...in water. Write a one-page summary (on your own words) and include information about the reference (s) used. Microorganisms are microscopic living being such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, and usually too small to be seen by naked eye therefore, microscopic is used. Microorganisms are disease causing means in the global and known as pathogens, consequently microbial are able to contaminate our public drinking water supplies can threaten human health, as an example of microorganism is; Heliobacter pylori, the Salmonella family, and Escherichia coli (E.coli) bacteria. Hepatitis A, Norwalk type viruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses,...
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...Some pros and cons about using one single set of regulations for potable water Related to chemicals contaminants, the uncertainty of presence and long term effects of many micropollutants such as pharmaceutical and personal care products and disinfection byproducts, can represent a major concern if considering a single water quality criteria for drinking water and potable reuse. Regarding to pathogens, the idea of using the pathogen criteria removal stablished by the Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTR) for potable reuse has many advantages, since the same pathogens (bacteria, virus, and protozoa) are under concern for potable reuse and drinking water regulations. As cited by the WaterReuse Research Foundation (2013), the main advantage is...
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...Water borne illness in third world countries Danielle H Woods Ivy Tech Community College October 16, 2013 Water borne illness in third world countries Third countries have myriad problems that interrelate in intricate ways to cause a series of problems for their citizens. One major problem in the third world countries is the disease burden. Waterborne diseases make a major contribution to diseases’ burden in the third world. As per the World Health Organization, waterborne diseases contribute to about 4.1% to the daily burden of diseases on the planet daily. WHO puts the contribution of sanitation, poor hygiene, and unsafe water contribution to waterborne diseases at 88% (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2011). Water Bourne diseases result to more than 1.8million deaths every year (Lee, 2008). A Waterborne disease terms any diseases whose transmission occurs through pathogens present in contaminated water. These diseases are particularly rampant in the third world. Waterborne diseases are responsible for the death of one out of every five deaths under the age of five reported on the planet. The third world countries lack the sophisticated mechanisms of treating water for human use. In third world countries, accessing water is not always possible let alone accessing clean water. Developed nations use systems that filter and chlorinate drinking water eliminating pathogens. This explains why diseases like typhoid, dysentery, and cholera only run rampant in...
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...defines untreated drinking water as ‘’ Unpotable water that has not been subjected to any process designed to remove contaminants or organisms’’. In other words, the water had not undergone any sort of treatment to make it safe for human consumption. Safe drinking water is essential to human health. Often, untreated drinking water can lead to many illnesses due to pathogens and toxins in the water. Private Wells are a source of untreated drinking water worldwide. Private Wells are the responsibility of the homeowner. When putting a private well into place, the homeowner should search for potential problems; is your well downstream from a neighbour’s septic tank? Will you be using lawn fertilisers near the well? Is there livestock nearby? (EPA, 2009). These are all very important factors to consider before putting a private well into place. Proper well construction and continued maintenance are keys to the safety of your water supply (CDC, 2008). Ground water that is used in private wells may contain some natural contaminants without human activity or pollution so it is very important to properly place your well when building it....
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...level of the TDS, turbidity, sediments and contaminate by pathogens in the phoenix tap water. Contamination may be due to equipment failure, leaking pipes in the system, or insufficient disinfectant in the water supply as it’s happened in Phoenix January, 2005. The water was tough to treat. It contained build up gunk from storms that flooded Sedona and Oak Creek Canyon and other areas of the Verde River watershed. The sediments were clumping together, then clogged up the filters in the water treatment plant. (Water scare boiled down to a few intense hours, 1 radical move, 2005)....
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...DRINKING WATER Drinking water or potable water is water safe enough to be consumed by humans or used with low risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry meets drinking water standards, even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Typical uses (for other than potable purposes) include toilet flushing, washing and landscape irrigation. Over large parts of the world, humans have inadequate access to potable water and use sources contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of toxins or suspended solids. Drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to widespread acute and chronic illnesses and is a major cause of death and misery in many countries. Reduction of waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing countries. Water has always been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans and is essential to the survival of all known organisms.[1] Excluding fat, water composes approximately 70% of the human body by mass. It is a crucial component of metabolic processes and serves as a solvent for many bodily solutes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency in risk assessment calculations assumes that the average American adult ingests 2.0 litres per day.[2] Drinking water of a variety of qualities is bottled. Bottled water is sold for public consumption throughout the world. Requirements A fountain...
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...title of this report is Food-Borne Pathogens, a paper provided as part of a course requirement for Technical Writing. This topic was selected to share information about food-borne pathogens, what illnesses they cause and the possible food items contaminated with that pathogen You will be learning steps for prevention of food-borne diseases. I think you’ll be interested to discover the location of the possible contaminants of those pathogens. There are thirty known food-borne pathogen, I only selected these sixteen since they are the most common. BACILLUS CEREUS It causes two types of illnesses a diarrheal type or an emetic type (vomiting) this depends when in the incubation period. The incubation period goes between 30 minutes to 15 hours. The symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The possible contaminants are meats, milk, vegetables, fish, rice, potatoes, pasta, and cheese. You pay careful attention to food preparation and cooking guidelines to prevent contaminations. CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI Even with low numbers, it causes infection, with an incubation period of one to seven days. The symptoms are: abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, headache that varying in severity. The possible contaminants are raw milk, eggs, poultry, raw beef, cake icing, and water. You must use pasteurize milk; cook foods properly; and prevent cross-contamination. CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM The illness is toxin produced by the pathogen, the incubation period goes from...
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...1.1. Background and motivation Water and drinking water in particular cannot be dispensed with, so must be clean, free of pollution and available all the time to preserve life{1}. However, an estimated 1.2 billion people around the world lack access to safe water and close to 2.5 billion are not provided with adequate sanitation {2}. Consequently, more than half the population of the world is exposed to different types of water borne and water related diseases. Poor sanitation causing major problems in developing countries, leads to water pollution by disease-causing organisms such as salmonella, cholera, shigella, E. coli, and most waterborne diseases. feces and ultimately allowed to find their way into water supplies through seepage...
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...considering the safety of drinking water. Pathogenic organisms can cause intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera, and other illnesses. Sources of Bacteria in Drinking Water: The Need for Water Testing Human and animal wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water. These sources of bacterial contamination include runoff from feedlots, pastures, dog runs, and other land areas where animal wastes are deposited. Additional sources include seepage or discharge from septic tanks, sewage treatment facilities, and natural soil/plant bacteria. Bacteria from these sources can enter wells that are either open at the land surface or do not have water-tight...
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...The Status of Water Pollution in Canada Water pollution in Canada as well as many parts of the world is becoming more of an issue as more waste leaches into water systems. By definition, water pollution occurs when discharges of energy or materials degrade water for other users (“Water pollution”, 2010). As populations continue to grow and more industries develop, pollution of marine and inland waters will continue to rise. There are six categories in which water pollutants are categorized. (“Water pollution”, 2010) Depending on the severity of the concentration, the water body may not be fit for human consumption. The categories in which water pollution are separated include: pathogens, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, toxic materials, acidification, temperature changes and controls (“Water pollution”, 2010). The awareness of water pollution should be brought more to the public’s attention as more water supplies are contaminated. Water pollution not only affects the human population, but the wildlife that thrives off the environment. The wildlife drinking contaminated water are suffering adverse health effects that could be further transferred to humans through hunting. Although programs exist to help lessen the affects of pollutants, not enough people are taking the matter seriously and contribute to littering our waterways with garbage. When water is being tested for pollution, there are six possible categories in which pollution...
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... Significance of the Study With two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered by water and human body consisting of 78% of it. It is evidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. It is necessary for the digestion and absorption of food, help maintain proper muscle tone and supply oxygen and nutrients to cell (Quiles and Quiles, 1996). A drinking water is defined as water intended primarily for human consumption but which has another domestic purposes. It may consume directly from the tap for beverages and food prepared with water. But according to Hippocrates, water supplies may also be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Among diseases that may transmitted by water contaminated by bacteria, viruses or protozoa are typhoid and cholera, gastroenteritis, paratyphoid fever, and infectious hepatitis. These kinds of diseases are caused by microbiological parameter. One of the microbiological parameter is the coliform bacteria. Coliforms may be associated with the sources of pathogens contaminating water. It is a broad class of bacteria found in our environment, including the faeces of man and other warm-blooded animals. The presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water may indicate a possible presence of harmful causing disease. Purok Cueva is one of the Puroks comprising Barangay of Pisan. The source of the said Purok is a well. Water taken from well for human consumption can be possible contaminated. According to Municipality...
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...Lead in drinking water can cause many health effects that can vary from minor to severe. In babies and children, drinking lead in water result in delays in physical and mental development during their early childhood stages, along with slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities can occur as well. In adults, it can cause increases in blood pressure. Adults who drink this water, which is contaminated with lead, over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure. Someone might have to undergo a kidney transplant. Children may have to put on medication to treat their delays and deficits. The process of removing metals from water is simple. It would require placing a magnetite into the water which would draw the lead to the magnetite. Once this occurs the magnetite and absorbed metal is removed by flowing the water through a steel wool. Once the magnetite and associated heavy metal is bound to the steel wool, it can be removed and disposed of. Please remember the safety and health of your community. Help keep our rivers clean for our family, as well as yours. Thank you. Global Impact There is major problem with water contamination in Nigeria, Africa. Nigeria are fast being severed by a number of factors, of which pollution remain the most dominant problem. Due to poor living conditions and many other factors, pathogens, sewage, construction debris, automobile emissions, etc., find their way into Nigeria’s rivers and other fresh water resources...
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...WATER and SANITATION in Developing Countries: Including Health in the Equation Millions suffer from preventable illnesses and die every year. M AGGIE A. MONTGOMERY MENACHEM ELIMELECH YALE UNIV ERSIT Y WORLD BANK I mproving global access to clean drinking water and safe sanitation is one of the least expensive and most effective means to improve public health and save lives. The concept of clean water and safe sanitation as essential to health is not a novel idea. In 350 B.C., Hippocrates recommended boiling water to inactivate “impurities”. The U.S. and Central Europe, where water and sanitation services are nearly universal, significantly reduced water-, sanitation-, and hygiene-related diseases by the start of the 20th century by protecting water sources and installing sewage systems. However, in developing countries, water and sanitation services are still severely lacking. As a result, millions suffer from preventable illnesses and die every year (1). Many obstacles must be overcome to improve these statistics. The integration of public health into engineering problem solving is critical, but current efforts are insufficient. Through partnerships with local communities to implement water and sanitation solutions that consider environmental, cultural, and economic conditions, progress toward achieving and sustaining global coverage of water and sanitation services will be greatly enhanced. In this article, we discuss three main themes about...
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...New york city gets its water from 3 major watersheds. The Croton Watershed, is located east of the Hudson River, the Catskill and Delaware Watersheds, which are located in Delaware, Greene, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster. Together they contain about 19 reservoirs “within a 2000-square-mile watershed that extends 125 miles north and west of New York City”. The Pepacton and the Ashokan are the two largest reservoirs. The pepacton can hold over 140 billion gallons while the Ashokan holds 123 billion gallons. After the water is selected, it flows through aqueducts and tunnels to Kensico reservoir to get filtered and treated. When it gets there, the water is treated with fluoride to help prevent health issues such as tooth decay and treated with ultraviolet to kill harmful parasites such as cryptosporidium and giardia. The water then makes a last stop before it reaches us at Hillview Reservoir in Yonkers. In yorkers, water receives more treatment to disinfect it. After this, the...
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...The sources of infection include Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi, as these microorganisms which cause disease, have the ability to reproduce themselves within the body. These microorganisms produce harmful toxins that damage cell tissues. Routes Of Transmission It can be spread through person to person contact, which is known as ‘Direct Contact Transmission’ through an infected person, which is known as human reservoirs that are not affected by it, spreading it by coughing or sneezing which when inhaled in, are infected. ‘Indirect Transmission’ is transmission from contaminated surfaces or vectors for example, animals and insects. It may also be transmitted through eating contaminated food which contains bacteria. It can also be transmitted by...
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