...Thomas Aquinas was an Italian priest who were the pioneers of theological teachings and famous for his Eucharistic hymns in church. Aquinas is a distinguished saint honored by the Catholic Church for his contributions in natural reasoning and several teachings of theology. The papal that undergo training go through his teachings and the pope of the Catholic Church has ordained him as the doctor of the church and the greatest philosopher and theologician of all times. Aquinas was considered a philosopher by his mates but he strongly objected and criticized other philosophers who pagans that the missed the massive wisdom available in the Christian revelations. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who formulated the theory of ethical deontology (Fagothey) Kant was a strong proponent of enlightenment rationalism which basically meant that for something to be good , it must be from a good will so and that the action just follows the will and the moral law. He also perpetrated the principle of universibility and strongly believed that for an action to be permissible by the society, must equally apply to all the people in the same manner and not biased. He also believed in the theories of perfect and imperfect duty and advocated that the perfect duty should an obvious thing in the eyes of the humanity such as committing murder is a criminal to both the mind and the soul and can be referred as a perfect duty. Imperfect duty such charitable works can be substantiated and simply bases...
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...defined that virtue is a habit that is good, it perfects the power of the soul and inclines one to do good. Response: St. Thomas Aquinas Correct answer: St. Thomas Aquinas Score: 1 out of 1 Question 4 _____ is one of the Epistles that says: “So everyone who acknowledges Me before men, I also will acknowledge before My Father who is in heaven.; but whoever denies Me before men, I also will deny before My Father who is in heaven. Response: Titus 3:6-7 Correct answer: Titus 3:6-7 Score: 1 out of 1 Question 5 _____ are the WORST VICES RESULTING FROM LACK OF MODERATION IN SENSUAL PLEASURES are _______ , _______ , ________ Response: Gluttony Response: Drunkeness Response: Drug Addiction Correct answer: Gluttony, Drunkeness, Drug Addiction Score: 1 out of 1 Question 6 _____ is the Leader of the Church who said that: "“The fundamental commitment of man is a decision of faith, and obedience of faith by which man makes a total and free self-commitment to God, offering the full submission of intellect and will to God as he reveals”. Response: Poe John Paul II Correct answer: Poe John Paul II Score: 1 out of 1 Question 7 _____ is one of the Theological Virtues by which we love God above all things for His own sake, and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of God. The superior of all the virtues. Response: Charity Correct answer: Charity , Love Score: 1...
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...Natural Law exists to assist humans to direct their actions in such a way that they may reach their eternal density with God. There is a Natural Law for the physical world and the moral world that is discoverable through observation. The theory of Natural Law was created by Thomas Aquinas, who built his theory on key ideas from Ancient Greeks, in particular The Stoics and Aristotle. Amongst the Stoics teachings was the fact that the universe had a rational and purposeful order; to live in accordance with the universes order one had to follow Natural Law. This meant when making laws, they should be made and developed so that they correspond to nature of the universe. Aquinas taught, on ideas based on Aristotle that good person is someone who fulfils their purpose, meaning acting in accordance to Natural law. Aquinas believed that God had put inclinations in each human to behave in certain was; following our inclinations will lead us to the highest good and fulfil our purpose. The most basic and fundamental inclination that a person has is to do good and avoid evil. This brings about the question of: what actually is good and bad? There are real gods and apparent goods in the world. It was believed by Aquinas that human nature was essentially good, as natural law is absolute and is within everyone. He maintained that humans were oriented towards the achievement of perfection and that they could never knowingly peruse evil. Human actions that are not in pursuit of perfection can be...
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...St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-‐1274) Biographical Note St. Thomas Aquinas was born in 1225 at the castle of Roccasecca in the Neapolitan territory. It is believed that the castle belonged to Aquinas’ father. Thomas Aquinas’ father was Count Landulf of an Italian family, however, his father did not come from the high power branch of the family but simply held the title. Aquinas’ mother was Countess Theodora of Theate, comes from the Rossi branch of the Neapolitan Caracciolo family, which is a noble Norman descent. Aquinas began his early education at age of five in the monastery of Monte Cassino. Later, Aquinas spent some time studying in Naples. Around 1243, Aquinas decided to join the Dominican order; however, his brothers brought him back to his parents on his way to Rome because his family is opposed to the Dominican order. Aquinas was held in the castle of S. Giovanni...
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...1. a. Augustine included all earthly beings to represent the “City of Man”, which is imperfect. The temporal authority disciplines the sinful man through law and education. On the other hand, the seamless “City of God” preserves the divine values of peace, hope and charity. They may occupy different jurisdictions and hold different values, they are still related because they both existed. Based on Aquinas’ account, the state or temporal authority is the author and executor of human law, who punishes through iniquities and encouragement through virtue. The church or the ecclesiastical authority is the interpreter of divine law through natural law. It would appear that the ecclesiastical authority is necessary in advising the state relating to moral legislation. b. The main purpose of politics is for the people to keep peace, and Christians are the best to rule the political society, based on St. Augustine. On his book, Civitas Dei, it has been cited that a Good Christian Leader should lead the people into obedience of God, and then the government will be just. He mainly focuses on the belief that God should be the one to be followed. Contrarily, St. Aquinas puts into account that the leader’s rules should benefit to the common good of the people. This should guide the people to have a good life. Also, the government of humans should also be involved because the divine reason, which is needed to live a virtuous life, couldn’t be simply understood. 2. As for Niccolo Machiavelli...
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...The Form of the Good is the cause of all things and when it is seen it leads a person to act wisely. In the Symposium, the Good is closely identified with the Beautiful. Also in the Symposium, Plato describes how the experience of the Beautiful by Socrates enables him to resist the temptations of wealth and sex. In the Republic, the ideal community is, "...a city which would be established in accordance with nature. Aristotle Greek philosophy emphasized the distinction between "nature" (physis) on the one hand and "law", "custom", or "convention" (nomos, νóμος) on the other. is often said to be the father of natural law Aristotle's association with natural law may be due to the interpretation given to his works by Thomas Aquinas. But whether Aquinas correctly read Aristotle is a disputed...
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...Conjugal versus Revisionist Marriage: The ongoing debate in the U.S. over what constitutes marriage. What is Marriage? Are there qualifiers for what relationships can be classified as marriages? This paper will examine the arguments for defining marriage through the lens of Western Moral Tradition. According to the U.S. Government marriage is define as, §7. Definition of “marriage” and “spouse” In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word “marriage” means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word “spouse” refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife. (Added Pub. L. 104–199, §3(a), Sept. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2419.) Where does the official United States Federal definition stem from? The answer to that question is not a single source but a series of teachings handed down from Western society stemming, arguably going back to ancient Greece and ancient Jerusalem. The legal use of marriage is not just for religious purposes but also for tax, property rights, and child rearing. Recently, a cultural divide has invigorated a debate on redefining marriage to include same sex or non-traditional unions as marriages. The debate is largely two sides each defining the specifics of what marriage entails. The first is referred to as conjugal view and the latter is revisionist view. Conjugal...
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...one's neighbor.” Greed – Greed, which is also known as avarice or covetousness, is the immoderate desire for earthly goods, as well as situations such as power. It is a sin of excess. The object a person is greedy about need not be evil, but the issue lies in the way one regards the object, placing inappropriate value on it. Greed can further inspire such sinful actions as hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, trickery, and manipulation. Gluttony – Gluttony, which comes from the Latin gluttirei – to gulp down or swallow, refers to the sin of over-indulgence and over-consumption of food and drink. The manners in which gluttony can be committed, as first mentioned by Pope Gregory the Great and later reiterated by Thomas Aquinas, are eating too soon, eating too expensively, eating too much, eating too eagerly, eating too daintily, and eating wildly. Lust – The sin of lust refers to impure desire of a sexual nature....
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...Peter Singer – “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” Dora Crawford Prof. David Tredinnick 12/19/2012 When it comes to the article "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" mostly argues about not one but more than several things. In some point most people can agree with his arguments unlike others whom may not see his point of view. One of these arguments was lack of food. This was brought up or inspired by the starvation of Bangladesh his main focus was that if one can use one's wealth to reduce suffering for example, by aiding famine-relief efforts without any significant reduction in the well-being of oneself or others, it is immoral not to do so. According to Singer, such inaction is clearly immoral. If a child is drowning in a shallow pond and someone can save it but chooses not to; nor does placing greater geographical distance between the person in need and the potential helper reduce the latter's moral obligations. “It makes no difference whether the person I can help is a neighbor's child ten yards away from me or a Bengali whose name I shall never know, ten thousand miles away. The moral point of view requires us to look beyond the interests of our own society. Previously, this may hardly have been feasible, but it is quite feasible now. From the moral point of view, the prevention of the starvation of millions of people outside our society must be considered at least as pressing as the upholding of property norms within our society.” Singers main...
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...viewed as untrustworthy. This included performing works of charity, pilgrimages, and buying indulgences. In addition, there were numerous effects of the Great Schism when the Catholic Church was divided between supporting two Popes. For example, tensions between the French, England, and their respective allies increased even further as the former supported Pope Clement, while the latter supported Pope Urban. In addition, both popes increased taxation. In order to end the Great Schism, the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, was forced to answer wide conciliar calls to create a general council for the church that represented all Christians and had full authority over the clergy and the pope. This ecumenical council, called for by a temporal ruler, was eventually able to settle the Great Schism. There were also a couple of changes to Catholic religious practices, including the return of mysticism and an adjusted theological framework. The efforts of two theologians, Gerard Groote and Meister Eckhart, helped bring back a desire for a union with God. Many achieved this “oneness” by serving those in need, while others like Catherine of Siena found the union with God through receiving the Eucharist. In addition, along with many people questioning the church as an institution, many began to doubt the plausibility of the theological framework constructed by Thomas Aquinas. This disagreement led to the conclusion that contrary to Aquinas’ teachings, where reason could be used to reach spiritual...
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...1 JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND RIGHTS by John Tasioulas For R. Crisp (ed), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics 1. The Nature of Justice Philosophers have advocated many divergent views as to the content of the correct principles of justice. In contemporary philosophy, for example, the live options range from the austere libertarian thesis that the claims of justice are limited to a small class of rights that protect us from coercive interference by others to more radically egalitarian doctrines that mandate the large-scale redistribution of wealth and other goods. But there is a prior, conceptual question: is there an illuminating sense in which these disagreements are aptly described as concerned with justice? Alternatively put, is there a concept of justice of which these rival accounts can be interpreted as offering different conceptions? (Rawls 1971/1999: 5-6). If not, the dispiriting conclusion looms that these disputes are „verbal‟ rather than genuine, like a debate about the nature of „banks‟ in which one party has in mind financial institutions and the other party the sloping bits of land at the sides of rivers. One answer is that the concept of justice marks out the entire domain of moral evaluation, or at least the whole of inter-personal morality, excluding only moral concerns relating purely to oneself or to non-persons, such as animals. This expansive reading of justice – as (inter-personal) moral rightness or virtue – has a venerable pedigree. The Greek...
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...viewed as untrustworthy. This included performing works of charity, pilgrimages, and buying indulgences. In addition, there were numerous effects of the Great Schism when the Catholic Church was divided between supporting two Popes. For example, tensions between the French, England, and their respective allies increased even further as the former supported Pope Clement, while the latter supported Pope Urban. In addition, both popes increased taxation. In order to end the Great Schism, the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, was forced to answer wide conciliar calls to create a general council for the church that represented all Christians and had full authority over the clergy and the pope. This ecumenical council, called for by a temporal ruler, was eventually able to settle the Great Schism. There were also a couple of changes to Catholic religious practices, including the return of mysticism and an adjusted theological framework. The efforts of two theologians, Gerard Groote and Meister Eckhart, helped bring back a desire for a union with God. Many achieved this “oneness” by serving those in need, while others like Catherine of Siena found the union with God through receiving the Eucharist. In addition, along with many people questioning the church as an institution, many began to doubt the plausibility of the theological framework constructed by Thomas Aquinas. This disagreement led to the conclusion that contrary to Aquinas’ teachings, where reason could be used to reach spiritual...
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...The book, printed in Gothic letters and Tagalog1 characters on paper made from the paper mulberry, now browned and brittle with age, consists of thirty-eight leaves, comprising a title-page as above, under a woodcut2 of St. Dominic, with the verso originally blank, but in this copy bearing the contemporary manuscript inscription, Tassada en dos rreales, signed Juan de Cuellar; and seventy-four pages of text in Spanish, Tagalog transliterated into roman letters, and Tagalog in Tagalog characters. The size of the volume, which is unbound, is 9⅛ by 7 inches, [4]although individual leaves vary somewhat due to chipping. Some of the leaves have become separated from their complements, but enough remain in the original stitching to indicate that the book was originally made up in four gatherings, the first of twelve leaves, the second of ten, the third of ten, and the fourth of six. Although the book is of the size called quarto, the method of printing must have been page by page, so it is doubtful that each sheet was folded twice in the usual quarto manner, but more probable that it was printed four pages to a sheet of paper approximately 9⅛ by 14 inches, which was folded once. The volume is printed throughout by the xylographic method, that is to say, each page of text is printed from one wood-block which was carved by hand. Along the inner margins of some pages are vertical lines which were made by the inked edge of the block, and the grain of the wood has caused striations to appear...
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...Chapter I The Problem and Review of Related Literature Introduction Man is a rational being who feels emotions. Our emotions make up a part if not most of our humanity. It can be also called passions like how it was used in antiquity. One of these emotions is love. To feel love and to reciprocate it is proper to rational beings such as the human person. But the term “love” has taken quite different meanings around the globe, a lot of persons even have their own notion of love. It is the one of the most elusive and abused term of mankind. It eludes definition for the reason that one really cannot exhaust love in one specific definition. As Benedict XVI said (2006, p. 7) “In our present context, the term “love” has become one of the most frequently used and misused of words, a word where we attach quite different meanings.” We human persons are capable of expressing and accepting love, since we are endowed with intellect and will aside from our passions. These faculties make it possible for a human to feel being loved and to love back in return. The faculty intellect is the one that perceives and comprehends love, where we can interpret it, while the faculty of the will is the one that is responsible for conveying and reciprocating love. Our acts as human beings such as loving are very much different from those of the animals’. This is because human acts require the use of both the intellect and the will. It requires knowing and willing a particular act, making...
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...The United Reformed Church became a National Church by Act of Parliament on 21st June 1972 when a majority of former Congregational and Presbyterian churches in England and Wales united as one church. The Re-formed Association of Churches of Christ joined the Union in 1981 and the Congregational Union of Scotland in 2000. The roots of the URC are in the ‘Reformed Tradition’ stemming from Augustine, Luther, Calvin and Father Philip Swingler and Bushnell The Congregational Church was founded by the Puritans and later became the National Church. Practice Infant Baptism and unbaptised adults The Presbyterian Church owes its origins to the Scottish Reformation and the Puritans practice Infant Baptism and unbaptised adults. The Churches of Christ broke away from the Presbyterian Church and are Anabaptists (believer’s baptism). They did not recognise Infant Baptism although as a condition of the Union they now recognise both. The URC therefore offers to parents Infant Baptism or an Infant Blessing as an alternative, and Believer’s Baptism to adults. The URC is however a broad church and each individual congregation, and the members within that congregation may hold a mixture of beliefs stemming from the doctrines of Luther, Calvin, Schleirmacher and others within the reformed traditions of the protestant church. Their doctrine, ministry and worship is distinctly Free Church. The majesty of Christ and the reading of God’s word are of paramount importance. • How do they...
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