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Beauty and the Beast

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Sistem Kasta Masyarakat India

Sistem Kasta merupakan satu bentuk stratifikasi social yang membahagikan rakyat india kepada beberapa kumpulan dan peringkat yang menentukan identiti, taraf dan kerja yang harus dilaksanakan semenjak dulu lagi. Perkataan “kasta” adalah berasal dari perkataan portugis dan Sepanyol iaitu “Casta” yang membawa maksud bangsa dan keturunan. Istilah “Casta” pertama kali digunakan oleh Pengembara Portugis yang datang ke India pada abad ke-16. Menurut masyarakat india sesiapa yang lahir dalam sistem ini mesti mengikut dan mangamalkan tugas yang telah ditetapkan oleh mereka pada masa silam. Terdapat empat jenis peringkat atau kumpulan yang mengasingkan antara satu sama lain iaitu Brahmin, Ksatriya, Vaisya dan Sudra. Sistem kasta bukan sahaja menetapkan pekerjaan seseorang, malahan tabiat pemakanan dan interaksi dengan ahli kasta yang lain juga turut serta. Pekerjaan-pekerjaan kaum Brahmin, Ksatriya, Vaishya, dan Sudras adalah berbeza, harmoni dengan tiga kuasa yang berkaitan dengan kelahiran mereka. Brahmin terdiri daripada paderi dan guru yang berkulit putih dan peranan kaum Brahmin adalah keamanan; harmoni, Penjimatan, dan kesucian, kecintaan-kemaafan dan peribadi yang murni; berwawasan, berhikmah dan berkepercayaan. Ksatriya pula terdiri daripada pendekar dan pemerintah yang berkulit merah dan peranan kaum Ksatriya minda seorang perwira, berdarah panas, keteguhan, kepintaran, berani dalam perang, pemurah dan seorang pemimpin yang baik. Perdagangan, pertanian dan membela kerbau ialah pekerjaan kaum Vaishya yang berkulit coklat dan terdiri daripada pertain, pedagang dan pelukis. Dan kerja kaum Shudra pula ialah untuk memberi perkhidmatan dan berkulit hitam. Ahli-ahli kasta yang tinggi menikmati lebih banyak kekayaan dan peluang sementara ahli kasta yang rendah melakukan pekerjaan kasar. Di luar sistem kasta adalah “mereka yang tidak boleh disentuh” ataupun dikenali sebagai “pariah”. Pariah pekerjaan seperti pembersihan tandas dan pembuangan sampah, memerlukan mereka berada dalam hubungan dengan cecair badan. Oleh itu, mereka dianggap tercemar dan tidak boleh disentuh. Kepentingan kesucian dalam badan dan makanan didapati dalam kesusasteraan Sanskrit awal. Pariah mempunyai pintu masuk yang berasingan untuk rumah dan mesti minum dari telaga yang berasingan. Mereka dianggap berada dalam keadaan tetap berhadas. Mereka dinamakan "Harijans" (Anak-anak Tuhan) oleh Gandhi. Dia cuba untuk meningkatkan status mereka dengan gerak isyarat simbolik seperti berkawan dan makan dengan yang tidak boleh disentuh. Mobiliti ke atas adalah sangat jarang berlaku dalam sistem kasta. Kebanyakan orang kekal dalam satu kasta seluruh hidup mereka dan berkahwin dalam kasta mereka. untuk berhubung dengan cecair badan. Sistem Kasta tidak lagi diamalkan oleh masyarakat india di Malaysia disebabkan telah dianggap sebagai sistem yang sudah ketinggalan zaman dan ingin dilupakan oleh kebanyakan mereka. Kemungkinan juga disebabkan para pemimpin bebas India memutuskan bahawa India akan menjadi negara demokratik, sosialis dan sekular. Menurut dasar ini terdapat pemisahan antara agama dan negara. Pengamalan tidak boleh disentuh atau mengamalkan diskriminasi seseorang berdasarkan golongannya adalah dilarang oleh undang-undang. Bersama-sama dengan undang-undang ini kerajaan membenarkan diskriminasi positif daripada kelas tertekan India. Orang India juga telah menjadi lebih fleksibel dalam kastam sistem kasta mereka. Secara umum rakyat bandar di India kurang ketat mengenai sistem kasta yang daripada luar bandar. Di bandar-bandar seseorang boleh melihat orang kasta yang berbeza beramah mesra antara satu sama lain, manakala di beberapa kawasan luar bandar masih terdapat diskriminasi berasaskan kasta dan kadang-kadang juga ke atas “Pariah”. Kadang-kadang di kampung-kampung atau di bandar-bandar terdapat pertempuran yang, adalah berhubung dengan kasta ketegangan. Kadang-kadang kasta yang tinggi menyerang kasta rendah yang berani untuk meningkatkan status mereka. Kadang-kadang kasta yang lebih rendah kembali pada kasta yang lebih tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat segelintir daripada mereka juga teguh mengamalkan tradisi nenek moyang mereka dan sistem kasta tidak boleh dihapuskan secara keseluruhan tetapi kebanyakan daripada mereka menentang diskriminasi seperti ini dan semakin kurang orang masyarakat india di Malaysia yang akan mengamalkan sistem kasta pada zaman kini kecuali mungkin dari semasa ke semasa peringkat sistem kasta topik mungkin timbul dalam perbincangan perkahwinan.

Malaysia, Caste et al. 'Caste System In Malaysia'. Retamil - Malaysia Online Tamil Portal. N.p., 2014. Web. 6 Apr. 2015.

Hinduwebsite.com,. 'Hinduism And Caste System'. N.p., 2015. Web. 6 Apr. 2015.

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