...When the initial set of information needs is available, the kinds of measurement reports that will help to make objective decisions and thereby manage the project is visualised as reports indicators. Therefore the indicator depicts data that is analyzed using a specified process to provide an estimate or evaluation of selected, measurable attributes. For each information need, a candidate indicator or set of indicators are identified.Futher the data elements needed to produce the indicator are identified. After the candidate indicators are identified based on information needs, the availability of the base measures needed to construct the indicator is considered. When the required base measures is not still collected then other base measures could be used to produce the indicator, If producing a candidate indicator is found to be too resource intensive, then alternative indicator would be chosen collected? If not, are they readily available? And if they are not readily available, could other base The PSM process would help to identify the information needed to manage the project successfully. This would inturn help us to know the acquisition project activities and their relation to project goals, objectives, risks, issues and requests for information received. need to know or understand about my acquisition project activities and products as they relate to project goals, objectives, risks, issues and requests for information received from the enterprise level or other...
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...meets the challenge of providing availability information across a global enterprise. The concept of available to promise (ATP) used in Sales and Distribution (SD) module in SAP R/3 provides check capabilities that deliver results for basic business scenarios. More complex scenarios, however, require more robust capabilities to make delivery commitments that are in line with the real-world demands. In short, global scenarios require global solutions. Global ATP — or GATP — takes advantage of SAP APO technology and picks up where the SAP R/3 ATP solution leaves off. Following are the functionalities using GATP allows you to answer questions related to promising products to your customers. GATP quickly makes information available to provide real-time optimized decision support. It offers the functionality to perform availability checks which consist of online searches that determine if requested products are available at requested times in the quantities that satisfy customer demand. GATP can be used for Sales Order, Scheduling Agreement, Delivery, stock transfer orders and production orders (for their input components). GATP Methods can be classified into three areas: Basic methods and their combination (product check, product allocation, and check against forecast) Rules-based ATP (RBA) ATP integrated with production You can combine several GATP methods to provide more advanced capabilities. Product Check A basic product availability check generates positive results...
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...In today’s modern time when there have come so many options to go by so as to acquaint oneself about its surroundings through Internet, Television, Radio etc, the importance of Newspapers is still the un-matched one. Reason being, its cheapness & easy availability for the masses. The India still comes under the category of developing countries mainly because of its huge consumption which is almost equal to its production of goods & services. The reason of such a scenario is nothing but its large population. In such a situation, where India has ample of resources available with it, still it hardly has high rate of export despite everything available. Needless to say, that our highest rate of consumption by the huge population has made our position down in the Foreign Trade Sector & this has further led to low affordability by its masses as a result. Still, it is only the newspaper today, which is still in the reach of everybody no matter how rich or poor one is. Being so is of utmost significance about the newspapers today, especially when everything has been so dear because of steep rise in prices. Only the newspaper is such a cogent & economic medium to grab all the required information from the different parts of our country as well as around the world, which can be easily available to anybody from any road-side corner. Despite having so much of significance, one doesn’t need to put in any hard work to make it available for himself/herself. Such is the unique case...
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...With the weather now warming up, it's once again time for spring cleaning, and the workplace is no exception. There's no question that a clean office is a productive office. When everything is in its place, there's no time wasted. No janitorial company understands this better than Jhoners Commercial Cleaning Services. For over 16 years, the Cincinnati, OH company has been providing high quality janitorial services for businesses both big and small, from small office buildings to large medical centers. Here are a few of their office cleaning tips for spring: Establish Work Zones: Designating different zones for separate functions helps keep you focused. Keep one area strictly for supplies, one for research, one for filing, and so on and so...
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...communication can be very challenging. During this type of assignments students can lose touch and not have the ability to successfully communicate with each other. Communication plays a huge part when it comes to online settings. If there isn’t enough streaming communication the ability for all students to participate get hindered and collaboration is not reached successfully. During this task, it was found that everyone’s personal schedule and availability interfered with the task. Students found themselves online and available to work at different times of the day, which made communication hard. Students also faced the challenge of being able to fully participate in the assignment. When the assignment was first discussed not everyone was available and parts of the assignments where grabbed by those available, in turn some students didn’t do much. The students who did do parts of the assignments did a wonderful job, but this beats the purpose of a collaborative assignment. More open communication and availability is needs to be achieved and some type of instant chat or message board needs to be used. Students should all be available at the same time to discuss the assignments and work on it together. By doing this students in the team will be able to achieve the successful assignment together as a team and not as...
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...Walter White Blank University NETW420 Professor Teague Week 7 paper 4/22/13 There are many metrics used in network management that can be broke down into three sections including classic, cost, and revenue for short. The classic metrics consist of availability which is the percentage of time during which a service is functioning properly. Availability is broken into two aspects, as a whole and availability that factors maintenance, where maintenance is more effective because it only captures unavailability caused by a negative surprise. MTBF or Mean Time Between Failures is a measure of reliability its job is to give an indication of how often a service or device becomes unavailable, but not so much the length of the outage. MTTR also known as Mean Time To Repair provides the length of time it takes for services that are impacted by failures to be restored. Total cost of operations can be normalized over a different group of metrics, such as, the number of devices and the operational cost per device. Devices and differ in nature and scale so this metric is not always meaningful unless dealing with homogeneous environments. The number of ports is another metric that provides a more level playing field and allows operational cost to be compared across different types of equipment. An example of number of service instances could be the operational cost per voice extension. The number of end users would be the operational cost per employee in an enterprise. There are...
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...Chapter 7 Question 4. Service –orieted architecture (SOA) is a software architecture perspective that focuses on the development, use and reuse of small self-contained blocks of code to meet all the application software needs of an organization. An organization with a service-oriented architecture philosophy would be an agile organization that take advantage of every resource in the most efficient and effective way. One of the metrics that international truck could use would be system availability. System Availability is usually measured inversely as downtime, or the average amount of time a system is down and unavailable to end users and customers. International Truck's previous IT systems didn't share information easily. The SoA allowed information to flow much easier to and from different departments and systems, resulting in less problems and errors in areas such as manufacturing. Other key infrastructure-centric metrics that could be used by International Truck to justify an SoA are, Accuracy, scalability, and through put. These would be justified by the problem in shortfalls in inventory, excessive defects and returns, more timely information on assembly-plant problems, and the lack of easily shared information by their current system. Scalability is how well a system can adapt to increased demands. This is more of a conceptual metric that assesses your ability to upgrade the implemented infrastructure at minimal cost and service interruption. Accuracy is usually measured...
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...identify a way to mitigate or overcome the biased judgment. (Ch. 5). Availability tendency- The tendency for decision makers to consider information that is easily retrievable from memory as being more likely, more relevant, and more important for a judgment. A way to mitigate bias to this tendency is by using awareness, consider why something comes to mind, make the opposing case, consult with others, and obtain and consider objective data. Confirmation tendency- The tendency for decision makers to seek for and put more weight on information that is consistent with their initial beliefs or preferences. To mitigate the bias caused by this tendency we must be aware of the tendency, make the opposing case, consider alternative explanations, and Consider disconfirming or conflicting information. Overconfidence tendency- The tendency for decision makers to overestimate their own abilities to perform tasks or to make accurate diagnoses or other judgments and decisions. The way we can mitigate bias of this this tendency is by being aware, challenging expert or advisors estimates, challenging extremely high or low estimates, and challenging underlying assumptions behind the estimates. Anchoring tendency- The tendency of decision makers to make assessments by starting from an initial numerical value and then to adjust insufficiently away from that initial value in forming a final judgment. We can mitigate bias of this tendency by being aware of significant anchors, making an independent...
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...House for Rent From day to day business and personal relationships, there are many instances when one finds themselves in a negotiation or bargaining position with one or more persons involved. When deciding to relocate for a two year venture my with current employer for an assignment, the decision to sell the four-bedroom, two-bathroom Tudor style house I own was decided that was not my best option. However, gaining a lessee would be the next best option. A real-estate friend has found a possible lessee and negotiation a lease would be the next step. In the following, the negotiating and bargaining process will be addressed; who the parties are, specified individual and collaborated goals, as well as behaviors and bargaining style that should be represented. The one primary goal of negotiation is to reach an agreement between two or more parties. To be more specific, Harvard Law School describes negotiating as more of a process; this is "the discussion between two or more disputants, who seek to find a solution to a common problem, one that meets their needs and interests acceptably" (The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2014). Within any bargaining and negotiation, there cannot be less than two disputants. In this particular scenario, the disputants would be myself and a thirty-something, single male who is beginning a two-year residency in a local hospital as a doctor. Each disputing party also has goals that need to be met. For the hospital resident, his goal...
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...Behavioral Heuristics 1. Describe an example from your own career where you, or another manager, allowed behavioral heuristics or another pitfall, to sway you from the mean. When I worked at Sysco Foods, the vice president of sales wanted to expand the territories. My direct manager knew that the Vice President had just recently relocated from Tallahassee, Florida to Jacksonville Florida. My direct manager wanted to impress the vice president and build Tallahassee market quick. It was 3 hours away from our warehouse and we had never been in that area, nor did we know what our competition was. A decision was made and very little research was performed to ensure that we were doing the right thing. Instead of building out territories that were already in existence, my direct manager wanted to show that his sales team could do anything. He sent 4 reps out to the area for a week. Whoever could obtain the most accounts they would win the territory. No one wanted the territory. It was 2-3 hours from all of the sales representative’s home offices, and starting a territory from scratch is a difficult task. I specialized in institutional accounts. I was of the mindset that I would rather sell $10,000 to one account a week, then 10 accounts each buying $1,000. I went to the hospitals, the jails, prisons, and the universities in the area. Within 6 weeks I had grossed sales of 40,000 a week just in those 6 accounts. My direct manager and vice president thought...
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...more difficult to retrieve once outcome knowledge has been provided and that, in many cases, foresight knowledge may actually conflict with hindsight knowledge, one method suggested by Fischhoff (1975) to assimilate outcome data makes use of heuristics as proposed by Tversky and Kahneman (1973, 1974). Of particular relevance to our study, Fischhoff argued: THE HINDSIGHT BIAS 441 A second heuristic leads judges to evaluate an outcome's likelihood by the relative "availability" of scenarios leading to its occurrence and nonoccurrence. The judge who knows what happened, and has adjusted his perceptions in the light of that knowledge, may well find it difficult to imagine how things could have turned out otherwise. (1975, p. 298) Our purpose was to investigate the role of the availability heuristic with regard to outcome knowledge. If hindsight knowledge facilitates the use of heuristics because it inhibits access to the foresight state-of-mind as suggested by Fischhoff (1975), then accompanying biases or distortion in probability estimates should be present in hindsight judgments. THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC One such distortion that may be evident in hindsight can be inferred from the work of Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein (1980), who found that people greatly...
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...and highly subjective based on the person and the information available to them. This is definitely apparent to me when making minor decisions such as where to eat for dinner. When thinking about risk, incidences that are more interesting or shocking to consumers are a lot more known and have a lot more prevalence in media, creating the availability bias that these incidences occur more than they do. This could be hazardous for risks that are less “sexy” and that people do not think a lot about. For example, in the example of estimates of deaths from accident vs. diabetes, the actual result where diabetes is four times more likely to occur than an accident is frightening. Consumers should be more cautious of preventing diabetes. Without this awareness due to selective media coverage, consumers are focusing on the wrong things that could be detrimental to their health or wellbeing. I have learnt about the law of large numbers from my statistics classes, but learning about the law of small numbers showed me how people tend to exaggerate the degree to which a small sample will resemble the population. This reminds me of the availability bias where estimates for the population are based on estimates from available knowledge of small samples. We have huge assumptions about populations based on small and unrepresentative knowledge or experiences. It was also interesting learning about Gambler’s Fallacy from a marketing perspective after learning about it in my decision...
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...failure to ignore base rates, discuss the relevant factors of why associated with the decision and if the decision was framed properly to ascertain a better decision. Literature Review (Shanteau, 1989) suggested that (Kahneman and Tversky, 1982) exemplified their view of heuristics and biases as follows: "In making pre dictions and judgments under uncertainty, people do not appear to follow the calculus of chance or the statistical theory of prediction. Instead, they rely on a limited number of heuristics which sometimes yield reasonable judgments and sometimes lead to severe and systematic errors.” (Kahneman & Tversky, 1982) went on to identify three of several cognitive heuristics for risk judgments- representativeness, availability, and anchoring-and-adjustment. * Representativeness – (Shanteau, 1989) referenced (Kahneman and Tversky, 1984) as explaining the representativeness heuristic to describe making an uncertainty judgment on the basis of the degree to which the judgment is similar in essential properties to its parent population and also if the judgment reflects the prominent features of the process by which it is generated. Evidence to support these two...
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...A new brand of baby diapers Correct Answer: A new brand of baby diapers Question 3 2 out of 2 points Which of the following products should be sold face-to-face rather than by mass advertising? Answer Selected Answer: A pharmaceutical which can only be understood by doctors Correct Answer: A pharmaceutical which can only be understood by doctors Question 4 2 out of 2 points Suppose a social activist collecting information on the level of air pollutants in sparsely populated regions concludes that pollution levels are positively related to population. Since her sample set is restricted only to sparsely populated regions her outcome would be erroneous due to: Answer Selected Answer: selection bias. Correct Answer: selection bias. Question 5 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is a root cause behind competition inherent in every society? Answer Selected Answer: Scarcity of goods and services Correct Answer: Scarcity of goods...
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...in ACCA, a hard major which has a lot of classes and tasks. At the end of her freshman year, she decided to double major in finance, believing that she could succeed in both majors. However, her advisor suggested she not do so, because many ACCA students before her tried to double major but few of them accomplished because of the heavy tasks for ACCA. But she stuck to her decision. A half year later, she felt too tired to keep on and finally withdrew from finance. This is an example of belief perseverance because my friend stuck to her belief that she could finish her double major, even though convincing evidence of students who gave up before showed that it was very difficult. My friend’s experience on Nov. 1st is related to hindsight bias, which refers to people’s tendency...
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