...FEMALE AROUSAL DISORDER In recent years more then ever women are being studied for problems with sexual disorders and dysfunction’s "Sexual disorders and dysfunction's refer to difficulties individuals experience in their sexual functioning." (O’Donohue, Geer) In the past when sexual problems were studied amongst women the focus was on the orgasmic phase, with such problems as Vaginismus, Dyspareunia and Anorgasmia, rather than on the arousal phase. Even in 1970 when Masters and Johnson published their famous book Human Sexual Inadequacy, they omitted form their finding associated with arousal disorder in women for reasons unknown. However many contemporary sex researchers, reason that arousal problems with women were more difficult to diagnose. Therefore in the past women's sexual problems were associated with inability to reach orgasm. This however would change in 1978, with publication of Frank, Anderson and Rubinstein's finding on arousal problems amongst women. According to the American Psychiatric Association, 1983 (DSM-III-R), for female sexual arousal disorders to exist two aspects must be present. Persistent or recurrent failure to attain or maintain the lubrication and the swelling response of sexual excitement until completion and second persistent or recurrent lack of subjective sense of sexual excitement and pleasure in female during sexual activity. "Until recently, researchers believed that most...
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...Throughout this essay I hope to view and compare the appropriate theories and examples of arousal and anxiety in sports and discuss their effects on an athlete’s sporting performance. Arousal is the readiness, physically and mentally of an athlete to perform. In which the athlete reaches optimal arousal, there are a few ways in which certain teams or athletes reach this optimal level of arousal before a match or competition. An example would be the rugby team f New Zealand which use the famous Hakka dance in which they perform before every game, this dance helps them to get hyped up and energised for the game ahead and it also helps to sometimes take away the last minutes nerves that a member may have before starting the match. Listening...
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...Maladaptive behavior such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among children. The diagnosis of ADHD in adults can be more difficult than in children. There are many controversial issues surrounding adult/child (ADHD) which include history, symptoms, treatment, and causes. Historically speaking, ADHD is generally thought to be a childhood disorder. However, data suggest that many adults, both male and female are affected. Most patients diagnosed during childhood carry the disorder into adulthood. Studies show that out of the number of adult cases, over 50 percent were ADHD as children. Nevertheless, women tend not to be diagnosed as children because they never made trouble. Instead, they are often called daydreamers or disorganized. However, the cognitive problems such as being attentive exist. In addition, of the children diagnosed with the disorder, over 80 percent were boys. This disorder presents different symptoms in adults than in children. Adults are first evaluated according to their personal account of symptoms. Some of these symptoms may include problems with organizational skills, being easily frustrated, unable to prioritize, quick tempered, impulsive, trouble coping with stress, finding it hard to finish tasks, trouble keeping a job, and defiance of authority figures. The individual may also forget important engagements or speak out of turn, giving no thought to what he or she says. Personality traits of the individual may range from being...
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...Arousal, Behavior, and Stress The human body is constantly trying to keep a healthy balance even when bombarded by many different kinds of stimuli. The body keeps track of deficits and sends out signals that will hopeful fulfill the need. Physiological and psychological needs must be met in order to maintain that balance. Throw in the many different stressors humans face on a daily basis and now the body’s job to maintain balance becomes even more difficult. When the body is overly or under aroused it can make it difficult to get task accomplish, these tasks may be part of keeping the body balanced. As the body encounters more stimuli, stress, and arousal levels; physiological and psychological illness can occur. This cycle can become long-term and detrimental to the body. Physiological and Psychological Needs Both physiological and psychological needs create a push toward the goal of fulfilling those particular needs; however there are major differences between the two. Physiological needs are comprised of needs that exist in the material body or brain, while psychological needs are not material in nature rather they are needs that fulfill our mental wellbeing. Achieving physiological and psychological needs are both important to the balance of the body, also known as homeostasis. If the balance shifts a need is created and the body will send signals to push an individual to fulfill that need and return the proper balance of the body. An example of this push motivation is...
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...Arousal, Behavior, Stress, and Affect Worksheet Using the text for this course, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be at least 250 words in length. 1. What are the differences between physiological and psychological needs? Provide examples of each in your response. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs postulates that the needs of a person are organized into an ascending structure, going from the lower physiological needs to the needs of safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization (Deckers, 2010). Maslow hypothesized that the lower needs have to be addressed before the higher needs can be attended to. Physiological needs include the homeostatic balance of food intake (blood glucose levels), water consumption (intercellular and extracellular fluid levels), sleep (Circadian Rhythms), activity, and sexual needs. The internal motives created by these physiological needs manifest themselves as psychological drives, or an, “…internal push, urge, or force that moves a person into action” (Deckers, 2010). On the other hand, the concurrent physiological counterpart of psychological needs is much more speculative. Atkinson seemed to believe that psychological needs could be described as incentive categories, but Deckers cautions that the idea of internal psychological needs acting to select external incentives is not always clear-cut, or obvious. The rest of Maslow’s hierarchy would constitute...
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...decr8bes the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused. The cycle is divided into four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution. The first phase of the sexual response cycle is called the excitement phase. This is characterized by engorgement of blood vessels with blood which swells the genitals and breast during sexual arousal which is called vasocongestion. In males, this causes erection of the penis, the scrotal skin thickens which makes it less baggy and the testes increase in size. In females, the excitement phase is characterized by the vagina getting lubricated. In females, vasocongestion causes the inner two-thirds of the vagina to expand and the vagina walls to thicken and turn a deeper color and the breast enlarges. The excitement phase for both males and females may cause the nipples and the earlobes swell with blood, the skin may become rosy. The heart rate and the blood pressure increases. Also, myotonia occurs which causes facial grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet and then the spasms of orgasm. The next stage, the plateau phase, sexual arousal remains somewhat stable. In males there is some increase in the circumference of the head of the penis, which also takes on a purplish hue. The testes are now elevated into the position for ejaculation. A man’s penis may become one and a half time their unaroused sized. Droplets of semen may be released from the penis opening before ejaculation happens. In women...
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...1007/s10508-010-9671-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Physiological and Subjective Sexual Arousal in Self-Identified Asexual Women Lori A. Brotto • Morag A. Yule Received: 27 October 2009 / Revised: 27 July 2010 / Accepted: 27 July 2010 / Published online: 21 September 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 Abstract Asexuality can be defined as a lifelong lack of sexual attraction. Empirical research on asexuality reveals significantly lower self-reported sexual desire and arousal and lower rates of sexual activity; however, the speculation that there may also be an impaired psychophysiological sexual arousal response has never been tested. The aim of this study was to compare genital (vaginal pulse amplitude; VPA) and subjective sexual arousal in asexual and non-asexual women. Thirty-eight women between the ages of 19 and 55 years (10 heterosexual, 10 bisexual, 11 homosexual, and 7 asexual) viewed neutral and erotic audiovisual stimuli while VPA and self-reported sexual arousal and affect were measured. There were no significant group differences in the increased VPA and self-reported sexual arousal response to the erotic film between the groups. Asexuals showed significantly less positive affect, sensuality-sexual attraction, and self-reported autonomic arousal to the erotic film compared to the other groups; however, there were no group differences in negative affect or anxiety. Genital-subjective sexual arousal concordance was significantly positive for the asexual women and nonsignificant...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix B Sexual Response Cycles Use your own words to complete the table below with the experiences and changes in anatomy of males and females during the various sexual response phases. |Stage of Masters |Male Experience |Female Experience | |and Johnson |and Anatomy |and Anatomy | |Sexual Response Cycle | | | |Excitement Phase |The male will achieve a penal erection after |Physical and or psychological stimulation is | | |stimulation. Physically and psychological |what brings the increased blood flow to the | | |stimulation. The Vascongestion in a man is what |vagina. Because of the increases blood flow | | |causes the erection in the male penis. Because of |the walls of the vagina, there is a fluid | | |this there is blood flow which increases in the |that is like sweating that lubricates the | | |Corpora Cavernosa. The male scrotum begins to |females vagina. This means that at the ...
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...each phase varies from person to person which influences the intensity and response time of the body reaching orgasm; it’s unlikely that both partners will orgasm simultaneously. Learning how the body reacts to the phases can help increase the amount of stimulation among partners which can improve situations within relationships; communication through physical expression opens doors to better understanding of one’s likes and dislikes. Many people struggle with sexual dysfunction; the sexual cycle can help pinpoint where the problem exists. The level of stimulation each person experiences are different depending on the circumstances; age and knowledge play a factor in the ease of arousal for young adults. Older individuals might require more mental and physical stimulation and intimacy to reach arousal. Behaviors also act as stimulants; watching, feeling and listening to a partner reach a higher peak of excitement causes emotional and mental pleasure. The first phase of the sexual response cycle is excitement; this phase can last for minutes or for hours. Some of the characteristics included during this are increases of muscle tension, accelerated breathing and heart rate, redness of the skin (blotches may appear on the back, face or chest), hardened nipples, increase in blood flow to the genitals (swelling of the woman’s labia and clitoris and erection of the penis), women’s breasts become fuller, vaginal walls swell and begin to form lubrication and testicles swell and secrete...
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...name on a piece of paper. Moreover, she invited them to call her if they felt interested. More than 50% of people called back her after they crossed the bridge. On the other way, significantly less people called back her if they crossed on a low solid bridge. The result showed that misattribution of arousal occurs. It is a term in psychology which describes the process of people makes a mistake when they feel aroused. People felt arousal due to the height of the bridge. They misattributed it as romantic or sexual attraction to the woman. As a result, those are more likely to call her. Arousal caused by the height of this bridge was misattributed as attraction by the male who were interviewed by an attractive female when they crossed it. In my view, emotion is combination of cognition and arousal. Initially, I think that I process emotional experiences in straightforward way. I find the target and then emotion created. For example, I had something made me unhappy and then I will feel unhappy. However, our bodies are not very logical. Most of our feeling is not happiness, but simply arousal. It’s easy to attribute this arousal to a distinct emotion. I will experience arousal first, and then search the environment to find possible targets that they can label as an explanation second. In this case, it is difficult for me to explain this emotion....
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...The book “Touch” by novelist, Francine Prose look at the hardships a female student who has just reached the adolescent age experiences. He uses the main character as the narrator of the story to make her experience and feeling well emphasized and understood. The novel shows how the young woman oblivious of the difference between the male and the female sexes becomes close friends with three boys over a long time. Later on, they come and defy her sexually because of their lack of sexual attraction and arousal control. They leave her terribly confused and disturbed. Her parents are not helpful as they try to ignore the situation all together. She finally goes for counseling which can help her overcome the ordeal. I will look at the main point in this novel and explain them throughout this paper in more detail. I will also give a detailed explanation on the advantages and shortcomings of using the novel as a tool to teach the teens to control their sexual desires, attraction and arousal to the opposite sex. “Touch” is a novel that looks at the sexual life of children who are now moving to the adolescence stage of life. The author, Francine Prose shows how a girl who was close friends with three of her classmates of the opposite sex starts to notice the different bodily changes she experiences to those of her close friends. She also starts to realize that her friends are looked at her differently from the way they had been looking at her before. One of her male close friends...
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...that can effect both men and women. What are some factors that may cause this type of dysfunction? What treatments may help individuals who experience this type of dysfunction? There are various factors that come into play with what causes sexual dysfunction, some vary from person to person an others are general symptoms. These factors include: Sexual desire disorders which is the decreased desire to sexual contact. Sexual arousal disorders which is considered a more physical aspect, referring to lack of lubrication in women, or unable to get/keep an erection in men. Orgasmic disorders is both men and women being unable to reach or are reaching their climax at times they do not want to. Men are more likely to obtain their climax too early and women are more likely to have trouble obtaining and orgasm. All of these sexual dysfunctions can be treated by sex therapy which either shows you how to pleasure each other in a healthy environment or gives you advice on how to treat your problems. There are also pills such as Viagra for men with erectile/arousal dysfunctions and other simulates for women that are either in pill form of creams. Sexual pain disorder can affect both men as well as women. For men and women they may be suffering from dyspareunia; for women they may be suffering from vaginismus. The reason could also be as simple as lack of lubrication. When it comes to pain during intercourse a simple treatment is more lubrication, if that does not assist with the pain then...
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...Margaret Sanger wrote a book about birth control to educate women Kinsey wrote sexual behavior in the human male about facts that were happening Freud talks about sexual psychology Huey Hefner releases Playboy for romantic sexual pleasure Anthony Comstock in 1800’s tried to ban all open sexual behaviors, no contraceptives info/supplies, public displays of affection and pornography The early 20th century Women had to go into the work force because men were going to war They wanted them to abstain from sex so they don’t get venereal disease Automobile was like an accessory to sex to have privacy Felons that needed punishment received vasectomy’s 1920’s Prohibition was happening New behaviors of women: Jazz clubs and danced, cigarettes and alcohol, rode bikes and drove cars 1930’s and 1940’s The great depression makes women return to being more conservative New laws for women’s right to legal access to contraceptive info/devices World War II Post war back to traditional roles Baby boom began because all men were coming back from the war Televisions became a “must have” Development of penicillin to cure STI’s There was a different outlook on the war for men to have something to be excited about after war 1950’s -1970’s Alfred Kinsey published book about male and female sexuality 1960: FDA approved distribution of Enovid (1st oral contraceptive) Men are volunteering vasectomies 1973: Roe vs. Wade – abortion is legal Homosexuality no longer labeled...
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...causes of sexual disorders. The human seuxual response cycle is excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. People with penises have a period after orgasm called a refractory period, during which renewed arousal and orgasm are not possible. Some causes of sexual disorders are genes or experience. 2. Discuss the impact of hormones on sexual motivation and behavior. Sex hormones help with both the activation of sexual behavior, mostly in nonhuman animals, and the physical development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as strong jaws and Adam’s apples with testosterone and fuller breasts in women with estrogen. Both of these hormones are found in both males and females. Typically, males will have more testosterone than estrogen in their system. The reverse is true for females. Sexual hormones do not have great influence in humans, especially once sufficient hormone levels are present. Once sexual hormones decline in age with humans so do intercourse and fantasies of a sexual nature. 3. Describe the role of external stimuli and fantasies in sexual motivation and behavior. The role of external stimuli is to have a response of arousal. The activated parts in the brain are different for people of different genders. Sexual fantasies are also a way to trigger arousal. Around 95 percent of people say they have sexual fantasies. Sexual fantasies are healthy for the psyche and reflect a sexually active person. 4. Discuss some of the forces that influence teen pregnancy...
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...Masters and Johnson were primarily interested in studying the biology of sexuality (i.e., what happens when you have sex) and so in the late 1960s they set up a lab and actually observed individuals engaging in sexual behavior. Their work resulted in the establishment of the Sexual Response Cycle which continues to shape the way in which we view sexual functioning, even today. The sequence of phases in Masters and Johnson's model of sexual response is: Excitement phase: Physiological arousal increases quickly. Muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate increase. In men, the penis gets erect and the testes swell. In women, the clitoris hardens and swells, the vaginal lips open, and the vagina lubricates. Plateau phase: Physiological arousal continues. In women, the clitoris retracts under the clitoral hood. Men may secrete a small amount of fluid from the penis. Orgasm phase: Physiological arousal peaks. Men ejaculate seminal fluid. Both men and women experience muscular contractions in the pelvic area, along with a sensation of pleasure. Resolution phase: Physiological responses return to normal levels. Men then go through a refractory period that can vary in length, during which they are not responsive to stimulation. The refractory period tends to get longer as men age. Some sex scholars have suggested that an important flaw in the Masters and Johnson research on human sexual response is their inclusion of only orgasmic subjects in their sample. Masters...
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