...life-threatening if untreated. Mode of Transmision; Waterborne. Cholera is an infection of the large intestine caused by a microscopic organism (Vibrio cholera), Symptoms: Diarria, dehydration; life threatening if untreated. Mode of Transportation; Waterborne. Dysentery is a microscopic gastro-intestinal Entamoeba histolitica amoeba (Shingella dysenteriae bacteria), Symptoms; severe, often bloody diarrhea, vomiting, fever; life-threatening if untreated. Mode of Transmission; food/waterborne Cryptosporidiosis is a microscopic gastro-intestinal parasite (Cryptosporidium parvum protozoa), Symptoms; severe diarrhea; will cause death if immune system is impaired. Mode of Transportation; waterborne; resists chlorine; ozonation process is highly effective. These diseases are microscopic with funky names, causing serious pain, and discomfort with the end result to all them that, if not treated can lead to serious illness and even death. What do they have in common? They can be and are all Waterborne contagions’, found in just about every water source that...
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...Zimbabwe: Water Quality Supplies Fast Deteriorating The Herald (Harare) By Sifelani Tsiko Harare THE pollution of rivers, lakes and aquifers from domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, mining runoff, agro-chemicals and other sources is now a growing threat to water resources in most countries in southern Africa. According to a new report titled "Water Quality Management and Pollution Control" in Southern Africa compiled by Prof Ngonidzashe Moyo, a freshwater biologist at the University of Limpopo in South Africa, and Sibekhile Mtetwa and other water resources development experts, the quality of water supplies in the Sadc region, once taken for granted, is becoming the focus of increasing concern. The water experts say the solid, liquid and particulate waste by-products of urbanisation and economic activities are contaminating air, soil and water quality. Water pollution has affected water quality and impacted negatively on public health and functioning of ecosystems including the rising cost of water treatment. The report suggests that the main sources of water pollution are untreated or partially treated effluents from municipal, industrial and mining wastewater discharges. Runoff from small-scale mining operations, urban stormwater and runoff from agricultural, livestock and poultry operations have also impaired the quality of water in the Sadc region. In Zimbabwe, the discharge of industrial and municipal effluent has heavily polluted Lake Chivero, Harare's principal...
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...1. The Cost of Water A. According to my last water bill, the city of Phoenix charges $2.69/unit (748 gallons) as of Oct. 1. Personally, I feel this is a very low cost, especially when you consider it includes “delivery.” Like many households, I use more water than I should, for a variety of reasons. So, what is adequate as far as cost per gallon? I think whether the cost is adequate is a question for the provider: Does it cover their costs for collection, processing, operations, maintenance and infrastructure? As the consumer, I am sensitive to whether the cost is fair or a good value. So far, I believe it is a good value to me, however, I don’t believe the cost is high enough to motivate conservation. For example, I had a discussion with a co-worker once about water consumption. She informed me that the 3 people in her household use a clean towel every time they take a shower. I was appalled at the idea of washing that many towels. Assuming she’s washing 21 towels per week as a part of her regular laundry, that adds up to a lot of water consumption. By comparison, there are only 2 people in my household and we use one towel each for a week. However, at my household, water is wasted by having to run cold water out of the taps until hot water from the heater located in the garage reaches them. Also, I have a water leak in my pool skimmer due to shoddy work during its remodel. I called the plumbers back to repair it before the deck and lawn were completed, but...
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...such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Today, it is becoming a serious crime to pollute the air and water. ------------------------------------------------- Forms of pollution The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each of them: * Air pollution:- the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5. * Light pollution:- includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference. * Littering:- the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties. * Noise pollution:- which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar. * Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE,[10] herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. * Radioactive contamination...
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...Water – The India Story March 23, 2009 1 Table of Contents Summary Global Water Situation – A Snapshot Water in India Innovative Water Management Initiatives 2 Freshwater rich regions across the globe are projected to face water scarcity if current reserves are not managed effectively Global Freshwater Scenario Global Freshwater reserves are rapidly depleting and this is expected to significantly impact many densely populated areas of the world Low to middle income developing regions as well as highly developed countries will face water stress in the future, unless existing water reserves are managed effectively • Although low and middle income developing countries currently have low per capita water consumption, rapid growth in population and inefficient use of water across sectors is expected to lead to a water shortage in the future • Developed countries traditionally have high per capita water consumption and need to focus on reducing their consumption through improved water management techniques and practices By 2025, India, China and select countries in Europe and Africa will face water scarcity if adequate and sustainable water management initiatives are not implemented Freshwater Situation in India Traditionally, India has been well endowed with large Freshwater reserves, but the increasing population and overexploitation of surface and groundwater over the past few decades has resulted in water scarcity in some regions ...
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...KOMBASES WATER PROJECT Enhancing community water and sanitation services P.O BOX 2186-30200. TEL: 0722 759918 KITALE OUR REF:KWP/PF/VPL.1/2014/ (5) Date 8th Match 2014. The chairman, CDF committee Trans -Nzoia East Constituency P.o. Box Kitale Dear Sir, RE: REQUEST FOR FUNDING: KOMBASES COMMUNITY SAFE CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION INITIATIVE 2014 We refer to the above initiative detailed in the attached proposal for funds from your CDF. We are consolidating other efforts towards the same as in-kind contributions from members and the community at large, at 10% of the total cost of the initiative which is ksh 831100 Kindly assist as a priority to safe us from the current acute shortage of the safe Clean water frequent out break of waterborne diseases as result of drinking untreated and contaminated water from unprotected water points Thank you Yours faithfully Joseph Bartenge CHAIR MAN KOMBASE WATER PROJECT SAFE CLEAN WATER / SANITATION INITIATIVE Historical Background Kombases water project was found by the community in 2012 by Kombases Village of Milimani location,Trans-zoia East sub-county -Trans-Zoia county. The project which is community based organization .its objectives are: 1. Enhance safe clean water for both human and livestock consumption, protection and conservation of all water sources and eradicate water borne diseases among the community. 2. Enhance and promote sustainable...
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...ALDO SESIA Urban Water Partners (A) Introduction Early in August 2010, Dr. Porter Jones (MBA ’11) and his Harvard Business School (HBS) classmate Aaron Matto were on the ground in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in the Republic of Tanzania. They were there to assess the progress of the first slowsand water filter of their company— Urban Water Partners (UWP). Four months earlier, Jones and Matto, along with Ajay Kori (MBA ’11), partnered with Justin Iwasaki and Jason Young, two MD candidates at the University of Utah, to win HBS’s 2010 Social Venture Track Business Plan Contest. Their idea was to bring clean water to several African nations using a network of existing water vendors, readily available water purification technology, and mobile-banking technology. If they were successful in Dar es Salaam, the team planned to expand operations into several other African urban centers where water quality was poor. UWP’s seed money, the prize winnings from the HBS competition, would be gone at the end of the month, and the team had a meeting scheduled in late August with an HBS alumnus who was interested in investing in the company. At the meeting they intended to present their business plan, updating their original financial analysis with experience gained from two months of work getting UWP started. Of particular importance was to show UWP’s path to profitability: the team knew there was considerable skepticism among investors that clean water could be delivered profitably...
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...population shall lack access to “Improved Sanitation Facilities” in 2015.(7) Improved Sanitation Facilities are those that help eliminate human contact with sewage, and include flush or pit toilets/latrines and composting toilets.(1) In many regions of the world (even when such facilities are available) untreated sewage is often discharged into drains and streams, due to lack of expensive collection and treatment infrastructure. Thus, surface water surrounding many urban areas in the world remain grossly contaminated with fecal matter, and often contamination seeps into groundwater.(1) Waterborne communicable diseases such as Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Hepatitis A, Schistosomiasis, or Intestinal Nematode infections generally spread through fecal-oral route. Potable water contaminated with untreated sewage poses serious health risks to humans as it can contain different waterborne pathogens (namely bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or parasites).(3) Given that many waterborne pathogens are able to survive in aquatic environments for a long time humans are at risk of exposure to the above-mentioned communicable diseases when they use waterways contaminated with fecal matter for drinking, cooking, or bathing purposes.(3)...
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...splits between fast and slow hikers, the slow hikers may be left behind or become lost. A common custom is to encourage the slowest hiker to hike in the lead and have everyone match that speed. Another custom is to have an experienced hiker sweep up the rear, to ensure that everyone in the group is safe and nobody straggles. * Hikers often enjoy the silence and solitude of their surroundings. Loud sounds, such as shouting or loud conversation, disrupt this enjoyment. Some hikers purposely avoid loud sounds, out of deference to other hikers. Staying quiet will also increase the likelihood of encountering wildlife. (This is a hazard if dangerous animals are present; see "Personal safety hazards".) * Hikers sometimes trespass onto private property from public land or rights of way (easements). Such trespass can alienate the property owners and (in countries where rights of way are not protected by law) close down hiking rights-of-way. To maximize...
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...equality) Water, sanitation and hygiene-related deaths % of total deaths (WHO) Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 2.0) Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT) Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT) 152.41 144 000 km2 1 058 inhabitants/km2 0.515 146 0.518 8.5 % 2 666 mm/year 1 227 million m3/year 8 051 m3/inhabitant 2.9 % 79 % 5 050 000 ha 60 % 73 % 2 sites 611 200 hectares year 2012 2011 2012 million inhabitants 2012 Bangladesh UN-Water Country Brief 2004 2011 2011 2012 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2013 Water withdrawals by sector (total 35 870 million m3 in 2009) % of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT) Groundwater withdrawal as % of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT) Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT) % of the cultivated area equipped for irrigation (FAO FAOSTAT and FAO AQUASTAT) 88% 10% 2% Agricultural Municipal Industrial % of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT) Ramsar sites (Ramsar) – number – total area The Money Stream During 2007 to 2011, the government invested US$ 259.30 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes. During the same period, o cial development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 177.69 million on average per year. Throughout this period, the government’s total water-related investments...
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...Project Report on Product and Brand management in The Market of Branded Water Bottle Industry with reference to “BISLERI” Dr. Sanjay Patro, XLRI Report by 207 Anmol Rohatgi | 218 Gajanan Kulkarni | 220 Heemanish Midde 25th October 2008 Xavier Institute of Management & Research, Mumbai Mumbai University EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The packaged drinking water industry is in the growth stage. A number of leading players have emerged such as Bisleri, Aquafina, Bailey, and Kinley. There are other significant players like Yes, Ganga, Himalayan and many others. Foreign players in the local market such as Evian and Perrier also characterize the industry. At present, the Indian market is also less organized and not much branded. In this context, the industry needs to be studied to find the structure in terms of players, substitutes and others factors governing the success of leading players. This report attempts to study the following: Market Study Packaged drinking water market in terms of major players, market size, growth, and market shares of players, segmentation statements and positioning of the various products available. Consumer Study The consumer segments and their habits and practices also have been studied along with packaging technologies available and the importance of distribution and logistic networks. Strategies To analyze the reasons for success and make a set of best practices and strategies for the players. The company profiles also need to...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PRIVATE REMEDIES Civil Law * written codes which rely on statutory material, traditions * Judges has small role Common Law * Based on customs of the areas, precedents * Judge made law – cases decided by judge US * Mostly statutory, but judges are important * Interpret statues * Judge decides if not codified * Criminal – against State * Civil – all other Environmental Law not very effective if using private remedies PRIVATE REMEDIES | GOOD | BAD | Develop theory and needs | After the fact | Push legislation | Disorganized | Day in court | Costly | Money damages | Only personal damages | Tort Law - wrongful acts vs. contract law 1. Negligence a. Duty owned b. Unreasonable act c. Personal Injury d. Ex: pesticides 2. Trespass e. Tied to property rights f. Property invasion g. Ex: dam building (H2O invasion) 3. Nuisance h. Tied to unreasonable use interfering with another’s use i. Property use damaged j. Loss of livability k. Can’t move TO a nuisance l. Standing question i. cannot sue unless suffer special damage ii. different in kind, not just degree m. Ex: smoke, sewage treatment, hog farm, airport CIVIL REMEDIES 1. Monetary damages – personal things $ can fix 2. Injunctive relief – environmental, $ can’t replace, make do something a. Negative – DON’T...
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...insect infestations, famine, war and corruption, economic causes, socio cultural causes, microbial growth, excessive food wastage, political and governmental factors, limited access to education and educational supplies and a lack of infrastructure and thus no way to manufacture products or ship them to the rest of the world (Holland, 2013). World hunger and the underlying causes are advertised in various ways on a daily basis through social media. These charity organizations primarily target the impacts and effects world hunger has on the world population. Charities promoting hunger have defiantly made me visualise world hunger in a different aspect, opening my eyes to the massive worldwide issue affecting many lives right this moment. Well-known charitable organizational groups raise community awareness and gain much needed funds for the vulnerable populations who are suffering from extreme hunger, chronic...
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...ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."[2] Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production,[3] but at that time the pollution was comparatively small and could be handled by nature. Urban pollution Air pollution in the US, 1973 The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the cesspools of pollution. The Industrial Revolution brought an infusion of untreated chemicals and wastes into local streams that served as the water supply. King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem.[4][5] But the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow. It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to...
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...Water pollution has become an issue of great concern in our society. Many of today’s water ecosystems and drinking water are being polluted and destroyed as we speak. There are many types of water ecosystems such as oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds witch provide homes to many different organisms. There are overwhelming factors that contribute to the problems of water pollution such as sewage, radioactive wastes, improper disposal of trash on land, and careless beachgoers. These are all significant problems that people do not realize until all of the damage is done. There are very few methods of controlling this pollution and more need to be developed in order to try and control these problems immediately. The first few causes of water pollution include sewage and nutrients from fertilizers being dumped into water. This causes a problem for all the organisms because the nutrients cause the algae and water plants to grow to abnormally large sizes. This can eventually block waterways. As the wastes decompose it uses up oxygen and blocks the flow of water in natural rivers and streams. Also, as these nutrients decompose in the water, they use up oxygen which can harm all the organisms living in the environment. Fish and other organisms living in water need oxygen just as much as humans need it. Since all aquatic organisms depend on oxygen in the water, without a sufficient supply they will not be able to survive. This would be a very dangerous thing. Anything that can decrease...
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