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Australia Economy

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n EFiscal policies can stabilize Australia’s economy by Leena Palekar The role of a government is to stabilize economy, or smooth out business cycles, as economic activity in a market economy tends to fluctuate considerably. Economic policy tools that are capable of influencing spending decisions of millions of buyers are government spending and taxes (fiscal policy), and interest rates and money supply (monetary policy). The following analysis shows how the Australian economy has used fiscal policies to smooth out economic fluctuations and reduce its impact on consumers. Fiscal policy uses changes in government spending and/or reduces taxes to influence the level of aggregate demand to impact the general direction of the economy. Governments use infrastructure projects for this purpose, which involve building or repairing roads, bridges, parks and public buildings during recessions especially when the construction industry is particularly depressed. In addition, government spending on transfer payments to people under the Employment Insurance and Welfare programs increase during a recession and thereby provides more support to the level of Aggregate Demand.

(Source: http://myweb.liu.edu) The Rudd government took decisive action to counter the economic imbalance caused by the 2008-­‐2009 global financial crisis that crippled the economies of its trading partners Japan, the United States and others. In October 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced a comprehensive $42 billion Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan to support Australian jobs and businesses that invested in the nations vital infrastructure. It also rolled out tax breaks for small businesses on capital expenditure items. If a small business purchased eligible assets costing $1,000 or more between December 13, 2008 and June 30, 2009, it could claim an additional 30 percent tax deduction. The following tables indicate the federal government’s initiative to pump money into sectors like education, social/defence housing, transport/infrastructure and energy-­‐efficient homes.

(Source: www.economicstimulusplan.gov.au) Recent reports indicate that the government’s two year $42 billion Nation Building Plan has stimulated the Australian economy and supported local jobs making Australia not only the best performing advanced economy in 2009, but also the only advanced economy to record positive growth over the period.

Treasurer Wayne Swan said, “the community has backed in the Government’s stimulus; supporting jobs and growth during this global recession.”

A major highlight of the government’s fiscal policy initiative was to deliver the Nation Building Plan in cooperation with state and territory governments and local councils.

The first phase of the government’s stimulus strategy began with the First Home Owners Boost in October 2008, followed by handing out money or direct payments to households -­‐-­‐ to boost spending -­‐-­‐ in December 2008 with a further round of payments in March and April 2009. The first phase has supported economic activity and boosted confidence while direct payments to households have helped retail sales to remain buoyant. As evident in the mentioned charts, in June 2009, retail sales were 5.2 percent higher than the pre-­‐stimulus levels in November 2008. Consumer sentiment and business confidence have rebounded strongly, supported by the effects of the stimulus measures.

Retail Trade

Confidence

(Source: www.economicstimulusplan.gov.au)

The impact of the First Home Owners Boost is evident in the chart below. The number of commitments for finance for residential occupation has increased by 32 percent since September 2008, while the number of commitments for finance for the purchase or construction of new properties has increased by 59 percent over the same period.

Housing Finance

(Source: www.economicstimulusplan.gov.au) The boost to consumption has contributed significantly towards Australia’s relatively stronger growth performance compared with other countries. This is reflected in the gross domestic product growth rates for 2008/2009 until the first quarter of 2010.

These policies have helped Australia’s economy to rebound after just one quarter of negative growth. The economy grew 1.5 percent during the first three quarters of 2009 – the best performance in the OECD. Without the stimulus payments flowing through to consumption, the Treasury estimated that the Australian economy would have contracted.

Unemployment, originally expected to reach 8 to 10 percent, peaked at 5.8 percent in late 2009 and fell to 5.3 percent by February 2010.

Apart from these measures, Australia was one of the first advanced economy to raise interest rates -­‐-­‐ three times -­‐-­‐ since October 2009.

Besides, the government’s insulation rebate is also intended to reduce the energy bills of Australian households. (http://myefficientplanet.com) According to Dun & Bradstreet’s latest Economic & Risk Outlook Report, 16 countries around the globe have had their country ratings downgraded since the beginning of 2010. (http://dnb.com.au)

However, the continuing improvement in Australia’s local macroeconomic environment has resulted in the country’s risk trend being upgraded – the nation has also been rated one of the safest countries to invest globally. The International Monetary Fund has singled out Australia for praise. A new report by the IMF in April 2010 says, “Australia is one of the leaders as the global economy recovers from the severe recession.”

Citing the urgent need for advanced economies to address debt levels, Australia has stood out through its relatively low levels of indebtedness – both public and private, which are seen as strong factors to perform better than other OECD nations, despite introducing stimulus measures. As seen in the chart below, Australia’s projected net debt position is estimated to be 1 percent of GDP compared with 48 percent for the OECD. The IMF has predicted a 3 percent growth rate for Australia in 2010.

Australian and G-­7 public sector net debt

(Source:

www.treasury.gov.au) In conclusion, combined fiscal and monetary policies influence an economy’s performance. Australia has so far improved the probability of maintaining a reasonable balance between the demand side and the supply side of the economy, thereby avoiding the extremes of recession.

REFERENCES Lyons, Brian 2001 ‘Canadian Macroeconomics: problems and policies’, Prentice Hall Publishers, Toronto http://myefficientplanet.com http://myweb.liu.edu www.treasury.gov.au www.economicstimulusplan.gov.au

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