...1 Software Cost Estimation Hareton Leung Zhang Fan Department of Computing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University {cshleung, csfzhang}@comp.polyu.edu.hk Abstract Software cost estimation is the process of predicting the effort required to develop a software system. Many estimation models have been proposed over the last 30 years. This paper provides a general overview of software cost estimation methods including the recent advances in the field. As a number of these models rely on a software size estimate as input, we first provide an overview of common size metrics. We then highlight the cost estimation models that have been proposed and used successfully. Models may be classified into 2 major categories: algorithmic and non-algorithmic. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. A key factor in selecting a cost estimation model is the accuracy of its estimates. Unfortunately, despite the large body of experience with estimation models, the accuracy of these models is not satisfactory. The paper includes comment on the performance of the estimation models and description of several newer approaches to cost estimation. Keywords: project estimation, effort estimation, cost models. 1. Introduction In recent years, software has become the most expensive component of computer system projects. The bulk of the cost of software development is due to the human effort, and most cost estimation methods focus on this aspect and give estimates in terms of person-months...
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...The 15-minute Daily Huddle The 15-minute daily huddle can improve how the day develops. The daily huddle consists of a 15-minute or less meeting where each one of the participants exposes and shares with the team their main tasks of the day. In this sense, it is very important that each participant has a clear view of the most important topic of the day. You only choose one task and it is essential that such task is completed. In this way, each team member shares and chooses the main task to perform during the day and the task is recorded on a whiteboard. The role of the whiteboard is important because there you will write down in detail the task of each participant to track the effectiveness of the week. During the daily huddle, not only each member describes their main task of the day, but it is also the time to briefly share good or bad news. This...
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...The beginning of the industry The national demand of the public needing and wanting to be informed of local news stories, made William Caxton to set up the first English printing in Westminster in 1476. Oxford Gazette, printed in 1665 became The London Gazette in 1666 11 March 1702 - First daily newspaper named The Daily Courant The Times - first significant national newspaper (founded in1785 as Daily Universal Register) History development of the industry Time 17th 18th 19th 20th 21th What happened? • Pamphlets • First daily • The “golden • Newspapers • Decline of newspapers age” of have the industry newspapers emerged all over the country • News sheets • Sunday papers • First Ads • The format of papers changed • Decline of the industry • Online newspapers become more popular • Posters What the future may hold? Source Data: provided ABC What the future may hold? • It is estimated that newspaper market declined in 2007-2008 with 21% (Source OECD, 2010) What the future may hold? It is apparent that newspapers will no longer be in the format we are all used to seeing, as a hard copy; Hard copies will be replaced by online versions as a way for the industry to cope with the new technologies. What are the opportunities for a mediumsized player? Time spend on newspaper reading in the UK(2008) No time at all 32,3% Less than 0,5 hour 23,0% 0,5 hour to 1 hour 26,3 % More than 1 hour 18,3% Source:...
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...interests, which lie with China and Asia, and traditional ties with the America. General Peter Leahy warns of US-China collision FORMER Australian army chief Peter Leahy has urged Australia to tread warily in expanding its military ties with the US to ensure they do not "lead to increased tension and even conflict" with China. [pic] the Australian, 12 April, 2012 Warning against becoming "caught" between the US as its security guarantor and China as its economic underwriter, Professor Leahy has welcomed Australia's decision to play host to US marines, but noted that "too much of a good thing" could put unnecessary pressure on China. His comments, in an opinion piece in today's edition of The Australian, came as the China Daily state-owned newspaper hit out at Australia's expanding links with the US, warning they could spark a collapse of trust and endanger Sino-Australian economic ties. In a strongly worded editorial, the newspaper yesterday also warned that the Gillard government's decision last month to ban Chinese communications giant Huawei from bidding for work in the $36 billion National Broadband Network had created the perception in Beijing that Australia wanted to obstruct Chinese companies. But, as US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton insisted her nation wanted close and peaceful relations with Beijing, Julia Gillard rejected the Chinese newspaper's suggestion that Australian foreign policy was aimed at containing China. "Australia's clear and...
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...way to become more involved with our course material. Similarly in professional career almost all jobs expect writing. We frequently list writing as one of the most important skills in job candidates. We will be expected to hire only if we can write and speak clearly and effectively, think critically, solve problem efficiently, work well in terms, and use technology thoughtfully. In personal life, we expect writing is most important of all. We write to the people who are significant to us-whether on paper or in cyberspace-to accomplish life’s daily tasks and to fulfill our needs. As for an academic paper writing is generally concerned with grades. So in order to get good grades writing should be impressive to examiner, writing should include topics describing its parts, its advantages and disadvantages in 21st century and also summary with excellent conclusion points. So generally we expect good writing for good grades and to improve writing for further more academic papers to get good grades which ultimately helps to set our goals in our future. There are a lot of challenges when writing for others (e.g., instructors, supervisors, future employers, etc.), we will need to draw on the...
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...expect some (most or all) of us will feel strongly about certain issues, we need to treat each other respect even if we disagree. Be careful with the words you choose and your delivery. We don’t have to agree but we do have to treat each other with respect. Objectives * Students will be familiar with writing for different audiences. Part of the UHWO GLOs (General Learning Outcomes) requires students to effectively communicate information for an intended audience. The UHWO catalogue explains that part of being able to effectively communicate information will necessitate utilizing different type of information literacy. * We will become familiar with using primary and secondary texts in our research papers. This course will ready students for their future term papers as they continue their journey at UHWO. * Students will learn the...
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...just a matter of second. Hypothesis Our hypothesis is, , one of the reasons of flashfloods and landslide is “cutting of trees” some people cut trees to make it charcoal. Many of them use it and some of them sell it to make money. They don’t care for its consequences. They only think for themselves. So they dont know what to do when flashfloods and landslides comes. Experiment Our experiment is all about “ artificial charcoal “ instead of cutting trees we can use this as substitute, so that we don’t need to cut trees . By doing this we also avoid from loitering of papers. Materials: -Used paper (ex. Cartons , yellow pad , bond paper , long pad ,journals etc) -water -Pail or basin -screen Procedures: 1) Put some water on the basin ( depends on how many papers you want) 2) Put all your used papers on the basin together with the water 3) Tear the paper until it becomes soft and fine 4) Use the screen to drain it 5) Mold according to your desire size 6) Place it under the sunlight and wait until it dries Collect Data After we finish our experiment, we collect some data .We ask our neighbors if they use charcoal. Here are some people we have interviewed : Arlene Diaz * Yes, we use charcoal to cook our foods . Bebeng Delacruz * Yes we use it and sell it and we think all those charcoal came from cutting of trees. Angelica Concepcion * Yes we use charcoal for...
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...Decision Making Process Jeffrey Wentland MGT230 March 5th, 2013 Decision Making Process Decisions are a daily thing in life. After receiving this assignment and using a decision making process was a big decision. Trying to decide on how to write this paper required me to go through steps of the process. The steps used were very much similar to the one six step process in the textbook. The decision made would not have been any different because of the steps used were the same. Using the six step decision making process can be used in any situation of life. Steps Used in Decision Thinking about steps used in writing the paper for this assignment was first identifying the problem. The problem was how to write the paper by APA standards with the University of Phoenix. APA standards that were taught was 3rd person, so with this assignment and the questions asked directly to the student on a personal life decision being made brought into my mind what about first person. According Bateman and Snell (2011), the problem is recognizing it exists. The second step used in writing this paper was to generate alternatives solutions, by asking should I write in first or third person, knowing the University standards I tried to write one in the third person and this paper in first person. After conversation with another classmate I was still exploring alternatives. There were many solutions going through my head. These alternatives were all based on past experiences. As...
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...basics right. 2. START WITH YOUR BEST “First impression is the last impression” and the same is true for your SSC answer paper also. If the examiner gets a good first impression of you, it can only work in your favour. Therefore, the first answer that you write, take extra precaution to make sure there are no careless mistakes, cancellations or any turn-offs that will create a bad impression. Also, attempting questions in order is preferable but not necessary. You can start with the answer that you know best if you are not so confident. 3. LEVERAGE THE EXAMINER’S INERTIA The examiner is only human and if he/she feels that you know your subject matter perfectly, then he/she may automatically tend to overlook some minor mistakes you make later in the paper. Thus many top ranking SSC students choose to answer the questions they are most confident about first. If the examiner is ticking your earlier questions, chances are he will keep ticking. You don’t want the examiner to keep crossing your answers. Thus write your best answers first and your not so perfect answers last. This can be a useful strategy especially for your subjective SSC papers such as English, Hindi, Marathi and History-Civics. 4. PRESENT YOUR PAPER WELL Examiners cannot deduct marks if a student has not underlined important terms and not written neatly. However if you present your paper well, it makes it...
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...report to ma or any other customer service manager when the task is completed, so that they can start on another task….2 hours Task: Assign three to four cart pushers a day rotating specific tasks and duties so that there is enough coverage during that day…..3 hours Task: Develop a plan to come up and assign recycling bins and putting trash in the trash cans, to recycle goods found outside in the parking lot, and throw away trash……2 hours Task: Make sure corrals/bins always full of carts or half full with reserves….2hours Total Hours for Objective Two: 11 hours Objective 3: Develop a method of filing and designing a system to keep important information and papered at the customer service desk to reduce time spent finding important papers and...
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...Environment - how can you help to protect it? Environment is an important part of human life and a healthy environment is a must for human existence. Therefore, it is crucial that we take care of our surroundings and help nature maintain ecological balance so that we could hand over to the coming generations the environment as we found it, if not any better. Our planet is changing. There are a lot of things that affect our planet in a bad way but the good news is that everyone can help to reduce them and do their bit for the environment. While exploring six important topics that affect our community : Electricity (Energy), Pollution, Food, Water, Rubbish, Rainforest, I'll present the damage and a list of ways that we can all contribute to help our planet get better. 1. Electricity Energy is everywhere. We use energy to move the mouse for a computer, to jump and shout and walk and run. It takes energy to power a light bulb, and the light that the bulb gives off is also a form of energy. Other forms of energy include heat, chemical energy, gravitational energy and nuclear power. Electricity is a form of energy and this is what powers the TV, the kettle, dishwasher, hairdryer, toaster, remote control, mobile phone, fridge, stereo, electric toothbrush, and more. Our growing need for energy is one of the problems facing the world today, because producing electricity also produces our next topic - pollution. How to help? When you’re using electricity think about where it comes from...
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...During the early civilization of Rome, Romans became very efficient using many tools to aid daily tasks. Paper was very expensive during this time. The making of paper came from papyrus reeds or parchment. Papyrus, from which the word paper is derived, was made by weaving reeds to form a sheet and then beating the sheet down to a flat surface. Parchment is created from the very thin layers taken from skins of animals. Papyrus and parchment were both used to record important documents and some books however not many people in Rome could afford an abundant amount of paper. Wax tablets were then created as a more efficient and cheaper alternate for making lists, leaving instructions, and education of boys. They were made with two rectangular...
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...Section 6: Food and Necessities 3,703.5 Weekly food and necessity price: about $66.86 Includes: Water, bread, fruits and vegetables, meats, eggs, cheese, etc. toothpastes, toilet paper, hair and body products, etc. Monthly price: around $396 Section 7: Dining out Bern's Steak House | Total price for 1 visit a month: $65 | Daily Eats-breakfast restaurant | Total price for 4 visits a month: $40 | Eddie and Sam’s Pizza | Total Price for 5 visits a month: $46 | Aguila Sandwich Shop | Total price for 8 visits a month: $30 | Total Price for one month: $181 Section 8: Transportation I already own a car it is a Honda CRV 2005 Monthly cost of gas: $80.00 Maintenance: $100.00 Insurance: $150.00 Total cost: $330.00 Section 9: College Loan Payment Monthly payment is around $300.00 Section 10: Utilities Monthly: Basic (heating, electric, water, garbage): average $150.30 Internet: $47.20 Total cost: $197.50 Section 11: Miscellaneous Purchases Casual and work clothing | Jeans: $39.00T shirts: $20.00Jackets: $40.00Work clothing: as a nurse I wear scrubs so work clothing doesn’t have to be bought | Personal Care: | Haircut: $30.00Nails: $20.00 | Health Insurance: | Health insurance is included with my job | Medicines: | Over the counter: $45.00Prescription: $30.00 | Total cost: $224.00 Section 12: Entertainment Movies: $10.00 a ticket – 3 movies a month= $30.00 Jet ski and boat lessons: $125.00 Scuba diving:...
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...Executive Summary A new idea has been developed to create a new product. The name of the proposed product is Multipurpose Paper shredder. This product is an upgrade version of paper shredder which is used in the offices for shredding purposes. This ‘Multipurpose’ Paper has upgraded into double functions such as shredding and briquetting.. The main target market of this product is adults.. One of the objectives of using Multipurpose Paper is to encourage Malaysian Citizens to work in the safe and convenience environment and to use at home and office. Problem Statements, idea generation, product concept description, idea evaluation are made to defining problems in specific ways and how to develop idea to generate a new product. The idea evaluation also helps to maximize the supporting factors and minimize the restricting factors (scribd, 2014). Part 1 A. Problem Statement In today’s office, a lot of sensitive information handling daily from one hand to another hand.. One of the problems that will be faced by the employee is their fingers will be shredded together with the paper in the shredding machine. Cleanliness and maintenance are also an issue because they found difficulties to clean after the shredding process. Another constraint which faced by the employees is maintenance. The employees should send to the authorized technical center to repair this shredder machine. The negative impact is, employees work will be delayed and the secret data will be stole by unauthorized...
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... Pace University Reflective Essay My experience in this English class has been an extremely taxing and knowledgeable experience. As far as taxing, it’s been hard to balance writing papers, reading, personal life, and handling my day to day professional job. Although it’s been a bit taxing, it’s been a pleasure to learn so much in this class. As far as knowledgeable, I was able to have a better understanding and structure of the writing process. I have learned so many things that will give me the necessary disciplines to excel in my daily life from this class. This class showed me structure in my writing. I learned how to properly write a thesis statement and for my concluding thoughts to back up this statement. I use this entire process when I want to prove a point to someone. Another thing that I learned is that my constant text messaging has caused me to become lazy when I type. When you text you don’t fully write out the word or your phone automatically corrects a word. Now when I text I write out the word fully and when I spell a word wrong I look it up and don’t use auto correct. I also learned in this class when you are typing a paper you have to write can not and not can’t. I also learned a lot from the papers that we had to read in this class. In the Objectionable Language paper, we learned how people now a days or desensitized to cursing. In How Does the Brain Learn Best, we learn how sometimes we need to not do anything like get some sleep to actually learn something...
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