Art Midterm Review

Visual Elements are generally considered to be line, color, shape, texture, space, and value
Principles of Design are generally considered to by unity, variety, harmony, balance, rhythm, and emphasis.

REVIEW ALL QUIZZES AND POWERPOINTS

Vocabulary 1. Heritage: what we have inherited from a specific sociocultural group’s history and utilize in our lives 2. Personal cultural identity: aspects include: age, gender and sexuality, social and economic class, exceptionality, geographic location, religion, political status, language, ethnicity, and racial designation. Influenced heavily by the surrounding culture. The individual’s role in these groups depends on the individual’s power and acts of discrimination.
There is no such thing as African American culture, Jewish culture, or Native American culture.

Key Concepts:
Understand why we can only have a partial/temporal understanding of a cultural group.
Understand and be familiar with the concept of personal cultural identity.

3. Indigenismo: a Latin American idea and movement pressing for a greater social and political role for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and the revindication of indigenous rights and including compensation for past wrongdoings of the colonial and republican states.
“the search for indigenous roots.” 4. Los Tres Grandes: They all share the common art form of Mural painting; they are Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros.
“Los Tres Grandes” came to prominence during the cultural revival in Mexico stemming from the Mexican Revolution. The presidency of General Alvaro Obregon, who was one of the many revolutionary leaders struggling for power during and immediately after the war, helped establish a political and social environment for the muralists to emerge. It was during this time that these artists were commissioned by the government to paint murals in several locations throughout Mexico City.

Key Concepts: Understand how Cezanne influenced Diego Rivera’s work. Be familiar with the Mexican Muralist movement and its primary artist

THE DEFINITIONS AND KEY TERMS PAGE ON ELC

5. Propriospect: “...the totality of the private, subjective view of the world and its contents that each human develops out of personal experience 6. Race: A controversial concept based on the idea that a group within the human population is considered distinct based on physical characteristics; A social construct in which a group sees itself; The color of one’s skin, for example, Black, White, etc. 7. Racism: Prejudice, discrimination, oppression and/or privilege given based on the belief that genetic or inherited differences produce the inherent superiority or inferiority of one race over another. Racism may be present in organizational and institutional policies, programs and practices, as well as in the attitudes and behaviors of individuals 8. Racial essentialism: A philosophical view that there are a set of fixed attributes/properties that any one particular racial group posses (Adeleke, 2009). These non-biological characteristics are believed to be biologically transferred from one generation to the next. This ideology supports the notion that there is a “monolithic ‘Black Experience,’ or ‘Chicano Experience’ (Delgado & Stefancic, 2000, p. 263). For example, following this logic, all individuals who have white skin, regardless of their historical, social, or cultural contexts, will have the same universal White Experience. Race is seen as an unchanging essence of who we are. 9. Racial hierarchy: A racial hierarchy places groups of people in an ordered system of stratification based on the belief that some racial groups are superior/dominant while others are inferior/subordinate. In the U.S., the hierarchy of race has historically been described through the bipolar model. This approach positions Whites on tope and Blacks on the bottom with all other racial groups falling somewhere in between. 10. Anti-essentialism: the effort to overcome thinking that categorizes others based on one primary or essential characteristic; the recognition that we are all combinations of a complex set of biological social, and personal qualities and influences that we are incapable of separating from each other. 11. Active racism: Actions which have as their stated or explicit goal the maintenance of the system of racism and the oppression of those in the targeted racial groups. People who participate in active racism advocate the continued subjugation of members of the targeted groups and protection of “the rights” of members of the agent group. These goals are often supported by a belief in the inferiority of people of color and the superiority of white people, culture, and values. 12. Passive racism: beliefs, attitudes, and actions that contribute to the maintenance of racism, without openly advocating violence or oppression. The conscious or unconscious maintenance of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that support the system of racism, racial prejudice and racial dominance. 13. Ethnicity: Social groups with a shared history, sense of identity, geography and cultural roots, which may occur despite racial difference; Ancestral background, for example: African American, Jamaican American, Cuban American, Brazilian, Irish, Italian 14. Culture: the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manner, scholarly pursuits, etc. 15. Stereotype: A shared idea about the generalized attributes of others with respect to perceived physical or cultural characteristics. These are generalizations about all members of a group. Stereotypes may even seem to be positive, but they are always negative because individuals are judged according to the exaggerated norms of their group instead of personal merit

Key Concepts: Know why it is important to distinguish race from culture. Understand the difference between essentialist and anti-essentialists beliefs. Understand how race was perceived in the past versus race now. Understand why all stereotypes are negative Understand the different views of racial theorists

16. Closed form: a self-contained or explicitly limited form; having a resolved balance of tensions, a sense of calm completeness implying a totality within itself. Form that does not openly interact with the space around it. 17. Open form: a form whose contour is irregular or broken, having a sense of growth, change, or unresolved tension; form in a state of becoming. The figure reaches out... interacts with the surrounding space 18. Implied texture: texture that is visual, representing a texture surface to something however it is flat and smooth on the paper. 19. Linear perspective: The use of real or suggested lines that converge on a vanishing point or points on the horizon or at eye level, and link receding planes as they do so, to suggest depth in space. 20. Value: shadows, darkness, contrasts and light are all values in artwork 21. Saturation: has to do with the brightness or dullness of a color. A hue that is at its highest saturation, is also at its brightest. 22. Warm colors: red, orange, yellows; the right side of the color wheel 23. Cool colors: blue, green, violets; the left side of the color wheel 24. Tints: any pure hue plus white. The opposite of shade, combining white with a color to make it lighter. Start with white and add more and more color. 25. Shades: start with the color and add black. Using a mixture of black mixed with a color to make it darker 26. Tones: also called values; ranges from white through various grays to black. 27. Analogous: colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel and provide very little contrast. Often found in nature and have a bright and cheery effect. 28. Complementary: colors that are completely different from one another. Combining these colors would result in a neutral grey/brown color. 29. Primary: Red, Yellow, Blue 30. Monochromatic (Color schemes): have only one color and its values. These colors tend to have a soothing or authoritative effect. 31. Line: an identifiable path of a point moving in space. It can vary in width, direction and length. 32. Shape: can be in the form of squares, circles, rectangles, and ovals. 33. Mass: the three dimensional form of shape 34. Space: indefinable, general receptacle of all things—the seemingly empty space around us. It is continuous, infinite, and ever present. 35. Time and motion: time is the nonspatial continuum, the fourth dimension, in which events occur in succession. 36. Light: light can be directed, reflected, refracted, diffracted, or diffused. The source, color, intensity, and direction of light greatly affect the way things appear; as light changes, surfaces illuminated by it also appear to change. 37. Color: a component of light 38. Texture: the nature of a surface of a painting, sculpture, or building: rough, smooth, and patterned.

Key Works of Art: Man Pointing, Alberto Giacometti, 1947 OPEN FORM, LINE, Qennefer, Steward of the Palace, c. 1450 BCE Ginzer, Kiki Smith, 2000 IMPLIED TEXTURE Dancing Krishna, Tanjor, Tamil Nadu. South India. Chola dynasty MOVEMENT, OPEN FORM, MOTION, MASS 39. Composition: artists and designers organize visual elements to create meaningful and interesting form. In two-dimensional arts, such as painting and photography, this organization is usually called composition. 40. Unity: the appearance or condition of oneness. Describes the feeling that all the elements in a work belong together and make up a coherent and harmonious whole. 41. Variety: provides diversity, variety acts to counter unity. 42. Symmetrical balance: is the near or exact matching of left and right sides of a three-dimensional form or a two-dimensional composition. 43. Asymmetrical balance: the left and right sides are not the same. 44. Emphasis: used to draw our attention to an area or areas. 45. Focal point: main object or view of the picture. 46. Subordination 47. Contrast: the juxtaposition of strongly dissimilar elements. Dramatic effects can be produced when dark is set against light, large against small, bright colors against dull. Without contrast, visual experience would be monotonous. 48. Rhythm: created through the regular recurrence of elements with related variations. Refers to any kind of movement or structure of dominant and subordinate elements in sequence. 49. Scale: is the size relation of one thing to another 50. Proportion: the ratio between the respective parts of a work and its whole. A canon of proportion is a mathematical formula establishing ideal proportions of the human body, as seen in ancient Egyptian and Greek sculpture and reinterpreted in the Renaissance by Leonardo da Vinci. 51. Repetition: gives a composition unity, continuity, flow, and emphasis. 52. Directional force: paths for the eye to follow provided by actual or implied lines. Implied directional lines may be suggested by a form’s axis, by the imagined connection between similar or adjacent forms, or by the implied continuation of actual lines.

Key works of art:

Going Home, Jacob Lawrence, 1946 BALANCES UNITY AND VARIETY
Interior of A Dutch House, Pieter de Hooch, 1658 FLAT QUALITY AND ILLUSIONS OF DEPTH AND REPETITION
The Evening Glow of the Ando, Suzuki Haranobu, 1766 ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
Jockeys Before the Race, Edgar Degas, c. 1878-9 ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
Chariot, Alberto Giacometti, 1950 UNITY AND BALANCE
Excalibur, Beverly Pepper, 1975-1976 ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
Cranes, Ogata Korin, c. 1700 REPETITION

Concepts:
Know the rules of color and be familiar with the color wheel Know the functions and purposes of art and the 3 categories of art Representational, non-representational, and abstract
Be familiar with the four steps in the Analytic Model of Art Criticism Reaction, description, interpretation, evaluation
Know the difference between equality and equity
Be familiar with and understand the terms: 1. Color blindness 2. Racial hierarchy 3. Personal cultural identity 4. Race 5. Multiple perspectives 6. Active/passive racism