...Expert Committee Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies CRAF Expert Committee Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies What is the Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies? Established in 1988, the Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF) represents all the major radio astronomical observatories in Europe. Its mission is to coordinate the protection of the frequency bands used by radio astronomers in Europe to keep them free from interference. This task will remain indispensable for astronomical science in the foreseeable future. The committee’s pursuit of this goal is becoming increasingly difficult because of the steady increase in global use of the electromagnetic spectrum for both terrestrial and space-borne communications such as mobile telephones. CRAF is working to address this issue by coordinating a common policy on spectrum protection for the European research communities in radio astronomy, passive remote sensing and related sciences; representing this policy and these communities in interactions with the relevant national and supranational entities at the European and international level; and initiating and encouraging scientific studies aimed at reducing interference and the effects of interference at source. At the European level, the committee plays a key role in defining, coordinating and articulating the frequency needs of the radio astronomy community. CRAF is an Expert Committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF). The ESF is an independent...
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...be penalized 20% per calendar day. Learning Goals 1. To explore an issue in astronomy which is of interest to you personally. 2. To explore a significant discovery or controversy in the history of astronomy. 3. To develop your confidence in your ability to communicate scientific concepts clearly, in non-technical language. Project Description There are two possible project topics and three possible formats. The possible topics are: 1. Important Observation: Identify and explain a candidate for the most important astronomical observation made prior to the year 2000. 2. Controversy: Identify a significant scientific controversy from either the past or the present of astronomy, explain why it was a controversy, and how it was resolved (if it has been). The possible formats for the project are: 1. Podcast-style audio clip 2. Poster 3. Video You will need to choose one topic to research and one format in which to present your results. Project Topics Your project topic must be directly related to AST 201. There are many topics in astronomy that are not directly related to this course. AST 201 focuses on stars, galaxies, black holes, and the universe as a whole. Thus, topics related mainly to planets, exoplanets, and solar system objects (such as moons, asteroids, and comets) would be considered ineligible for this project. Topic 1: Important Observation Astronomical discoveries have...
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...Spectroscopy Examples of Spectroscopy in Astronomy Probing the Formation of Stars in Colliding Galaxies in the universe. Uncovering the mystery of quasar Spectroscopy in Astronomy camp Stars like our own Sun Bibliography 1. Introduction Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the study of matter and its properties by investigating light, sound, or particles that are emitted, absorbed or scattered by the matter under investigation. Spectroscopy may also be defined as the study of the interaction between light and matter. Historically, spectroscopy referred to a branch of science in which visible light was used for theoretical studies on the structure of matter and for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Recently, however, the definition has broadened as new techniques have been developed that utilize not only visible light, but many other forms of electromagnetic and non-electromagnetic radiation: microwaves, radiowaves, x-rays, electrons, phonons (sound waves) and others. Impedance spectroscopy is a study of frequency response in alternating current. Spectroscopy is often used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification of substances through the spectrum emitted from them or absorbed in them. A device for recording a spectrum is a spectrometer. Spectroscopy can be classified according to the physical quantity which is measured or calculated or the measurement process. Spectroscopy is also heavily used in astronomy and remote sensing. Most large telescopes...
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...thinking. They would exchange ideas about science, mathematics , medicine, astronomy and philosophy. It was important because, they produced many things out of the ideas in science, mathematics , medicine, astronomy and philosophy. 3. In the Roman Republic there were two classes, the patricians and the plebeians. The patricians were wealthy landowner who controlled the government while the plebeians were common people. 4. The Romans...
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...Forensicscience 1)Introduction; Crime today is at an extreme high. However, forensic science has been there to help solve every crime committed Forensic science is the scientific method of gathering and examining information about the past. The word forensic comes from the Latin forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum. The word forensic basically means the key to solve a crime.This is the technology used to help forensic teams to analyze and solve crimes.- This is especially important in law enforcement where forensics is done in relation to criminal or civil law,[1] but forensics are also carried out in other fields, such as astronomy, archaeology, biology and geology to investigate ancient times. Forensic Science is used to Identify Criminals Rape, murder, theft, and other crimes almost always leave a devastating mark on the victim. . In modern forensic science, the crime laboratories include photography section, Evidence storage section, identification section, chemistry section, General examination section, Fire arms section, instrument section and crime scene search section. 2)Origins of forensic science: In 16th-century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on the cause and manner of death. Ambroise Paré, a French army surgeon, systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs.[9][10] Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia...
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...MATHEMATICS has played a significant role in the development of Indian culture for millennia. Mathematical ideas that originated in the Indian subcontinent have had a profound impact on the world. Swami Vivekananda said: ‘you know how many sciences had their origin in India. Mathematics began there. You are even today counting 1, 2, 3, etc. to zero, after Sanskrit figures, and you all know that algebra also originated in India.’ It is also a fitting time to review the contributions of Indian mathematicians from ancient times to the present, as in 2010, India will be hosting the International Congress of Mathematicians. This quadrennial meeting brings together mathematicians from around the world to discuss the most significant developments in the subject over the past four years and to get a sense of where the subject is heading in the next four. The idea of holding such a congress at regular intervals actually started at The Columbian Exhibition in Chicago in 1893. This exhibition had sessions to highlight the advancement of knowledge in different fields. One of these was a session on mathematics. Another, perhaps more familiar to readers of Prabuddha Bharata, was the famous Parliament of Religions in which Swami Vivekananda first made his public appearance in the West. Following the Chicago meeting, the first International Congress of Mathematicians took place in Zurich in 1897. It was at the next meeting at Paris in 1900 that Hilbert...
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...Section ASTR101-0AM Overview ? Become familiar with the scale of the planets vs. their distances. ? Get an overview of the solar system. ? 50 points are possible Introduction It is easy to flip to the index of an astronomy textbook to discover that, say, the Sun lies 150 million kilometers away from Earth. It is far more difficult (if not impossible), however, to picture this distance in our mind. In this exercise, we will learn to access the often unpalatable distances encountered in astronomy by simply scaling the huge distances to more recognizable, familiar numbers. So long as every distance within the system of interest is scaled by the same factor, we retain the meaningful information about relative distances between objects. This is exactly the same principle employed by map makers, so that they can fit Texas, onto a book page. General Overview Questions: A. The definition of a planet was changed in 2006. Using your textbook and the webpage resource listed below in number 1: Discuss what the characteristics of a planet are and how this new criteria declassified Pluto. B. How do the sizes of the terrestrial planets compare to the gas giants? C. How do the sizes of all the planets compare to the Sun? Approximatley how many Earths would be required to fill the Sun? D. If the Sun were the size of a basketball: What would the comparative sizes of Earth and Jupiter be similar to? (Identify what common, round objects would be similar to Earth...
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... (1707 - 1783) Today, Euler is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. His interests covered almost all aspects of mathematics, from geometry to calculus to trigonometry to algebra to number theory, as well as optics, astronomy, cartography, mechanics, weights and measures and even the theory of music. There are many different methods that can be used to approximate solutions to a differential equation and in fact whole classes can be taught just dealing with the various methods. We are going to look at one of the oldest and easiest to use here. This method was originally devised by Euler and is called, oddly enough, Euler’s Method. General first order IVP; Where f(t,y) is a known function and the values in the initial condition are also known numbers. From the second theorem in the Intervals of Validity (IVP) section we know that if f and fy are continuous functions then there is a unique solution to the IVP in some interval surrounding. Modifications and extensions A simple modification of the Euler method which eliminates the stability problems noted in the previous section is the backward Euler method: yn+1= yn+ h ftn+1, yn+1. This differs from the...
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...Hubble now there is a fourth class but that is galaxies that are more of misshapen and disformed almost to the point of being unrecognize able. Now a days the Hubble Sequence is most commonly used to determien the name and classification of galaxies in a professional astronomical research and in amateur astronomy. Edwin Huble is a smart man and an amazing astronomer but he wasnt always like that, duringh is youth years he was a phenomenal athlete. In his youth he played many sports such as football and basketball but he strayed from that path in search of his passion. In school he studied astronomy and wanted to become greater! Edwin Hubble eanred his bachelors degree at the Universaty of chicago and later won a Rhodes Scholarship and eanred a law degree in then Univerity of Oxford. He Taught high school for about a year in indana and then returned, serving in both world wars aside from his career. His hometown was Masrhfield Missouri but spent his life in Virginia. Through out his life he earned many awards starting with the NewComb cleveland prize in 1924. The NewComb Cleveland Prize was given to hubble for his outstanding scientific paper published in the Research or reports sections of science. The next award he won was the Bruce Medal in 1938. The Bruce medal was awarded to him for his Astronomical Society of the Pacific for outstanding lifetime contributions. The next award he was given is the Franklin Medal in 1939, this is a science medal that was presented from 1915 through...
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...1)Introduction; Crime today is at an extreme high. However, forensic science has been there to help solve every crime committed Forensic science is the scientific method of gathering and examining information about the past. The word forensic comes from the Latin forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum. The word forensic basically means the key to solve a crime.This is the technology used to help forensic teams to analyze and solve crimes.- This is especially important in law enforcement where forensics is done in relation to criminal or civil law,[1] but forensics are also carried out in other fields, such as astronomy, archaeology, biology and geology to investigate ancient times. Forensic Science is used to Identify Criminals Rape, murder, theft, and other crimes almost always leave a devastating mark on the victim. . In modern forensic science, the crime laboratories include photography section, Evidence storage section, identification section, chemistry section, General examination section, Fire arms section, instrument section and crime scene search section. 2)Origins of forensic science: In 16th-century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on the cause and manner of death. Ambroise Paré, a French army surgeon, systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs.[9][10] Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundation...
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...Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Define operating system. 2. Define enhancements. 3. Explain the function and purpose of OS version numbers. 4. List some of the types of system configurations. 5. Explain the need and procedure for booting the system. 6. Explain the function of disk files. 7. Explain the function of and rules for file specifications. 8. List and explain the importance of the two types of computer files. 9. Describe the function and purpose of commands. 10. Compare and contrast internal and external commands. 11. Explain the function and purpose of the DIR, VER, and CLS commands. 12. Explain the purpose of and the procedure for using the DATE and TIME commands. 13. Explain the legal and ethical ramifications of copying disks that were not purchased. 14. Explain the purpose and function of the DISKCOPY command. 15. Explain the necessary steps to end a work session. Student Outcomes 1. Identify your system configuration. 2. Boot the system. 3. Use the DIR command to display the files on the screen. 4. Use the VER command to determine which version of Windows is being used. 5. Use the CLS command to clear the screen. 6. Use the DATE and TIME commands to set or change the date and time on the computer. 7. Make a copy of a disk. 8. End a computer work session. Chapter Overview Most people who use computers are really interested in application software. They want programs that are easy to use and that help them solve specific...
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...games quite seriously. Nearly all the ancient Greek cities sent teams to participate in the ancient Greek Olympics. If two or more Greek city-states happen to be at war with each other when the game date arrived, war was halted for the duration of the games. Everyone wanted their city-state to win! Sciences Greece has importantly influenced the Western science in many ways. The Ancient Greeks especially contributed many things to the scientific world, from medicine to astronomy. The most famous ancient Greek scientists and their work are briefly described below. Thales of Miletus (640-610 to ca 548-545 BC) had travelled widely in quest of knowledge, visiting Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Ηe brought Phoenician navigational techniques into Miletus. Thales is also said to have tried to revise the calendar. He also brought Babylonian mathematical knowledge to Greece and used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He studied astronomy in Babylonia, and after his return to Miletus gained great fame by predicting an eclipse of the sun (28.5.585 BC, Julian Calendar or 22.5.584 BC Gregorian Calendar Famous Eclipse). He was first noted as...
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...market that awaits after graduation. Most Ph.D. candidates are willing to dedicate themselves to intensive research and study because they enjoy the subject matter. Winter 2002-03 Statistics also show other, more tangible payoffs for Ph.D. recipients when they enter the labor force. Unemployment rates are consistently lower and earnings are significantly higher for people with a Ph.D. degree than they are for people with lower levels of educational attainment. As chart 1 shows, doctoral degree holders in 2001 had an unemployment rate of slightly more than 1 percent and median annual earnings of $66,000—considerably Elka Jones is an economist in the Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, BLS, (202) 691-5719. Chart 1 better than the 3.7-percent unemployment rate and $30,300 median earnings of the population aged 25 and older. This article explores some challenges that Ph.D. candidates face, from earning the degree to seeking employment. The first section briefly describes what a Ph.D. degree is and what it entails...
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...objects using such an instrument is calledmicroscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes. The most common (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are theelectron microscope (both the transmission electron microscopeand the scanning electron microscope), the ultramicroscope, and the various types of scanning probe microscope. The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. Evidence points to the first compound microscope appearing in the Netherlands in the late 1500s, probably an invention of eyeglassmakers there:[1] Hans Lippershey (who developed an early telescope) and Zacharias Janssen (also claimed as the inventor of the telescope). There are other claims that the microscope and the telescope were invented by Roger Bacon in the 1200s,[2] but this is not substantiated. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope forGalileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625 [3] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye"). 2nd Century BC - Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appearing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the angles to within half a degree. 1st Century - Romans were experimenting with glass and found objects appeared larger when viewed through this new material. 1590 - Two Dutch spectacle makers, Zacharias Jansen and...
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...Wednesday 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm or by arrangement Welcome to Earth Science – the study of the world around you. Our topics will include Astronomy (study of outer space), Geology (study of rocks, earthquakes, volcanoes and plate tectonics), Meteorology (study of the atmosphere, climate and climate change), and Oceanography (study of the oceans and water systems). This course will use hands-on experimentation, activities, and direct instruction. You will be enabled to learn the ‘how’ and ‘why’, not just the ‘what’ of science. I will show how Earth Science is relevant in your everyday life; you must provide the willingness to learn. MATERIALS Textbook: Bring to class everyday: Optional but useful: Earth Science, published by Holt (Please keep your textbook at home.) Composition Book and Science Binder/folder with paper - see below Pencil and/or Pen (dark blue or black ink only) Calculator, colored pens and/or pencils, scissors, ruler RULES AND EXPECTATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Arrive prepared to learn (mentally ready and equipped with the correct materials) Never prevent others from learning (inappropriate behavior or talking) Always follow safety rules during lab (prevent injures) Do not take or damage any classroom equipment Participate in class discussions, activities and complete all assignments BEHAVIOR STEPS AND CONSEQUENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. First offence: student-teacher conference Second offence: student-teacher conference and parent-teacher conference Third offence:...
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