...MEDITERRANEAN Pollution prevention opportunities in the Tanning sector industry CLEANER within the mediterranean region production Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) Mediterranean Action Plan Ministry of the Environment Spain Autonomous Government of Catalonia Ministry of the Environment Centre for Cleaner Production Initiatives Pollution Prevention Opportunities in the Tanning Sector Industry within the Mediterranean Region Note: This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form of educational and non-profit purposes without special permission from the Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP), provided acknowledgement of the source is made. RAC/CP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this material as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purposes whatsoever without prior permission in writing from RAC/CP. If you consider that some part of this study could be improved or there is any lack of precision, we would appreciate if you could notify it to us. Study finished on January 2000 Study published on October 2000 Additional copies or information could be requested to: Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) C/ París, 184 – 3ª planta 08036 Barcelona (Spain) Tf. (+34) 93 415 11 12 - Fax (+34) 93 237 02 86 e-mail: cleanpro@cema-sa.org Web page: http://www.cema-sa.org Page 1 of 162 Pollution Prevention...
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...FEATURES OF THE ACT……………………………………..……………….9 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS………………………..…...…………11 STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS……………………..…………………….13 CONCLUSION………………………………………………….………………….……15 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….…….16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank my teachers and class mates who have assisted me in successfully completing this project. First of all I thank my professor, Mr. Ashish George for his guidance and support. I thank the librarian for his help in selecting the books and collecting relevant materials. I also thank the University for providing me with the necessary facilities for gathering the information. Finally I thank my classmates who are always approachable with any doubts that I have and also for assisting me in preparing the project. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This paper focuses on the various aspects of the Air Act, 1981. This paper is non doctrinal research and the various concepts regarding the act have been highlighted especially the need and the authorities under the act. The source of information for this paper is mainly articles as well as books regarding the same. The paper starts with a small introduction about air pollution and the need for a legislation to combat the same. Then it goes on to discuss the features of the act especially regarding the norms set out and the punishment in case of violation. It also discusses about the two pollution control boards set u under the act and their powers...
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...nutritional consequences for the people belong to foraging societies • Generally, foragers had necessitated to meet their caloric needs through stable supplies of food, which included both qualitatively and quantitatively, hence to avoid malnutrition or starvation • Hunting and gathering generally provides the forgers almost with the same amount of proteins, although they collect large quantities of edible plants to equal the outcome of proteins supplied with the relatively small pieces of meat • Since, even the scavenged animals require humans covered longer distances to amass available carcasses than to cover distances to accumulate vegetable food Effectiveness of Environmental laws In the wake of elevated concern about environmental pollution, for the first time in the world history as many as 20 million Americans which included students from over 2000 colleges and universities, roughly 10,000 secondary and primary schools and hundreds of communities from around the country participated and celebrated the first Earth Day demanding cleaner and healthier environment . This day today holds such a great importance to the world today that it is the largest secular holiday in the world celebrated across 192 countries. The United States in the spirit of the movement created The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The main objective of EPA was to clean up the already done damage to the environment and establishing guidelines to make cleaner and safer environment...
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...Do you think ocean pollution is an issue? Well, over two thirds of Earth's surface is covered by water and all of it has been affected by some sort of pollution. Ocean pollution causes many chemicals and foreign substances to get into our air, water, and food, killing the wildlife and affecting the cleanliness of our waters; it is extremely important for us to all come together in order to stop ocean pollution. "The single biggest problem in reaching international agreement on a topic lies in convincing sovereign nations with different goals, opposing political systems, and fluctuating positions in day-to-day politic that their interests all lie in the same direction" (Cousteau 106). Pollution gets into the ocean from many sources but has...
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...Contents…………………………………………………………………………..Page 1 Abstract…………………………………...……………………………………………………...2 History of the Clean Water Act..……………………………………………………...…………3 The Purpose and Intent of the Clean Water Act……………………….…......………………….5 Summary of the Clean Water Act...........................................................................................…. .5 How the Clean Water Act affects Businesses………………………………………..…………..6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...…………………..10 References……………………………………………………………………………………….11 Appendix Case Study …………………………………………………………………………...………..7 Abstract This paper was written with the attempt to educate the reader on the inception and brief history of “clean water act of 1972”. Before this important law companies used our waterways as liquid landfills. This law was one of many that was desperately needed to help make America a better place for generations to come. Antonio Hines Environmental Science November 3, 2014 The Clean Water Act of 1972 History of the Clean Water Act Dead fish floating in our river ways and different wildlife lying on the banks of our streams was common place in the early 60’s. In Ohio, the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland was so polluted that it caught fire – for the tenth time! Time Magazine reported that Lake Erie was dying from all the waste dumped into it. Saint Louis took its drinking water from the muddy Missouri River because it had gotten to the point that no one wanted to eat or drink from the Mississippi...
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...One of the most serious problems that China faces today is water pollution. Beijing, Capital of China, just like many other Chinese cities, it is suffering from high levels of water pollution. A report made by the state of environmental agency concluded that the level of pollution in Beijing’s water sources is not safe. Another investigation made by the Environmental Protection Supervision Center of North China shows that the north Canal, which provides water to more than 70% of Beijing’s total population had a level of pollution that is 95 times higher than what is considered safe. “Zhao Feihong”, a water researcher in Beijing healthcare association states that there is in Beijing over 100 rivers, however only two or three of them are safe to be used for tap water. These and many more reports made, show that the water sources in Beijing are not safe to drink, however, what are the causes and effects of this pollution? Now, I will be discussing the causes and effects of water pollution in Beijing, and how it differs from other mega cities in the world, such as Jakarta, and New York. With being one of the largest population cities in the world, it’s not surprising to see a huge amount of wastewater produced in Beijing. Due to untreated urban sewage, this wastewater which contains human waste, washing water, urban runoff, industrial wastewater, etc. often end up in the drinking water supplies that Beijing’s citizens consume. In addition to that, the lacks of enforcement of environmental...
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...wherein this report may be a basis for actions and/or intervention. This work focuses on the aspects of understanding the important features of the Bangladesh environment that need to be essentially understood. The purpose of the report is to present the findings of a review done on the environment sector. The review considered the ongoing and past interventions, legal and policy regimes and finally outlined the outstanding issues facing the sector. Objectives of the study It is well established that the process of land use change leads to the alteration of existing environmental conditions of any area. The specific objectives of the study were: 1. To identify the existing land use pattern of the selected area; 2. To explore the prime causes of land use change and its Effects on the environment of the study area, and 3. To give some suggestions based on the study findings. gulations for new industries, and strengthening the regulatory system for agro-chemical pollution control. Alternatively, clean-up strategy can be mobilized through private organizations in a public-private partnership approach. Solid waste management. With the high density of...
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...environment 4 2.2 About the policy 5 2.2.1 Water quality 5 2.3 Instruments the government use to achieve their policy 5 2.4 A justified evaluation of the performance of the policy in relation to its use within the UK 6 References 7 Section 1 1.1 Market Failure Market Failure is an economic situation where free market fails to allocate resources efficiently. It is the abbreviated situation in the any market where the curves of the quantities of the product demand and the quantities of the product supply do not match any equilibrium. This situation is called market failure. In addition, people are selfish that they produce goods and service in a business field, so it becomes market failure. The government have to intervene following reference namely public goods, merit goods, extremities and imperfect competition for improving market. 1.2 Public goods Public goods are about goods or services that can be consumed by everybody in a society, or may not produce at all. Public goods are non-excludable which stand for no one individual cannot be ineffectively kept out from using goods. Most of the public goods are served by government. (E.g. Street lightning). 1.2.1 Relation between Market failure and Public goods For an example of public goods is the street lighting. It is a public good because the street lightings are used by everybody in a society but there are no markets for the street lightings. In this case, the government have to support which public goods...
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...Topic: Systems thinking is critical in developing solution to sustainability challenges Name: Tutor: Introduction System thinking is an approach which focuses on how the issue on study interacts with other related issues and not merely isolating it. Over time, it has been used to address various complex issues (Banson et al. 2014, p.173). Wicked problems are one of these issues addressed by it in a successful way. It is also useful in solving recurring problems which prove difficult to solve. Basically it is composed of various parts which are related either directly or indirectly. They all entail processes which produce outputs from inputs. It is not only dynamic but also holistic and seeks to produce results of the complex problems. Systems thinking is the only critical way to solve complex issues impeding sustainability challenges and develop quality solutions. Since its conception in 1920 by Jan Smuts Holism, it has developed and solved many issues (Gharajedaghi p.2013 558). Pollution is a complex issue which is intertwined in different processes and impacts in diverse ways. Thus, the topic is significance in pursuing ways to help solve the pollution. Ocean pollution also referred to as marine pollution is a wicked problem which has been increasing in complexity day in day out. This is because of the increasing population growth which stands at 7.2 billion worldwide (Noga & Wolbring 2013 p.3615). The increased industry establishment is directly proportional to...
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...Study of Japanese Experiences es on Sustainable Urban Development el including Pollution Control and Management, Resource/Energy Efficiency and GHG Reductiion o GH FINAL REPORT T February 2011 y THE WORLD BANK JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY STUDY OF JAPANESE EXPERIENCES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE / ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND GHG REDUCTION FINAL REPORT The First East Asia Eco2 Program, including this study, was funded by the Cities Alliance through a non-core contribution of the Japanese Government, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the World Bank February 2011 ALMEC CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN TEXT 1 SUMMARY 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Context of the Study....................................................................................................... 1-1 Study Objectives ............................................................................................................ 1-2 Analytical Framework of the Eco2 Initiative.................................................................... 1-3 Urban Development Process, Urban Management, and Environmental Initiatives in Japan.......................................................................................................................... 1-5 Responses of Stakeholders ........................................................................................... 1-8 Lessons from Japanese Experiences...
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...What Water is Worth We Need Clean Water to Survive Thomas Fuller, an English author, once wrote, “We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.” Humans are not the only organisms dependent on water for survival. Plants, animals, and the entire planet Earth are dependent on water. The Earth is made up mostly of water, but only three percent of that water can be considered fresh enough for human consumption. With only three percent of the Earth’s water able to be consumed, it is imperative that the cleanliness of the water be sustained by all humans. Water pollution was such a growing issue in the US that the government established the Clean Water Act in 1948, and then revised in 1977. The Clean Water Act made it illegal for anyone to “discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained” (Environmental Protection Agency, 2/12). Under the original Clean Water Act in 1948, no dumping was allowed by anyone in order to protect the cleanliness of the water. In 1977, it was amended to add that if a permit was obtained, dumping was acceptable. Because of the amendment, the Clean Water Act now only reduces the amount of pollutants going into our water system. Water Pollution: A Growing Issue Water pollution has become a large global issue, especially in developing countries where it is a struggle to find clean drinking water for the inhabitants of the region. There are currently seven different types of water pollution;...
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...Simulation Paper Sean Adams Submitted to Heidi Hales For SCI/362 January 4, 2013 Case-In point: Lake Washington Environmental pollution is an issue that knows no borders. Some countries are more successful than others in addressing these issues for both short and long-term results. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the environmental problems in Central and Eastern Europe caused by decades of pollution. In this paper, I will identify unintended consequences of humankind’s activities that has led to environmental problems, describe the effect of current scientific or technological activities, discuss how the scientific method approach could have helped the current issues, and address any alternative solutions beyond the scientific method. The environmental pollution problems of Central and Eastern Europe come largely from the neglect of environmentally safe work and behavior practices of the previously communist-run countries. During the communist era, there was little to no incentive for an industrial company to consider the company’s affect on the environment. Production quotas took precedence over environmental awareness or public health concerns. Polluting the clean air, water, and soil was acceptable as these commodities were given no economic value (University of Phoenix, 2010). In Russia, the consequences have been severe, affecting human health along with the destruction of Russia’s ecosystems. By the 1990s...
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...Fall Georgio Miller December 17, 2013 ENG115 3.1 – Determining Causes and Effects Pollution in Great Lakes such as Lake Huron is not only harmful to the lake, but the ecosystem as well in many different ways. They can cause a harmful ripple effect transferred from prey to predators including humans. There is also the possibility of a major negative impact on the economy if affected. A majority of pollution found in Great Lakes such as Lake Huron has been proven by many sources to be extremely harmful to the habitants of the water, species who use the water, and the water itself. These findings eventually provided enough evidence for an implementation of a legal pollution limit that is considered to be a tolerance level. To demonstrate the harmful reality of pollution in Lake Huron, a group of graduate students from Michigan State University studied the effects of pollution by observing the lake trout. According to an excerpt of their school thesis, they intended to “…analyze the tissue concentrations in lake trout…over a period of several years.” (Michigan State University, Enivroment 110). The study of this lake trout provided substantial evidence that more contaminated areas of the lake had a higher effect on the trout. The water pollution, caused by anything as small as a tin can or large as an old computer, provided enough harmful resources to sicken, weaken and in most cases kill the lake trout. (Michigan State University, Enivroment 110). These polluted areas are...
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...Issues, Interests, Institutions and Information Issues According to the case study there multiple and a wide variety of issues involved regarding Personal Watercraft (PWC). One of the issues was the potential for water contamination from the oily residue left in the water by two-stroke engines. In addition to the potential for water pollution, air pollution from emissions was also a concern. There was also another type of pollution that was being raised as an issue, “Noise Pollution”. Homeowners and other groups complained that the noise from PWC degraded the quality of the “natural experience” and was a potential distraction to wildlife. PWC safety was another area of major concern; published studies indicated that the accident rate for Jet Skis was significantly higher than regular motorboats. Interests There were many opposing interests identified in the case study. PWC manufacturers, such as Bombardier, Polaris, Kawasaki, and Yamaha, as well as, PWC buyers and/or potential buyers all had a vested interest in the outcome of the issues and conflicts. Associations such as the Personal Watercraft Industry Association (PWIA) which represented the Manufacturers, and various other associations which represented buyers and users were also key stakeholders. The interests on the other side of the equation, who maintained a contrasting position to the PWC manufacturers and owners, were a multitude of conservation and environmental organizations. The opposition...
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...Environmental studies and Fore by admin on Monday, December 12th 2011 No Comment in Essay examples Tags: Environmental studies and Fore, Environmental studies and Fore essay There have been several environmental changes in the world recently occurring due to the pollution of the environment. Increase in production, manufacturing, the use of motor vehicles and basically dumping waste into the environment. This has brought about different types of pollution, each resulting in negative effects due to reducing quality air and other environmental features. If things keep going down this road, the future generations may not have a clean environment to come to, and it may even signify the end of our world. Some of the major environmental pollutions include air pollution, sound pollution, soil pollution and water pollution. Air pollution occurs due to some dangerous gases being released into the environment in large quantities. If the gases are released in small quantities and over a long time, the environment has ways of cleaning itself out, but due to the increase in development and population, this is not possible. This threat for the future world has become a world issue which requires a quick and fast measure taken against it. Otherwise, we might just destroy the only thing that rejuvenates itself and supports our ecosystem. It has been clear though from the past that this issue will not be gotten rid of so easily. This is because even the problem itself...
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