...Capital budgeting is a process that involves making of investment decision by company from one or a series of investment projects to identify the most worthwhile projects for undertaking. A company’s capital investment usually focuses:- • Expansion in existing market • Develop new products or entering new market • Purchase new building / plants • Replacement or improvement on existing equipment Capital budgeting decision is vital for any company because it always involved: • Large investment – capital budgeting decision usually involve large investment of funds but mostly there is a shortage of funds at every firm. Hence the funds and the resources need to be controlled by the firm • Irreversible nature- once the decision for acquiring a permanent assets is taken, it becomes very difficult to dispose of these assets with the incurring heavy cost • Long term effect on profitability- Not only the present earning of the firm is affected but the future growth and profitability also depend upon investment decision taken today, any unsound decision made can lead to a downfall tomorrow Capital budgeting is a complex process as it involved decision relating to the investment of current funds for the benefit to be achieved in the future but future is always uncertain. The 5 step process in capital budgeting decision is: I. Identified investment opportunities- investment proposal or projects normally was initiated by a firm’s management or staffs in line with the corporate...
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...Associates November 27, 2011 Medical Associates: Equity cost of capital, DCF, CAPM, risk, capital budgeting Medical Associates is a large for-profit group practice. Its dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 7% per year into the foreseeable future. The firm's last dividend (D0) was $2, and its current stock price is $23. The firm's beta coefficient is 1.6; the rate of return on 20-year T-bonds currently is 9%; the expected rate of return is 13%. The firm's target capital structure calls for 50% debt financing, the interest rate required on the business's new debt is 10%, and its tax rate is 40%. 1. Calculate Medical Associates' cost of equity estimate using the DCF method. Using the DCF method Cost of Equity = D1/P0 + g D1 = expected dividend= D0 X (1+g) = 2 X 1.07 = 2.14 P0 current price = $23 g = growth rate = 7% Cost of equity = 2.14/23 + 7% = 16.30% 2. Calculate the cost of equity estimate using CAPM. Using CAPM Cost of equity = Rf + (Rm-Rf) beta Rf = risk free rate = 9% Rm = return on market = 13% beta = 1.6 Cost of equity = 9% + (13%-9%) 1.6 = 15.4% 3. On the basis of your answers to #1 & #2, what is your final estimate for the firm's cost of equity? We take the average of the two costs as the final estimate Final estimate is the average of the two = (16.3%+15.4%)/2 = 15.85% 4. Calculate the firm's estimate for corporate cost of capital. Cost of Capital = Proportion of debt X after tax cost + Proportion of equity...
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...Capital Budgeting By Joan Shoueka Capital Budgeting is defined in accounting and finance as “the planning of long-term corporate financial projects relating to investments funded through and affecting the firm's capital structure (Wikipedia, 2014).” It allocates resources for major capital or investment expenditures. Creating and implementing a budget is crucial to any business or organization for many reasons. One reason is because “it creates a structured step by step process that enables a company to develop and formulate long-term strategic goals, seek out new investment projects, estimate and forecast future cash flows, facilitate the transfer of information & lastly, monitor and control expenditures (Investopedia, 2014).” “Preparing a capital budget is also necessary in order to increase profits and minimize costs. Most businesses and organizations typically plan a budget for a 12-month period, which allows management to take a look at a bigger picture. A capital budget differs from a short-term budget in that it takes a look at long-term investments, examining the purchase or upgrade of fixed assets such as buildings, machinery and equipment (Ehow.com, 2014).” There are also many reasons to make hefty investments. One important intention is that it helps to expand the level of operations for a business or company. A growing company often needs to acquire new fixed assets in order to produce work in a timely fashion. Then as the company expands its...
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...Capital Budgeting Processes and Techniques Keith A. Rossmiller Business 657 Instructor Maxwell September 3, 2012 Capital Budgeting 2 Capital Budget Processes and Techniques Investment decisions impact the long-term success or failure of a company. The capital budgeting theory assumes that the primary goal of a firm’s shareholders is to maximize firm value. The process of analyzing and prioritizing investment opportunities is capital budgeting. Capital budgeting involves three basic steps of identifying potential investments, analyzing the set of investment opportunities that will create shareholder value, and implementing and monitoring the investment projects that a firm should undertake. Managers need analytical tools to help them make the best investment decisions for their firm. This paper will explore six different methods of evaluating investment projects and their advantages and disadvantages. The six methods are the payback period, discounted payback period, net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return, and modified internal rate of return, which method is most used in business, and issues related to capital budgeting. Capital Budgeting 3 Payback Period The first...
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...Capital budgeting is a required managerial tool. One duty of a financial manager is to choose investments with satisfactory cash flows and rates of return. Therefore, a financial manager must be able to decide whether an investment is worth undertaking and be able to choose intelligently between two or more alternatives. To do this, a sound procedure to evaluate, compare, and select projects is needed. This procedure is called capital budgeting. I. CAPITAL IS A LIMITED RESOURCE In the form of either debt or equity, capital is a very limited resource. There is a limit to the volume of credit that the banking system can create in the economy. Commercial banks and other lending institutions have limited deposits from which they can lend money to individuals, corporations, and governments. In addition, the Federal Reserve System requires each bank to maintain part of its deposits as reserves. Having limited resources to lend, lending institutions are selective in extending loans to their customers. But even if a bank were to extend unlimited loans to a company, the management of that company would need to consider the impact that increasing loans would have on the overall cost of financing. In reality, any firm has limited borrowing resources that should be allocated among the best investment alternatives. One might argue that a company can issue an almost unlimited amount of common stock to raise capital. Increasing the number of shares of company stock, however...
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...and assumptions which form the basis of management accounting will be formulated in a comprehensive management accounting decision model. The formulation of theory in terms of conceptual models is a common practice. Virtually all textbooks in business administration use some type of conceptual framework or model to integrate the fundamentals being presented. In economic theory, there are conceptual models of the firm, markets, and the economy. In management courses, there are models of organizational structure and managerial functions. In marketing, there are models of marketing decision‑making and channels of distribution. Even in financial accounting, models of financial statements are used as a framework for teaching the fundamentals of basic financial accounting. The model, A = L + C, is very effective in conveying an understanding of accounting. Management accounting texts are based on a very specific model of the business enterprise. For example, all texts assume that the business which is likely to use management accounting is a manufacturing business. Also, there is unanimity in assuming that the behavior of variable costs within a relevant range tends to be linear. The consequence of assuming that variable costs vary directly with volume is a classification of cost into fixed and variable. A description of the managerial accounting perspective of management and the business enterprise will help put in focus the subject matter to be presented in...
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...Corporate Finance Fundamentals [FN1] Examination Blueprint 2010–2011 Purpose The Corporate Finance Fundamentals [FN1] examination has been constructed using an examination blueprint. The blueprint, also referred to as the test specifications, outlines the content areas covered on the examination and the weighting allotted to each content area. This document also lists the topics, the level of competence for each topic, and the related learning objectives. The learning objectives have been designed to ensure that the competencies are met. In addition, information is provided on the proportion of each question type presented in the examination (that is, multiple choice, quantitative problems, and so on). Use Students should use the examination blueprint to prepare for the course examination. The blueprint may not include all the topics listed in the course outline; however, students are still responsible for acquiring a broad-based knowledge of all topics not listed in the blueprint since these topics will be tested in assignment and review questions. The topics not listed in the blueprint will also provide students with a greater depth of understanding of finance concepts. Examination Objectives The objectives of this 3-hour, comprehensive examination are to test CGA students on the prerequisite knowledge required for the completion of Accounting Business Case [BC1] and advancement into Financial Accounting Consolidations and Advanced Issues [FA4], Accounting Theory and Contemporary...
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...Name: Billy (Management International Class 2013) Subject: Business Research method Student Number: B1024131009 Title: Capital Structure Effect on Indofood Financial Performance Problem Formulations: * How Indofood manages their Capital structure with their low cost carrier? * What are the Strategic Investment that the Indofood Company? * How was the Capital Flow of Indofood Company? * How was the Capital Structure affect the Performance and the profitability of Indofood? No. | Name of Researcher (Year of Research) | Tittle | Problem/aim of research | Methodology | Results | Company/Product | 1. | Sven-Olov Daunfeldt and Fredrik Hartwig, 2008. | What Determines the Use of Capital Budgeting Methods? Evidence from Swedish listed companies | Many methods can be used for Capital Budgeting that will affect the other variable such as leverage, etc. | Questionnaire was sent in 2005 and 2008 to the CFOs of all Swedish companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. From that we can conclude what determine it. | The total use of capital budgeting methods is lower in Swedish companies compared to U.S. and continental European companies | Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange | 2 | Patricia A. Ryan and Glenn P. Ryan, 2002. | Capital Budgeting Practices of the Fortune 1000:How Have Things Changed? | Prior studies spanning the past four decades show financial managers prefermethods such as internal rate of return or non-discounted payback models over netpresent...
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...Capital Budgeting When people hear the term capital budgeting, they usually focus on the budgeting part of the term rather than the capital portion. Actually, capital is the more important aspect in that it lets us know that we are evaluating a larger expenditure that will be capitalized -- in other words, depreciated over time. Remember, a capital expenditure can be many things -- a large copying machine, an automated assembly line, a building, or the ultimate in capital budgeting -- the acquisition of another entity. What is totally cool about capital budgeting is it allows you to analyze one or more projects so that you can intelligently and strategically make a decision as to which project you wish to acquire or piece of equipment you should procure. There are at least 6 capital budgeting tools that can be used in analyzing a capital expenditure (please note that the text mainly focuses on NPV and IRR) -- Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), Payback Period (PB), Discounted Payback Period (DPB), and Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR). Perhaps in a prior finance course, you might have learned how to calculate four of the above six tools -- NPV, IRR, PI, and PB. If not, then it will be new material for you! Now, crunching the numbers might seem by some to be the more crucial part -- and it is indeed very important. However, interpreting and analyzing the answers are just as important. Let's see if we can do this with our...
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...Capital Budgeting Analysis Amanda Kocanda, DeUndre’ Rushon, HuongTran,& Morgan Gibreal MBA 612, Financial Strategy October 28, 2014 Bellevue University Abstract Within this paper, an overview of the general capital budgeting process and how it is implemented within organizations is defined and reported. Key terms related to capital budgeting are also defined. Risk analysis based on the Net Present Value (NPV) is performed on the salvage values before and after sales tax values along with the different sale ranges. Keywords: NPV, NPV Profile, NPV, IRR, multiple IRRs, ranking conflict of NPV vs. IRR, payback period, profitability index, discount rate, cost of capital concept, cash flow analysis, cash flow timeline, conventional cash flow stream, non-conventional cash flow stream, sunk cost, opportunity cost, independent projects, mutually exclusive projects Overview of the Capital Budgeting Process Every business requires some source of funds to maintain operation and competitive advantages. Whether it’s a manufacturing or servicing firm, it requires financing. Financing sources can be obtained through debt, bond issuance, bank loan, equity, and issuance of preferred and/or common stock. The amount of debt and equity builds the firm's capital structure. The firm's corporate or business strategy is the proportion of capital structure it needs to finance its operation. The combination of debt and equity totals the cost of capital for the firm. The...
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...Valuation and Capital Budgeting Part I Capital Budgeting M. Lambert Valuation and Capital Budgeting Part I, HEC-ULg 2013-2014 – Marie Lambert 1 Real investments • Real investments are expenditures that generate cash in the future and, as opposed to financial investments, like stocks and bonds, are not financial instruments that trade in the financial markets • Corporations create value for their shareholders by making good real investment decisions Valuation and Capital Budgeting Part I, HEC-ULg 2013-2014 – Marie Lambert 2 Real investments • Intrinsic price of the project? - Financial managers should use a market-based approach to value assets, whether valuing financial assets, like stocks and bonds, or real assets, like factories and machines Valuation and Capital Budgeting Part I, HEC-ULg 2013-2014 – Marie Lambert 3 Module 1 Fundamentals of discounting Valuation and Capital Budgeting Part I, HEC-ULg 2013-2014 – Marie Lambert 4 Time-value-of-money concept • Relationship between $1 today and $1 in the future - Consider the following example: A firm is contemplating investing $1 million in a project that is expected to pay out $200,000 per year for 9 years. Should the firm accept the project? We need to know the relationship between a dollar today and a (possibly certain) dollar in the future before deciding on the project Valuation and Capital Budgeting Part I, HEC-ULg 2013-2014 – Marie Lambert 5 Time-value-of-money concept ...
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...Net Present Value and Capital Budgeting Course Module in Introductory Finance Course Modules help instructors select and sequence material for use as a part of a course. Each module represents the thinking of subject matter experts about the best materials to assign and how to organize them to facilitate learning. Each module recommends four to six items. Whenever possible at least one alternative item for each main recommendation is included, as well as suggested supplemental readings that may provide a broader conceptual context. Cases form the core of many modules but we also include readings from Harvard Business Review, HBS background notes, and other course materials. Click here to add the full list of materials to your library (you must be logged in as a registered user. Not registered? Sign up now.) 1. Overview of suggested content (HBS case unless otherwise noted) Title Author Product Number Publication Year Pages Teaching Note 1. Time Value of Money Introduction Buying Time (HBS online tutorial) Kaplan 104708 2005 -- -- Alternative: Introduction to Accumulated Value, Present Value, and Internal Rate of Return Hammond 173003 1972 10p -- Valuing Capital Investment Projects Kester 298092 1997 5p 204152 Alternative: Tree Value Ruback 201031 2000 3p 202018 Luehrman 207121 2007 6p 209156 Luehrman & Abelli 4212 2010 8p 4213 Piper & DeVolder ...
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...I agree the statement "Budgeting is a key component in management short and long term planning.". A budget is defined as a plan of operations based on a given estimate of expected income and expense in the future. As such, it is thought of as an action plan, outlining an organization's financial and operational goals. The budget expresses the quantitative arrangement of the entity's management, in terms of allocating the business resources, performance evaluation, and formulating prospective plans. Businesses alike hold this as an annual undertaking, putting into account the company's past year's budget and subsequently previewing projections for the next couple of years (however often occurring short-term, in about a year or less.) Budgets provide control over the instantaneous environment, help to master the financial aspects of the job and department, while at the same time administering solutions to problems before they occur. They focus on the importance of assessing alternative actions before decisions are actually implemented. Budgeting serves as a means of systematically planning and control. This will require a realistic financial documentation of the company's goals and performance objectives. Upon formulation, the analysis provides adequate development throughout the fiscal year. Consequently, monthly performance reports compare budgeted results against actual stats. The management then examine these and set out to take necessary corrective actions against significant...
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...Questions MGT/448 May 02, 2013 Global Business Strategies Week 4 Discussion Questions What are the elements of capital budgeting? How do you determine these elements in the Global business arena? Provide examples of how you would use capital budgeting analysis to determine the desirability of global projects. There are three different types of capital budgeting processes: centralized, decentralized and integrated. In centralized capital budgeting, top management make all important strategic capital budgeting decisions. Operating managers bid on implementing projects selected by top management. In decentralized capital budgeting operating managers identify and initiate projects that are approved by top management based upon projected financial performance. Integrated capital budgeting has elements of both decentralized and centralized capital budgeting. Capital budgeting process defines the set and size of a firm’s real assets, which in turn generate the cash flows that ultimately determine its profitability, value, and viability. In principle, a firm’s decision to invest in a new project should be made according to whether the project increases the wealth of the firm’s shareholders. The two things to consider when you would use capital budgeting in global projects are the following; What will the Project Cost? This is the first and most basic question a company must answer before pursuing a project. Identifying the cost, which includes the actual purchase price...
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...Material Capital Budgeting – Clarification Example When people hear the term capital budgeting, they usually focus on the budgeting part of the term rather than the capital portion. Actually, capital is the more important aspect because it shows you that you are evaluating a larger expenditure that will be capitalized—in other words, depreciated over time. Remember, a capital expenditure can be many things—a large copying machine, an automated assembly line, a building, or the ultimate in capital budgeting—the acquisition of another entity. What is important about capital budgeting is it allows you to analyze one or more projects so you can intelligently and strategically decide on which project you wish to acquire or which piece of equipment you should procure. There are at least six capital budgeting tools you can use in analyzing a capital expenditure: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), payback period (PB), discounted payback period (DPB), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR), although the textbook mainly focuses on net NPV and IRR. In a prior finance course, you might have learned how to calculate four of the six tools—NPV, IRR, PI, and PB. If not, then this will be new material for you. Crunching the numbers might seem by some to be the more crucial part—and it is indeed important. However, interpreting and analyzing the answers are just as important. See if you can do this with the six capital budgeting tool...
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