...Ethical Implications of Assisted Reproduction The ethical implications of assisted reproduction are obvious. There is no doubt the process of assisted reproduction has caused more harm than good as massive killing of unwanted fertilized embryos are carried out during the process. Also some of the babies born through this process have some serious physical and genetic deformities that make some of their parents regret having them. Even a doctor once asserted that he did not get into assisted reproduction to help in creating severely damaged babies (Pence 88). This concern expressed by a physician shows how ethically horrendous assisted reproduction could be. Assisted reproduction has been a hotly debated issue in recent times mainly because of its ethical implications. Despite the ethical implications, assisted reproduction also has some moral, social, and religious concerns coupled with some psychological and biological or genetic implications both to the conceived embryos and their mothers. It is not an overstatement to adduce that there are disastrous health implications and consequences associated with assisted reproduction, which more often than not are overlooked by physicians and those desperate for children. There are three main types of assisted reproduction namely – artificial insemination, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), and surrogacy. The ethical concern of these procedures is that they are unnatural method of conception, creating life in the laboratory, and fertilizing...
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...ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO REPRODUCTION Oghenebrume Pela Grand Canyon University: HLT 305 11/22/2014 Assisted reproductive technology otherwise known as fertility treatment uses various methods to achieve pregnancy. According to the CDC, the use of these methods has doubled in the last ten years. There has also been an increase in the number of successes based on the most recently collected data as at 2012. The current percentage of people born through ART (assisted reproductive technology) living in the United States is at 1% which, quite frankly, is a lot of people (Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), 2014). In the case of surrogate parenting, an agreement is reached typically between an infertile couple and a woman who is to carry a baby for this couple. There are two main types which are gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, conception takes place by means of IVF (in vitro fertilization) which would mean that the surrogate mother will have no genetic relationship with the resultant child. In traditional surrogacy, conception will take place either naturally or artificially which would mean that there will be a genetic relationship between the surrogate mother and the pregnancy. Sperm and egg donation as the name implies is a practice in which sperm and eggs or embryos have been donated by a third party to enable the infertile individual or couple to conceive. The donors are usually screened before they can donate and are...
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...Posthumous Reproduction Part III Grand Canyon University Ethical Decision Making in Healthcare NRS-437-0500 Posthumous Reproduction Part III One of the most controversial topics is posthumous reproduction. Posthumous reproduction is the ability to conceive a child utilizing the sperm of a deceased donor (Hans, 2008). This raises numerous moral, ethical, and legal concerns. This paper will discuss the worldview and philosophy on posthumous assisted reproduction (PAR) of four different individuals: a healthcare colleague, hospital administrator, a friend, and a spiritual leader. Those interviewed were presented with the ethical dilemma on whether they agreed with the yellow group’s stance on supporting technology to create life posthumously with consent from the deceased spouse. The Healthcare Colleague The first interview was with a registered nurse, who was not in favor of using technology for posthumous reproduction. However, the nurse suggested that certain situations could change her view. She mentioned that as long as there was a written consent prior to the procedure then she would be in favor of posthumous conception. Evidence of the deceased’s agreement to reproduce posthumously appears to be the most influencing factor in shaping attitudes towards both the appropriateness and morality of PCP (Hans, 2008). During the interview, the registered nurse felt that healthcare professionals should think about the child’s interest in the future. ...
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...I chose procreation as a topic for this paper for a few reasons. First, because of complicity of the issue. Scope of this problem almost unlimited and correlates not only with modern legal and ethical general acceptable principals, but also with core issues of human existence. Second, I do believe, that understanding of origin of procreation and ability to build personal approach in this issue plays significant role for every professional in the Health Care System. Even if in real life situation some of us will never directly participate in solving such problem, still establishing firm personal position on this issue will benefited everyone who involved in running of human services. Third, I think that in the scope of course “Legal and Ethical issues in Health Care”, procreation could be a best example to justify my personal opinion on the social role of ethics and its priority over the social role of legal system. In comparing law and ethics, many people thinking about law as a sphere of clearly identified and easy to recognize points, while sphere of ethical issues for many, more-less limited to the individual stand points in terms of what is good and what is bad. However, it is an ethics established law, not law established ethics. Especially in the procreation dilemma, it turns out ethics plays a big part in all aspects of breeding, in the sense that ethics makes our choices relevant to other people. The decision to have or not to have children has a profound impact on all...
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...Assisted Reproductive and Human Dignity As parents, we already possess high degree of control over the outcome of our children’s lives in the form of environmental choice. I could understand why some parents would be interested in shaping their children even before they are born. I presume they are trying to ensure the best possible lives for them. However, something about designing and modifying children feels un-natural. My initial reaction is that these parents are serving their own desires and looking for personal gain. Truthfully, I don’t think anyone wishes their child is born with a disease. I am however fascinated with all the advancements in reproductive technologies. One hand, it provides hope and a great opportunity to those unable to conceive naturally and also reduce the chances of babies being born with serious disease. But on the other hand, there is the sense of parents playing God. I would say any form or bioengineering or cloning violates the principle of autonomy. By parents choosing their child’s genetic makeup in advance, parents deny them the right to an open future. Then there is the associated risk of multiple gestation pregnancy where they are...
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...In this essay I am going to look at the ethical issues of reproductive medicine (RM), focusing on in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo selection and surrogacy. I will present, discuss and evaluate arguments put forward and echoed by both sides of the dilemma. RM is directed at helping people overcome their medical problems with procreating, i.e. creating new human life. However, as long as some RM techniques produce technically superfluous pre-embryos, RM has to deal with life and death decisions about inchoate human beings that are in a developmental phase about whose moral status hardly anyone has well-grounded intuitions or generalizable beliefs (Human Reproduction Update 1996, Vol. 2, No. 5 pp. 447–456). The ethics of reproductive medicine...
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...Hong Kong Baptist University College of International Education Thought and Writing 2 GECR2102 Section 18 Name: Guo Xiaohua (Steve) Student Number: 12639060 Abortion What is abortion? Abortion means the deliberate of a human pregnancy. For example, a woman has an unplanned pregnancy and she doesn’t want kid, so an abortion is her choice. Abortion is a common matter of debate in Europe and America. There are two different points of view. Life is sacred, abortion must be prohibited. In other side, people regard abortion as women’s rights, they have the choice. We can know that the problem of abortion is “what is the human” from the debate. But in fact, it refers human’s life and social mores. Abortion is not good both in morality and physiology. It is unrealistic to limit people by morality, the legal weapon is necessary. Abortion would make an injury to the mother’s body. It equals to cut a piece of meat from uterine wall. Therefore, the physiological hazard is obvious. First, it may cause natural habitual in future, the probability increase by the number of abortions. Second, bacterial infection is potential. If the medical of instrument disinfection is incomplete, the result would be very serious. The sufferer may lead to infertility. What’s more, abortion not only brings bodily harm but also menticide to the female. Many females will suffer from psychological disorders after aborting. They don’t want anybody else to know for fear of hurting their feelings and...
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...Well this would be my first time to be able to say something about myself. And looking for a picture that best represent me is a bit harder until I came across this picture. Perhaps this picture I believe represents best of me. My heart beats for my family as reflected on the ECG graph. I am all that I am because of my family. Live and breath for my family. Work and play for my family. A family that I thought I would never have. And I believe I have a wonderful story to tell. Well to make it short, after 4 years of marriage with body clock ticking I conceived through artificial insemination and gave birth to a healthy and beautiful baby boy via caesarean section. Looking back to the days we were struggling to get pregnant I believe I had done everything. Literally everything. Gave up my physical therapy practice and even opportunity to work abroad. Done all lab test, took fertility pills and daily injections that all leads to fights with my husband ( mood swings brought bout hormonal pills ) gone to church daily in Baclaran and Quiapo. (I combine science and my faith ) and after our first attempt of insemination it was successful. It was a miracle. A blessing that I got pregnant. And while I was pregnant I lost my mother . I was resentful. I ask for a life and in turn a precious life was taken away from me . I was devastated and broken but my baby in my tummy kept me strong. And so I kept the faith. At age of 36 I had my son. The picture...
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...Honest signalling was termed “ubiquitous” in a recent game theory paper modeling signal evolution [1]. Biological signals are considered honest when they provide useful information to the receiver [2]. More specifically, sexual signals are considered honest when they indicate the potential benefits that a female could receive by mating with an advertising male [3]–[10]. Sexual signals may indicate mating benefits because (1) preferred signals are often costly to produce; (2) only males good at acquiring nutrients or using them efficiently may be able to support the costs of signal production; and (3) males with more nutrients may be of higher fitness or may be able to invest more in providing benefits to females. Males that are able to obtain more nutrients may have greater energy stores, and several studies have found a positive relationship between dietary nutrient availability and sexual signalling [11]–[16]. Given these points, females may benefit from selecting mates that exhibit condition-dependent signals. Here condition is defined as variation in resource acquisition ability [17], which may result from differences in resource availability in the environment and/or individual physiological differences in the ability to assimilate and utilize resources. The cost of producing sexual signals is often dependent on available nutrients, which in turn is subject to life-history trade-offs. Allocating nutrients to sexual signalling must, therefore, be balanced against the nutrients...
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...Where and How, If At All, Should Sex Education Be Conducted What is sex education? Everyone’s definition and concept of sex education is probably different from everyone else’s. An even bigger question is, “where should children learn about sex education?” Some feel that it is the responsibility of the parent to teach their children about the subject. Others feel that it is better learned in school under the guidance of trained teachers who have material such as films, books, and models showing the male and female reproductive organs to help aid them in their teaching. If parents decide to teach sex education at home, where do they begin? Sex into today’s society is different from when they were kids. “Parents need to be totally honest with their child when discussing this issue.” (Schaalma Herman, 2004, 259-269) How do they approach their child and bring up the subject of sex? Once they are engaged in discussion, how to begin talking about topics like masturbation, teen pregnancy, birth control, and STD’s. These subjects could be intimidating for some parents. First, masturbation, what does the child knows about this practice. For many, they see it as something disgusting that old men and perverts do. How do they explain the fact that it is something normal people do for self-stimulation? .” It is more common in young men than in girls. From around puberty, the male start to experience erections in the middle of the night and he naturally massages it to...
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...The Difference between Natural Selection and Sexual Selection There are debates raging on whether to regard natural selection and sexual selection separately. On one hand is the argument that the two are mutual and in particular, that sexual selection is a part of the natural selection. On the other hand is the contention that the two are exclusive of each other because the manner in with each selection progresses (Andersson & Simmons, 2006); (Kokko, Jennions & Brooks, 2006). For instance, natural selection is not selective in the sense of deliberation. Natural selection is eliminative, where organisms that do not meet the reductive nature of their environments cease existing. The elimination has no ordered sequence because it not definitive which organisms are up for elimination. Additionally, mate choice occurs in both males and females, although females appear to exercise this choice more than males (Rundle, Chenoweth & Blows, 2006). Alternately, sexual selection is deliberative because it involves organisms exercising elements of premeditation and choice, elements absent in natural selection. There are several characteristics that make up an organism that predispose some organisms do perform better compared to others in environments exigent for their existence. However, determining the interaction of these challenges with their environment is not straightforward. To illustrate, showing how mating preferences evolve genetically is challenging and compounded by the fact that...
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...Jeremy A. Belvin-Reed 6-27-2012 Human Cloning: Unproven, Unsafe Human Cloning is the most controversial subject in biotechnology today. It can be defined as the act of creating a new individual (reproductive) or organism (therapeutic) from the single cell of a parent subject. In reproductive cloning (human cloning) a parent subject is expected to act as a surrogate mother. Making the clone involves using the parent’s empty egg (nucleus and genetic code removed) combined with the nucleus of their own skin cells to create 1 embryo which is now a copy of them. Each time a procedure is formed a life hangs in the balance. This life is treated as property to be experimented on, without consent. People are being sold fantasies with ideas such as clones replacing us and another you. Whether you know it or not, resources for these procedures are costly to you. And so far, non-one is being held responsible. Fobes.com reports that “even if a mere 100 eggs were taken from ten donors, the cost of simply paying the donors could easily reach $50.000.” In hindsight, you are actually paying, out of your tax dollars, $1000 an egg. 12-14 of these eggs are transplanted into one surrogate. If you have 3 patients, the cost of the procedure skyrockets to $42,000 more of your tax dollars.“That means costs to treat one patient (human) could conceivably...
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...Caleb Rosenberger BIS/220 Information Technology Acts Paper Bruce Yates 04/02/2013 Information Technology Acts In today’s society we rely on technology more than ever. As the world keeps growing, more innovative ideas for technological advances are created. In the United States as the technology further grows we put different acts in place to kind of control that technology. Two acts that are interesting in technology today are the No Electronic Theft Act (1997) and the Children’s Internet Protection Act (1988). The NET Act is in place to stop the reproduction, sharing, or distributing of copyrighted movies, songs, or even software programs. Before this Act was in place, people would still make money off reproducing original copyrights and sale them for more money than there worth. Not all people were in this for a gain but more rather wanted a free movie or song. Today when you watch movies, most of the time you will see the screen that says the result that will happen when you reproduce this movie. If people actually try and make profit for reproducing or distributing it can lead up to three years in prison and a 250,000 dollar fine. The first films that were available online were shot from cam recorders and were not the actual copy right. Just a little stat was between 2000 and 2003 when the sales in the music industry dropped 31 percent (In House of Representatives, June 2004); this was due to a lot of people downloading music for free on the internet. The CIPA...
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...1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History PRINT ER-FRIENDLY PAGE: T his page contains the com plete tex t of this Sim UT ex t chapter. Y ou can use y our browser's print function to print a copy . Life History This chapter explores life cycles, life histories and life tables, and explores the trade-offs that different species make in their reproductive strategy. file:///C:/Users/Hossein/SimUText/labs/LifeHistory_20700/instructions/print_chapter.html 1/156 1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History Contents Se ction 1 : Life Cycle s a nd Life Historie s Chapter Credits This Sim UText chapter was dev eloped by a team including: Lead Author: Simon Bird Authors: W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir Reviewer: Susan Maruca Graphics: Brad Beesley, Jennifer Wallner Simulations: Susan Maruca Programming: Derek Stal, Steve Allison-Bunnell, Jen Jacaruso Outside Reviewer: James Danoff-Burg (Columbia University) Thanks to all the students and instructors who helped test prototy pes of this chapter. For m ore inform ation, please v isit www.sim bio.com . Suggested citation: Sim on Bird, Susan Maruca, W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir. 2 009 . Life History . In Sim UText Ecology . Sim bio.com . Sim UText is a registered tradem ark of Sim Biotic Software for Teaching and Research, Inc. © 2 009 -2 01 2 Sim Bio. All Rights Reserv ed. This and other Sim bio Interactiv e Chapters® are accessible through the Sim UText Sy stem ®. ...
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...Sex | Age | Course | WPA | R.A | 1. Female | 17 | BA | 75 | Non-C | 2. Male | 17 | HRM | 82 | Non-C | 3. Female | 18 | HRM | 80 | C | 4. Male | 20 | BA | 78 | C | 5. Female | 19 | BA | 90 | Non-C | 6. Male | 19 | PSYCH | 81 | Non-C | 7. Male | 17 | BA | 84 | C | 8. Female | 18 | PSYCH | 76 | C | 9. Male | 16 | BA | 92 | C | 10. Male | 16 | BA | 91 | Non-C | 11. Male | 18 | BA | 85 | C | 12. Female | 18 | HRM | 85 | C | 13. Male | 16 | BA | 92 | C | 14. Male | 16 | HRM | 83 | C | 15. Male | 16 | IT | 82 | C | 16. Female | 19 | IT | 77 | C | 17. Female | 18 | HRM | 85 | C | 18. Male | 16 | HRM | 83 | C | 19. Female | 18 | NURSING | 76 | Non-C | 20. Female | 18 | BA | 82 | C | 21. Female | 18 | BA | 80 | Non-C | 22. Male | 16 | HRM | 92 | C | 23. Male | 20 | BA | 78 | C | 24. Male | 16 | BURSING | 83 | Non-C | 25. Female | 16 | PSYCH | 88 | C | 26. Female | 19 | PSYCH | 92 | C | 27. Female | 18 | PSYCH | 80 | Non-C | 28. Female | 17 | BA | 89 | C | 29. Male | 20 | HRM | 87 | C | 30. Male | 20 | IT | 87 | Non-C | TABLE 1.0 Survey Profile of Respondents in Brokenshire College 1st Yr. and 2nd Yr. Students A. Survey Profile 1. Sex- Male or Female 2. Age 3. Course- B.A. (Business Administration), HRM (Hotel and Restaurant Management), I.T. (Information Technology), PSYCH (Psychology) and NURSING. 4. WPA (Weighted Percentage Average) 5. Religious Affiliation- C (Catholic) and Non-C (Non-Catholic). B. We get our sample...
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