...Assess the view that factors and processes within the school are the main cause of differences in the educational achievement of different social groups. It is clear that there are differences in educational achievement of certain social groups, such as gender, ethnicity, and social class. Some may argue that this is due to internal factors, reasons from within the education system. However, others argue that the differences are due to external factors, which occur outside of the education system. An internal factor that causes difference in educational achievement is labelling. This is when a teacher makes assumptions about a student and treats them accordingly to that assumption. An example of this is the fact that teachers label boys as more disruptive than girls. Teachers communicate with girls more positively because they see them as being more co-operative. This can then raise girl’s self esteem which raises their achievement. Teachers have lower expectations of boys, and expect them to misbehave more often. Becky Francis found that while boys got more attention in class, they were disciplined more harshly and felt picked on by teachers. This would lead to them retaliating with bad behaviour, thus lowering their achievements. Labelling can also happen to people due to their ethnicity. Gillborn found that teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils than others for the same behaviour. Gillborn and Youdell found that this is the result of teacher’s radicalised expectations...
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...Education and differences in educational achievement- past questions and mark schemes (CLASS, GENDER and ETHNICITY) January 2006 (a) Explain what is meant by cultural capital. (Item 1A, line 8). (2 marks) Two marks for an appropriate explanation or definition, such as the values, knowledge, attitudes, skills, tastes etc. possessed by the upper/middle class, or the values, knowledge etc. that give one class an educational advantage. (c) Identify three features of the restricted speech code (Item 1A, lines 10-11). (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate features identified, such as: • used by the working class; • short/incomplete sentences; • often reduced to gestures; • context-bound/particularistic meanings/speaker assumes audience shares same frame of reference; • not used in education; • a product of repetitive, unskilled work; • a product of positional/rigid family structures. (e) Examine the reasons why females now tend to achieve more than males in the education system. (20 marks) Candidates will consider a range of reasons, such as the impact of feminism, equal opportunities policies, role models, changes in the family and work, changes in the curriculum and assessment, changes in girls aspirations, teacher attention and classroom interaction, selection, league tables etc. Concepts and issues such as meritocracy, patriarchy, pupil subcultures, labelling, de-industrialisation, marketisation, the hidden curriculum...
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...rewards are based on achievement/ability or similar. Partial answer: [fair rewards] • Immediate gratification: wanting rewards now, or leaving school as soon as possible to get a job, or similar. • Cultural capital: the values, etc that the middle class transmit to their children or that confer advantage in the education system. • Compensatory education: additional educational opportunities/resources directed at deprived or under-achieving pupils. • Cultural deprivation: a lack or deficit of values (or of norms, attitudes, skills or knowledge). Partial answer [immediate gratification / a lack of culture] • Vocational education: relating to a career or specific work roles. • Ethnocentric curriculum: the subjects taught in school being biased towards one particular culture. One mark for a partially satisfactory answer. 02 Suggest three ways/reasons ... (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate ways. One mark will be awarded where there is a partially appropriate answers. Marxists see school as being similar to the world of work: • A hierarchy of authority • Fragmentation of work/learning • Extrinsic rewards • Based on competition • Alienation • Status differences. Boys’ educational under-achievement: • Lack of male teacher role models • Feminisation of assessment • Boys’ poorer literacy • Laddish subcultures • Decline of traditional ‘male’ jobs. Educational policies that may...
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...Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the view that factors and processes within the school are the main cause of differences in the educational achievement of different social classes: There are many internal factors which affect the educational achievement of children within a school. Internal factor are factors inside the education system which explain class differences in achievement, such as poor teaching, type of school and how students are treated. Labelling plays an important role in different achievement between classes. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to someone, these could be positive or negative. As it says in Item A positive or negative labelling of pupils by teachers can have important effects on performance. Studies have shown that teachers often attach labels regardless of the pupil’s actual ability or attitude. Instead, they labelled the pupils on the basis of stereotyped assumptions about their class background, labelling working- class children negatively and middle- class children positively. A self- fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true simply by the virtue of having being made. Interactionists argue that labelling can affect pupils’ achievement by creating a self- fulfilling prophecy. For example a teacher labels a pupil and on the basic of this label makes predictions about him. The teacher treats the pupil accordingly, acting as if the prediction they made is already true. The pupils then internalises...
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...marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. GJ74914/Jan12/SCLY2 6/6/6 SCLY2 2 Choose either Section A or Section B and answer all the questions in that section. Section A: Education with Research Methods You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on questions 0 1 0 6 to 0 4 . 9 . You are advised to spend approximately 30 minutes on question You are advised to spend approximately 40 minutes on questions 0 5 . to 0 Total for this section: 90 marks Education Read Item A below and answer questions 0 1 to 0 4 that follow. Item A According to some sociologists, cultural factors are the most important cause of social class differences in educational achievement. In their view, there are deep-rooted differences between working-class and middle-class subcultures. For example, they argue that working-class subculture encourages fatalism and collectivism, whereas middle-class...
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...marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. GJ74914/Jan12/SCLY2 6/6/6 SCLY2 2 Choose either Section A or Section B and answer all the questions in that section. Section A: Education with Research Methods You are advised to spend approximately 50 minutes on questions 0 1 0 6 to 0 4 . 9 . You are advised to spend approximately 30 minutes on question You are advised to spend approximately 40 minutes on questions 0 5 . to 0 Total for this section: 90 marks Education Read Item A below and answer questions 0 1 to 0 4 that follow. Item A According to some sociologists, cultural factors are the most important cause of social class differences in educational achievement. In their view, there are deep-rooted differences between working-class and middle-class subcultures. For example, they argue that working-class subculture encourages fatalism and collectivism, whereas middle-class...
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...In this essay, the view that social class differences in educational underachievement are the result of school processes such as labelling will be assessed. Internal and external factors will be assessed with the use of researchers such as: Bernstein, Bereiter & Engelmann, Keddie and Howard. Internal factors such as labelling have been shown to effect education achievement. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to them. Becker carried out a study on labelling on 60 Chicago high school teachers, and found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fit an image of the ideal pupil. The pupils work, conduct, and appearance were key factors to the teachers’ judgements. Becker found that middle class children were closer to the image of the ideal pupil whereas the working class children were furthest away and seen as badly behaved. Cicourel & Kituse’s study of educational counsellors in an American high school shows how this labelling can disadvantage working class student. They found that the way in which counsellors would assess the student’s suitability for courses. They judged students on the basis of their class and/or race. Where students would have the same grades, they work more likely to label middle class pupils as having college potential and to place them on higher level courses. Rist did a study on an American kindergarten and found that the teachers used information about the children’s home, background and appearance to place them...
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...detailed and theoretical analysis of the nature of feedback, which provides a basis for a discussion of the development of theoretical models for formative assessment and of the prospects for the improvement of practice. Introduction One of the outstanding features of studies of assessment in recent years has been the shift in the focus of attention, towards greater interest in the interactions between assessment and classroom learning and away from concentration on the properties of restricted forms of test which are only weakly linked to the learning experiences of" students. This shift has been coupled with many expressions of hope that improvement in classroom assessment will make a strong contribution to the improvement of learning. So one main purpose of this review is to survey the evidence which might show whether or not such hope is justified. A second purpose is to see whether the theoretical and practical issues associated with assessment for learning can be illuminated by a synthesis of the insights arising amongst the diverse studies that have been reported. The purpose of this Introduction is to clarify some of the key terminology that we use, to discuss some earlier reviews which define the...
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...detailed and theoretical analysis of the nature of feedback, which provides a basis for a discussion of the development of theoretical models for formative assessment and of the prospects for the improvement of practice. Introduction One of the outstanding features of studies of assessment in recent years has been the shift in the focus of attention, towards greater interest in the interactions between assessment and classroom learning and away from concentration on the properties of restricted forms of test which are only weakly linked to the learning experiences of" students. This shift has been coupled with many expressions of hope that improvement in classroom assessment will make a strong contribution to the improvement of learning. So one main purpose of this review is to survey the evidence which might show whether or not such hope is justified. A second purpose is to see whether the theoretical and practical issues associated with assessment for learning can be illuminated by a synthesis of the insights arising amongst the diverse studies that have been reported. The purpose of this Introduction is to clarify some of the key terminology that we use, to discuss some earlier reviews which define the...
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...Project Administrator: Montanut Turnbull; Project Consultant: Deryn Watson All members of the project team are based in the Department of Education and Professional Studies at King’s College London. Acknowledgements The project team wishes to acknowledge the support of Becta (the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency) for initiating and funding this project on behalf of the Department for Education and Skills (DfES), and the ongoing advice, encouragement and support which we have received, in particular from Malcolm Hunt, Head of Evidence and Research, Becta, and from Andrew Jones and Michael Harris, Education Officers, Becta. The team would also like to acknowledge the support and advice received from academic and administrative colleagues at King’s College London and at the University of Leeds. Version 1, January 2004 © Becta 2004 http://www.becta.org.uk page 1 of 58 Becta | A review of the research literature relating to ICT and attainment Contents Executive Summary 1 2 3 4 Introduction Evidence of the effects of ICT on attainment Factors affecting attainment Research methods to measure ICT and attainment 4 4 7 8 Main Report 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 6 6.1 Background Introduction Aims of the study Methodology Literature search procedures Combining existing literature reviews and creating a framework Deciding the criteria for the selection of the literature sources Identifying and prioritising...
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...students’ responses to an educational task. “(Harlen, Gipps, Broadfoot, Nuttal. 1992. P.214) It is a part of everyday life for all teachers; it is an integral part of teaching and learning and is a basis for planning lessons and schemes of work based on national curriculum. The main function of assessment is to support teachers and learners in achieving their objectives and aims; by providing information about the progress of learners and by helping institutions to improve and perform better. Assessment can sometimes be seen as something extra that teachers have to undertake, outside of their daily routines; such as invigilating exams or taking books home to mark after school; although assessment is not just marking and awarding grades. It involves identifying at what stage of learning each pupil or student is at, as well as highlighting any miscomprehensions within their learning. It is then possible for a teacher to fill these voids of knowledge and plan lessons appropriately by tailoring lessons to the academic needs of the learners. Using assessment is vital for any learning facilitator and it therefore underpinned by the governments teaching standards, which also make assessment very necessary. Teaching standard 6 requires that to “Make accurate and productive use of assessment”. (URL 5) Assessment itself is a very broad term and many variations exist with several purposes, each with their own intentions, advantages and disadvantages. Educational assessments can be categorized...
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...INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS This chapter introduces the fundamental elements of qualitative research methods, beginning with a definition of qualitative of research, followed by discussion on the evolution of qualitative research methods and how it is different from quantitative research methods. Also discussed is the importance of ethical considerations when doing qualitative research. Just like all research, qualitative research is a type of research that seeks answers to a question; is systematically conducted and involves the collection of evidence. However, the uniqueness of qualitative research is that you may produce findings that were not determined in advance and also the findings may be applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. It is especially effective if you want to obtain culturally specific information about the subjects involved; i.e. the values, behaviours, and opinions of a particular population. However, the term qualitative research is a general definition that includes many different methods used in understanding and explaining social phenomena. The following are some definitions by prominent scholars in the field: • According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), qualitative research focuses on interpretation of phenomena in their natural settings to make sense in terms of the meanings people bring to these settings. Qualitative research involves collecting...
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...UNIVERSITY OF EDUCation, winneba INFLUENCE OF STUDY HABITS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE GOMOA WEST DISTRICT FELICITY AKPENE AKAGAH 2011 university of education, winneba DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION INFLUENCE OF STUDY HABITS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE GOMOA WEST DISTRICT By FELICITY AKPENE AKAGAH B.Ed. (BASIC EDUCATION) A Thesis in the Department of PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION, Faculty of EDUCATIONAL STUDIES, Submitted to the School of Research and Graduate Studies of the University of Education, Winneba, in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING OCTOBER, 2011 Declaration STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, FELICITY AKPENE AKAGAH, declare that this thesis, with the exception of quotations and references contained in published works which have all been identified and acknowledged, is entirely my own original work, and it has not been submitted, either in part or whole for another degree elsewhere. Candidate’s Signature…………………....... Date………………………… SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION I, hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of this thesis was supervised in accordance with the guidelines and supervision of thesis laid down by the University of Education, Winneba. Supervisor’s Name: Dr. S. Asare-Amoah Signature……………………………… Date………………………….. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My special thanks go to God almighty, the giver of life for His...
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...INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS This chapter introduces the fundamental elements of qualitative research methods, beginning with a definition of qualitative of research, followed by discussion on the evolution of qualitative research methods and how it is different from quantitative research methods. Also discussed is the importance of ethical considerations when doing qualitative research. Just like all research, qualitative research is a type of research that seeks answers to a question; is systematically conducted and involves the collection of evidence. However, the uniqueness of qualitative research is that you may produce findings that were not determined in advance and also the findings may be applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. It is especially effective if you want to obtain culturally specific information about the subjects involved; i.e. the values, behaviours, and opinions of a particular population. However, the term qualitative research is a general definition that includes many different methods used in understanding and explaining social phenomena. The following are some definitions by prominent scholars in the field: • According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), qualitative research focuses on interpretation of phenomena in their natural settings to make sense in terms of the meanings people bring to these settings. Qualitative research involves collecting...
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...Skills Network Research Report No DCSF-RR051 Independent Learning Literature Review Bill Meyer, Naomi Haywood, Darshan Sachdev and Sally Faraday Learning and Skills Network The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. © Learning and Skills Network 2008 ISBN 978 1 84775 239 0 Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Executive summary...............................................................................2 Introduction .........................................................................................10 Policy context ......................................................................................12 Methodology........................................................................................14 Defining independent learning.............................................................15 Key elements of independent learning ................................................21 Models of independent learning ..........................................................25 Skills required for independent learning ..............................................28 How teachers can promote independent learning ...............................32 How schools can promote independent learning.................................39 The impact of independent learning ....................................................42 The role of assessment ............
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