...Taurean Bullard March 4, 2012 What is the infections agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite? Staphylococcus Aureus is the infectious pathogen that can cause a variety of illnesses from minor skin infections like boils, carbunkles, cellulitis, impetigo, abcesses and of course staph infection. This pathogen can also lead to life-threatening diseases such as pnuemonia, menengitis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? This infectious agent can be transmitted by skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is also carried in the respiratory tract, nasal passages. It can also be transferred onto clothes, bedding and on the skin of carriers. If someone that is a carrier doesn't wash their hands properly then the staph can easily get into any food or drinks they handle and thus be transferred to someone else. Infections may spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person by producing hyaluronidase that destroys tissues, and contact with objects such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment used by an infected person. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? There was an outbreak of Staphylococcus Aureus at the World's Fair Park event site July 30, 2005. This event took place in Knoxville...
Words: 551 - Pages: 3
...infection 1.1. Identify the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites All 4 are different types of pathogens Bacteria is a single celled organism that multiply by themselves. They lives within and on most living and nonliving things. The majority of bacteria’s are harmless and beneficial to the human body but some can cause infectious diseases. A bacterium usually affects one part of the body and doesn’t spread across or through the body. Bacterial infections are normally treated with a cause of antibiotics. Viruses: are made up of genes and proteins that spread throughout the body by invading the body’s own cells so they can reproduce and multiply in the body. They use the body’s cells as a host because they are unable to multiply on their own. They are normally spread directly from human to human. Viruses can be very tough and there are not many effective medicines available for viral diseases. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans. Fungi: like to grow in warm, moist places. Some fungi can be beneficial to us such as penicillin, but certain types of fungi can be harmful to our health. Like bacteria and viruses, some fungi can act as pathogens. Human fungal diseases can occur due to infection or fungal toxins. Symptoms for fungal diseases can be as common as itching, coughing, fever, wheezing, but they can also be as serious as meningitis or even death Parasites are organisms that use other organism for its survival...
Words: 3772 - Pages: 16
...1.1 Identify the differences between Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and parasites. The common characteristics of bacteria: Bacteria are microscopic single-cell organisms. Different types of bacteria can be identified by their size and shape. Bacteria can multiply outside the body. Most bacteria need moisture, time, warmth and nutrients to survive and multiply. Some bacteria are helpful. Some bacteria produce toxins which cause unpleasant symptoms. Most bacteria can be treated with antibiotics. Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. The common characteristics of viruses: Viruses can only be seen with an electron microscope because they are so small. Only one or two particles are required to cause an infection. Viruses cannot survive for very long outside the body. Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics but in some cases are treated with antiviral medication. The best defence against viruses is immunisation. Viruses can mutate to create new strains. Viruses can only multiply once they invade their host cell. The common characteristics of fungi: Fungi appears in the form of yeasts and moulds. Fungi infections can be localised or systemic. Some fungi are helpful. Fungi infections are treated with antifungal medication. The common characteristics of parasites: Parasites can live in or on the host body. Parasites survive by feeding from a host. Parasites are controlled and destroyed by antiparasitic medication. 1.2 Identify...
Words: 1129 - Pages: 5
...Infectious Disease, Biological and its Control “Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms”, stated the Mayo Clinic (2014). Knowledge of the germ theory and disease came about in the Nineteenth Century through Louis Pasteur. Pasteur identified that pathogens, such as bacteria, cause disease by attacking the body from the outside, BBC (2014). Following on from Pasteur’s germ theory, Robert Koch in 1876, proved specific pathogens caused specific diseases, Stevenson (2014). Pathogens are biological agents that take the form of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa causing infection and illness by challenging our immune system, through killing cells or disrupting the cell function, National Academies (2015). “Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur”, Janeaway et al (2001). When working in Mexico, there are certain infectious diseases prevalent, and transmission of these diseases can happen through a variety of methods such as direct contact with other infected humans or animals, indirectly by touching infected objects or via airborne transmission. Reports suggest over one million people die from vector borne diseases every year, such as malaria from mosquitos carrying pathogens from host to host, WHO (2014). Whilst working or travelling, should you succumb to an infection or disease, your body will try to defend itself using non-specific mechanisms, such as mechanical, chemical and biological barriers...
Words: 2224 - Pages: 9
...INTRODUCTION Infection remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in man, particularly in developing areas where it is associated with poverty and overcrowding.In the developed world increasing prosperity, universal immunization and antibiotics have reduced the prevalence of infectious disease. However, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms and diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease ,avian influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) have emerged. In the developing world successes such as the eradication of smallpox have been balanced or outweighed by the new plagues. Infectious diseases cause nearly 25% of all human deaths. Two billion people one-third of the world’s population are infected with tuberculosis (TB),500 million people catch malaria every year, and 200 million are infected with schistosomiasis. 39.5 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 4.3 million new HIV infections in 2006 (65% in sub-Saharan Africa). The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) hope to be achieved by 2015. These are: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, universal primary education, gender equality and empowerment of women, reduction in child mortality,improvement in maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS,malaria and other diseases, ensuring environment sustainability and developing global partnership for development. DEFINITION INFECTION An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infections...
Words: 6675 - Pages: 27
...INFECTIOUS DISEASE >pathogens (bacterium, virus, parasites) invades the body and multiplirs in its cells and tissues >ex. flu, malaria, tb, measles *Bacteria >single-celled organisms that multiply rapidly on their own >most are harmless and beneficial >some are infectious ~bacterial disease - results from infection as bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body *Viruses >smaller bacteria working by invading a cell and taking over genetic machinery to copy themselves ~viral disease ex. flu, AIDS TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE (contagious/communicable disease) >can be transmitted ~bacterial disease (tb, gonorrhea, strep throat) ~viral disease (cold, flu, AIDS) NONTRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE >caused by something >does not spread >develops slowly and have multiple causes ex. cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, diabetes, malnutrition **since 1950, incidence of infectious diseases and death rates from them reduced: >better health care >antibiotics >dev't of vaccines Infectious Diseases are still Major Health Threats >in less-developed countries >diseases can be spread through air, water, food and body fluids >reasons: •disease carrying bacteria has developed genetic immunity to antibiotics •disease transmitting insects (mosquitoes) became immune to pesticides (DDT) *epidemic - large scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country *pandemic - global epidemic like TB or AIDS Case Study The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis ...
Words: 830 - Pages: 4
...in fishes, is closely linked to environmental stress. In the wild, they generally have some degree of freedom to modify their environment. They can move to more suitable conditions if faced with a negative environmental change such as a reduction in oxygen level. In culture conditions, on the other hand, they have limited opportunity to choose their external environmental conditions. Most individual fish, may it be in wild or cultivated populations are infected with parasites. The number of parasites necessary to cause harm to the fish varies considerably with the species and size of the host and its health status. Many parasite species are host-specific to at least some degree and are capable of infecting one or only a limited number of host species. Parasites disease of fish (and livestock) reduces the amount of food available to people around the globe. This is why many researchers mention that it is imperative to investigate the relationship between the environmental factors which affects the parasites that affect production and quality. Even today, it remains difficult to convince governments and other sponsors of research that restriction to species of commercial interest is insufficient in comprehending essential ecological dynamics of life in oceans and coastal waters, developing sound measures of environmental protection, and understanding the principles of biotic diseases. This study was, therefore, conducted to provide information on the ectoparasites and endoparasites...
Words: 7437 - Pages: 30
...According to the World English Dictionary Bacteria is a very large group of microorganisms comprising one of the three domains of living organisms. They are prokaryotic, unicellular, and either free-living in soil or water or parasites of plants or animal (World English Dictionary, 2011). Most people view bacteria as a germ or an unhealthy parasite. However there are many Bactria's that are health and germ free. Ordinarily, bacteria can be found on your everyday house hold products even in your food. One of the most common bacteria found in food is Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus is an anaerobic bacterium that produces large amounts of lactic acid in the fermentation of carbohydrates. Lactobacillus is often found in yogurt, cheese, wine, chocolate, and other fermented foods. Lactobacillus also lives in human digestive, urinary, and genital systems without causing disease. It's also known for absorbing nutrients, breaking down food, and fighting off bacteria that can cause diarrhea. Lactobacillus is helpful in many ways; on the contrary, there are some side effects. Lactobacillus can cause harm to individuals with weakened immune systems. Thus, people that suffer with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or organ transplant recipients my cause harm to them self. The live bacteria in Lactose's could also assist with the weakening of the immune system. Moreover, Human Immunodeficiency Virus hurts the immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. HIV...
Words: 393 - Pages: 2
...agents such as bacteria, parasites, protozoa, fungus and virus. Bacteria exist on every surface including in the air and below sea level. Most bacteria are harmless but others are harmful to our body and can do bad to your health and internal organs, kidneys and the heart. Bacteria can invade into the body via the mouth, sexual organs, nose, eyes or any cuts which need to be cleaned and dressed. Bacteria can enter the body if food is full of bacteria or it isn’t cooked properly, this is called E.Coli. E.Coli is type of bacteria that causes the person to become seriously sick and possibly kill them. A bacterium causes infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. On the other hand, Viruses depend on the host to survive, grow and reproduce. Usually, a host can be an animal or a plan. Viruses are believed to be the smallest microbes on this planet. Once the virus is inside the body it can spread and make the person very ill. ‘‘They reproduce by injecting their genes into the cell to reproduce thousands of new viruses. Viruses cause chicken pox and flue.’’ (Hillendale Health n.d) Viruses can also cause Measles, Influenza and common cold. Fungi are multi-celled organisms that cannot produce their own food, however fungi can get their nutrition’s from plants and animals. Fungi’s ideal place for growth and reproduction are in damp, warm areas. Most of the fungi aren’t dangerous; it can cause ringworms, Athlete’s foot and psoriasis. Protozoa are like bacteria one-celled organisms...
Words: 887 - Pages: 4
...safety. Pride in quality is reflected in your appearance and work habits. Poor hygiene, poor grooming and personal care, and poor work habits are nothing to be proud of. Poor food handling procedures and unclean kitchen cause illness, unhappy customers, and even fines, summonses, and lawsuits. Poor kitchen safety results in injuries, medical bills, and workdays lost. Finally, poor sanitation and safety habits show lack of respects for your customers, for your fellow workers, and for yourself. You study the causes of food-borne diseases and kitchen injuries, and you will learn ways of preventing them. Prevention of course, is the most important thing to learn. It is not as important to be able to recite the names of disease-causing bacteria as it is to be able to prevent their growth in food. Sanitation refers to the maintenance of healthy and hygienic conditions that is free from disease-causing organisms The Prevention of Food-Borne illness Preventing food-borne illness- is one of the most important challenges facing every food service worker. Most food-borne illness is the result of eating food that has been contaminated. To say that a food is contaminated means it contains harmful substances that were not present originally in the food. In other words, contaminated food is food that is not pure. Any substance in food that can cause illness or illness or injury is called a hazard. Food hazards are 3 types: * Biological * Chemical * Physical Biological...
Words: 3326 - Pages: 14
...decreasing at a logarithmic rate. Prokaryotes (Bacteria) Gram Positive Low G + C Firmicutes 1. Clostridium: enospore-producing (obligate anaerobes) 2. Bacillales: a. Bacillus – rod-shapes, makes endospre, aerobic and facultative anaerobe b. Straphyloccus- clusters of cocci (MRSA) 3. Lactobacillales- aerotolerant anaerobes c. Lactrobacillus d. Streptococcus e. Enteroccus f. Listeria 4. Mycoplasmatales- lack a cell wall, small size, takes lots of shapes g. M. pneumoniae- walking pneumonia High G + C Actinobacteria 1. Bacteria that formed filaments a. No conidiospores b. Form conidiospore i. Actinomyces- Anaerobic ii. Streptocytes-Aerobic 2. Don’t form filaments c. Mycobacterium- acid-fast cell wall d. Carynebacterum- causes diptheria e. Propionibacterium- causes acne f. Gardnarella- stains gram-neg- causes bacterial vaginosis Gram Negative (proteobacteria-“many shapes”, all are chemoheterotropic (energy from chemicals, carbon from organic molecules) Alphaproteobacteria: Obligate intracellular parasite 1. Rickettsia: arthrod-borne and spread, spotted fevers- obligate intracellular parasites a. R. prowazekii- epidemic typhus b. R. typhi- endemic murine typhus c. R. rickettsii- rocket mountain spotted fever 2. Mycoplasma: refers to a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they...
Words: 1104 - Pages: 5
...food-borne illnesses. Although the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is in place to provide safe food to the market place, it is essential all consumers take extra care and precautions keeping food safe in the wake of this drastic rise in food-borne epidemic. Pathogens in our food are: • Bacteria in Food • Viruses in Food • Moldy Foods • Parasites in Food • Prions in Food Phoenix has experience and increase in bacteria and virus in food incidents. Bacteria in food can be contaminated before harvested and make their way to the dinner table of unprepared foods. Good agricultural practices can reduce the risk but contamination can also occur during processing, transportation, handling, or storage. It is up to the consumer to learn to handle, store, and prepare food safely to prevent food-borne illness. Viruses in food are the most common causes of food-borne illness, which include bacteria, viruses, molds, and parasites. This can cause flulike symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Even more serious, consumers may develop kidney failure, arthritis, paralysis, miscarriage, or death. Unlike bacteria, viruses can only reproduce inside human cells. Cooking destroys the virus in food with appropriate preparation. Consumers should be familiar with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maintains a...
Words: 323 - Pages: 2
...BACTERIA Morphology Unicellular Prokaryotic Extracellular Appendages flagella, fimbriae, pili Peptidoglycan alternating NAG and NAM protein reinforced by peptide crosslinks Plasmid extra circular DNA used for transferring resistance and toxicity Physiology Nutrition photoautotroph and chemoautotroph Metabolism- aerobic and anaerobic Reproduction - Binary Fission rapid transverse cell division resulting to two equally sized daughter cells Habitat Ubiquitous Soil Water Air Living Organisms Pathogenicity Adhesion bacteria uses fimbriae to attach to surfaces ; sex pilus to attach to other bacteria Resistance increased by the type of cell wall, and presence of endospore, capsules, slime layers Toxin the lipopolysaccharide upper layer of Gram negative bacteria is released as toxins Taxonomy Domain : Bacteria Kingdom: Monera Phyla : Firmicutes Gram-Positive e.g. cocci Staphylococcus Streptococcus bacilli Lactobacillus Gracilicutes Gram-Negative e.g. cocci bacilli spirochete obligate intracellular parasites Tenericutes No Cell Wall e.g. Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Obligate Intracellular Parasite under phylum Gracilicutes 1. Rickettsia Pleomorphic Requires arthropod vectors ticks mites fleas Pathogenic Typhus Q Fever Trench Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 2. Bartonella Opportunistic Intracellular Parasite Vectors: Cat Flea Sandfly transmits Cat-Scratch Fever 3. Chlamydia Obligate Intracellular Coccoid Elementary Bodies...
Words: 1385 - Pages: 6
...drinking water may contain disease-causing organisms, or pathogens. Pathogens include various types of bacteria, viruses, protozoan parasites, and other organisms (EPA). Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. It is important to know the removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water (WHO). Issues Having pathogens in your drinking water causes many problems, which can interfere with your health. Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms, or pathogens. Pathogens include various types of bacteria, viruses, protozoan parasites, and other organisms (WHO). Pathogens in drinking water are not safe and can be very harmful. The first issue pathogens in drinking water causes is Cryptosporidium. Which is a single celled protozoan parasite commonly found in lakes and rivers, especially when the water is contaminated with sewage and animal waste. Cryptosporidium can cause many different symptoms, which include diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps (WHO). A Cryptosporidium is also a parasitic coccidian protozoan, which is found in...
Words: 1521 - Pages: 7
...Bioterrorism has attacked the United States with viruses and bacteria that pose a high risk to the public, easily spreads and results in high death rates in short amounts of time; this frightening dilemma should be handled and addressed seriously for future prevention. Bioterrorism is a release of agents that come from nature, but can be manipulated to have the ability to cause serious diseases: Anthrax, Small Pox, Cholera, and Malaria are some of the examples of biological agents. All of these biological agents cause social disruption and require special action to prepare for defense. Terrorists may use some of these diseases to distract their predators, because they are extremely difficult to detect and take several days to recognize; therefore...
Words: 1353 - Pages: 6
