfil and natural law can be applied universally. Aquinas stated that there were four types of law: Eternal law, the perfect, complete set of God’s law that had created the universe. Humans have only partial knowledge of this. Divine law, the sacred teachings and texts of the church - that had come from God’s law written in the bible. Natural law, the human ability to know what is naturally right from our own reason. And finally, Human law, the interpretation...
Words: 1593 - Pages: 7
...world." This is a statement often heard and often contemplated. We will look at the notion of the meaning of this statement and postulate from the Free Will View. This view states that evil and suffering are the results of the misuse of human free will. First, let us look at the statement that people believe in God whilst there is pain in suffering all around us. When Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote his great Summa Theologica, he could find only two objections to the existence of God. One of the two objections is the apparent ability of natural science to explain everything in our experience without God, and the other is the problem of evil. For Aquinas, God's goodness is beyond all definitions of the good, and we cannot hold God to account by our moral standards. Aquinas's understanding of morality makes us absolutely responsible for our planned activities, and it allows no excuse regarding an evil force manipulating our wills (Kreeft, 2016). Looking at the free will view, it states that evil and suffering are the results of the misuse of human free will. If according to St. Tomas Aquinas that it is us and not God because God gave us freedom of that will, then would that not mean that God is not omnipotent? It must be argued that it is better on the whole that men should act freely, sometimes to err, than that they should be acting rightly in a wholly determined way (Chaffee, 2016). With stating the aforementioned, this in itself is but a paradox. If we go with the...
Words: 519 - Pages: 3
... who made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire in 392. During the Middle Ages, the faith spread to Europe due to the expeditions sanctioned by the respective royalties, as well as priests providing sermons through trading routes. After the initial spread of Christianity in Europe, the governing bodies of the different countries used it as a platform to seize more land and people, which lead to violent conflicts between the parties involved. The redundancy in violence with a religious motive are factors in Augustine’s decision to write on the matter. The Just War theory has been a major part of history since its inception, commonly credited to Christian bishop Augustine of Hippo and further refined by St. Thomas Aquinas. Augustine wrote a series of books on various matters, with his most famous works devoting time on the issue of war. The bishop’s opinion is complex in interpretation, with contradictory attitudes in different manuscripts throughout his lifetime. In his book De Civitate Dei (The City of God), he states that factions who participate in a war on behalf of “divine command” and put men of wicked nature to death have not violated the commandment that one should not kill. His interpretation of killing another person is justified under the veil of divine command, with the intention of advancing God’s plan of ridding the world of evil. According to Augustine, in order to have a strong society immune from malevolence, a sense of virtue and justice...
Words: 1165 - Pages: 5