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Barilla Case

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1. Identifiquem as principais resistências internas e externas à implementação desta estratégia. Quais são, no seu entender, as causas mais próximas dessas dificuldades?

No que respeita às principais resistências internas à implementação da estratégia, podemos referir o Departamento de Marketing e Vendas teme que:
- a sua área de responsabilidade venha a ser reduzida, devido à menor intervenção na colocação das encomendas, podendo vir a provocar a redução de postos de trabalho nesta área;
- o nível de vendas estagne, devido à diminuição de stocks que pode retirar motivação aos retalhistas para escoar o produto (estratégia Pull);
- a empresa não tenha capacidade de reagir às quebras de stock, por não estarem confortáveis com a redução do mesmo na produção e distribuição, o que pode eventualmente criar barreiras a venda;
- a organização da distribuição não esteja preparada para trabalhar com sistemas de recolha de dados de consumo e análise tão sofisticados, uma vez que apenas alguns distribuidores tinham sistemas semelhantes de previsão ou ferramentas analíticas para determinar as quantidades encomendadas;
- se torne difícil “empurrar” as vendas junto dos distribuidores, com a limitação da implementação de promoções comerciais que serviam de incentivos;
- devido à diminuição de stocks, se criem espaços livres nos distribuidores que possam vir a ser ocupado por concorrentes.

As principais resistências externas advieram dos distribuidores que consideram que a gestão de stocks é uma atividade chave da gestão da sua própria empresa, não estando disponíveis para ceder essa responsabilidade. Estes sentem ainda resistência à passagem de dados das vendas para a Barilla, SA, considerando que se trata de informação demasiado sensível de cada empresa. A nível tecnológico, o JITD da Barilla implica alterações e investimentos nos sistemas informáticos e ferramentas de suporte nos seus processos logísticos.
Finalmente, os distribuidores sentem que, para além da redução de custos ser mais do lado da Barilla, o JITD pode levar à passagem das ineficiências da Barilla para eles próprios.

2. Avaliem a forma como decorreu o processo de implementação. Quais os benefícios realmente obtidos? Estão em linha com as expectativas?

O JITD surge como uma solução para combater os elevados níveis de stock e ruturas dos mesmos, a variabilidade da procura, as deficiências organizacionais e ineficiências nos sistemas de informação.
O processo de implementação adotado revelou-se complicado, na medida em que evidenciou a falta de apoio por parte das estruturas internas (nomeadamente, Departamento de Marketing e Vendas) e falta de confiança por parte dos clientes.
A solução passou pela realização de testes internos na própria cadeia de distribuição (primeiro em Florença e posteriormente em Milão), obtendo-se como resultados a diminuição do tempo de residência do produto, aumento da taxa de cobertura de produtos (melhoria do planeamento da produção) e redução dos custos de execução.
No que diz respeito à implementação do sistema JITD, a Barilla optou por se associar a um cliente da DO (Cortese). A seleção de uma empresa da DO poderá estar relacionada com o maior poder de influência junto da grande distribuição.
O JITD mudou alguns conceitos na cadeia de distribuição. Maggiali precisou de olhar para o JITD não apenas como um programa do departamento de logística, mas como um esforço de toda a empresa, tentando obter o máximo envolvimento da gestão de topo e criando relações de confiança.

Do estudo do caso, pode inferir-se que o planeamento da implementação foi fulcral para o sucesso do programa, nomeadamente ao nível de:
- Contratação de uma empresa de consultores (GSI) para preparar o projeto e o facto de a mesma trabalhar já para a Cortese (Esta opção parece-nos fundamental para dar credibilidade ao processo e aproximar as partes);
- escolha de um centro de distribuição credível com o qual a empresa trabalhava há muito tempo;
- envolvimento dos quadros das duas empresas para dar empowerment ao projeto;
- teste do projeto e medidas resultantes de forma a aferir a sua exequibilidade;
- utilização do novo sistema JITD durante seis meses para criação de uma base de dados de movimentação de mercadorias do DC de Marchese (Utilização de um sistema de troca eletrónica de dados -EDI, após se ter comprovado o potencial do mesmo);
- decisão de adoção de uma plataforma de comunicação mais abrangente;
- sistema de codificação de materiais, em que os três códigos utilizados (cliente, barras e interno) são associados aos respetivos produtos.

Pela utilização desta estratégia pode-se aferir que os resultados da Cortese e da Barilla obtidos superaram as expectativas, especificamente:

Disponibilidade de informação ao planeamento da produção
As previsões de vendas e ruturas podem ser agora disponibilizadas de forma centralizada ao processo produtivo, o que permite ajustar a produção às necessidades de entrega.

Redução de Níveis médios de stock nos DO’s
Após 3 semanas o stock médio reduziu cerda de 46,7%, mesmo depois de se constituírem stocks para promoções. Assim, conseguiu-se reduzir os níveis de stocks, bem como, o tempo médio de imobilização dos mesmos. Esta poupança teve resultados ao nível do Economic Profit do DO, quer pela redução do fundo de maneio, quer pela redução da atividade de movimentação e pela rentabilização do espaço libertado para outras operações/atividades.

Melhoria do nível de serviço da Cortese
O nível de ruturas de stock diminui para 0.25%, nunca ultrapassando 1% (a taxa média era entre 2 a 5%, podendo atingir picos na ordem dos 10-13%). A Barilla vê desta forma, reforçada a satisfação e envolvimento dos retalhistas, sendo que a visibilidade da cadeia de distribuição ficou melhorada.

Redução nas remessas da Barilla
A redução das quantidades de produtos por remessa, resulta de um melhor planeamento e traduz-se na otimização e redução dos custos de distribuição. Desta forma, e apesar da necessidade de ajustamento aquando do momento de entrega, verificou-se um melhor planeamento das cargas e entregas.
3. No vosso entender, e à luz dos modelos de colaboração apresentados em sala, o programa a que a Barilla chama JITD, será um programa VMI ou CRP? Justifiquem devidamente a resposta.
O reconhecimento de que existe uma dependência entre os elementos da cadeia de abastecimento é o fator primordial no desenvolvimento de relações de colaboração. A lógica de parceria/colaboração com os operadores logísticos é também essencial para uma boa performance da cadeia logística.

Na nossa opinião, o programa JITD utilizado pela Barilla é um modelo de colaboração vertical do tipo VMI (Vendor Manager Inventory), isto porque, a gestão de stocks é efetuada pelo fornecedor, com base na informação recebida sobre os movimentos de stock (consumos). O mesmo monitoriza os níveis de stock dos seus artigos no cliente e assume a responsabilidade de reposição dos mesmos, de modo a garantir os níveis de stock, rotação e serviço contratado. Ou seja, por este tipo de colaboração o cliente não coloca encomendas ao fornecedor, pelo que, o ultimo toma a decisão de quando e quanto repor.

Podemos porquanto inferir que as principais características neste tipo de colaboração vertical são:
- o produtor tem melhores condições de ajustar o planeamento de produção e tem melhor visibilidade sobre os consumos;
- permite detetar as reduções de consumo sem aumentar os stocks;
- os stocks totais (fornecedor e cliente) são inferiores, pois não há duplicação de stocks e existe visibilidade dos consumos;
- o stock total (somatório de ambos os parceiros) é reduzido, em relação a uma situação convencional;
- Requer um esforço significativo e know-how logístico por parte do fornecedor;
- o fornecedor monitoriza os níveis de stock e consumo dos seus artigos, pelo que o cliente não está a passar informação sensível sobre os outros produtos, fornecedores, etc.
- o cliente liberta recursos e cria ligações mais fortes.
- o fornecedor ganha flexibilidade para balancear a produção e otimizar as cargas, dentro dos limites máximos e mínimos de stock acordados.

4. A parte D descreve um conjunto de problemas encontrados durante a fase inicial de implementação. Para cada problema identificado, proponham um conjunto de ações a tomar para atacar/resolver o mesmo (forma sucinta e objetiva).

Na tabela abaixo identificamos os principais problemas encontrados na fase de implementação e respetivo plano de ações:

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