...What kind of hierarchies do we encounter in the study of art from 1400-1600? Ideas of the Renaissance The hierarchical phenomenon operating between the years 1400-1600 shaped and organised Renaissance society, heavily defining codes of conduct and correct communal correlations. What’s more, it was a comprehensive and widespread concept that manifested from various angles in Italian Renaissance art. Hierarchical influence can be encountered when considering the contention between several aspects of Renaissance art, and the bearing this classification and ranking process had on the canon of art history was considerable given the periods place in it. Specifically, this ladder of position operated within the competitive frameworks between the liberal and mechanical arts, Early Renaissance and High Renaissance artists, male and female artists, patrons and their employees in the practice of patronage, genres of art works, and painters and sculptors. When trying to understand how a period is structured and works as a whole, consideration of the hierarchies operating within it reveal some clear points of focus. Societies generally work on a ‘pyramid of prestige’, and Renaissance Italy followed this rule. Each societal member had a place, and was expected to fully understand the boundaries this position placed upon them. Societal roles were clear, and every person was conscious of their social standing, whether it be that they were higher or lower than the next person...
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...The Classical and Renaissance art periods are two of the most important and celebrated art periods in our history. The two periods were alike in many ways with only a few differences setting them apart. In the end, the Renaissance was a “rebirth” of the Classical art style, architecture and beliefs. The Classical period was a time of spectacular architecture, philosophical pondering, and human development; taking place between 500 – 323 BC, Ancient Greece enjoyed wealth and power. The arts, literature, and drama thrived. The Classical Period made world changing discoveries in medicine, mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The city of Athens, one of the most powerful and influential cities in the Classical period introduced the world to Democracy and has shaped today’s western governments. Some of the philosophers of the Classical Period have become the most well known philosophers know to man today and have had influence on Western thought and civilization. To this day the teachings of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are still pondered today. Classical art focused mainly on five forms: architecture, sculpture, pottery, painting, and music. Ancient Greece was dominated by religion. This resulted in the temples being big and beautiful. The Classical period brought change in the style of sculptures. The Greeks believed in humanism and their art displayed this. The Greeks took great pride in the importance of the individual in society in the forms of art, philosophy and government...
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...The prayer book of Anne de Bretagne, painted by the artist Jean Poyer, is just one of many examples of religious manuscripts commissioned by Anne. As an avid patron of the arts who favoured books, both illuminated manuscripts and those in printed form, Anne, and the works she commissioned, have both drawn a great deal of attention from scholars, as they provide a wide scope of study on patronage in the French royal court during the early Renaissance. The great number of illuminated manuscripts ascribed to Anne’s possession indicates a partiality towards this art form, and it is likely that she chose to commission these frequently, for they provided her with the opportunity to be in a position where she could oversee every step in the process of producing each book, thus imbuing personal content throughout. To the very slightest detail, each illuminated manuscript was extremely personalised. With all of these factors considered, noting each personalisation...
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...The Evolution of Women in Comedy: From the Italian Renaissance to Today Since the rejuvenation of comedies during the Italian Renaissance, the roles of women in comedy have changed and fluctuated dramatically along with the roles of women in society. Female characters in comedy have ranged from stock characters with no control, to women who take some control via masquerades, to women with freedom but no personality, and finally to the fully empowered, funny women we watch on screen today. Throughout the centuries these changes in comedy have occurred to allow many women to reach their full comedic potential. Changes in comedy to include funny women are ultimately tied to changes in societal views, and this paper aims to explore the journey it took to empower women in comedy, starting from the return of comedy during the Italian Renaissance. Just as in the Middle Ages, women of the Italian Renaissance were granted neither freedom nor independence. With very little exception, women were controlled by men for their entire lives, first ruled over by their parents during childhood and then sent straight into a marriage arranged by their family to a man they probably did not want to marry (“Women”). This lack of freedom encompassed many areas. Women were expected to be housewives and only housewives. They could not leave the home without a male escort and in fact could not even own a home. Women who did not marry were forced to live with a male relative or live in a convent and become...
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...The Harlem Renaissance From 1920 until about 1930 an unprecedented outburst of activity among African-Americans occurred in all field of art. Beginning as a series of literary discussions in the lower Manhattan (Greenwich Village) and upper Manhattan (Harlem) sections of New York City, this African-American cultural movement became known as “The New Negro Movement’’ and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary movement and more than a social revolt against racism, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African- Americans and redefined African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage and to become “The New Negro,” a term coined in 1925 by sociologist and critic Alain LeRoy Locke. One of the factors contributing to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was the great migration of African-Americans to northern cities (such as New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.) between 1919 and 1926. In his influential book The New Negro (1925), Locke described the northward migration of blacks as "something like a spiritual emancipation." One of the factors contributing to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was the great migration of African-Americans to northern cities (such as New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.) between 1919 and 1926. In his influential book The New Negro (1925), Locke described the northward migration of blacks as "something like a spiritual emancipation." In the 1920's African-Americans seemed to have passed...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION As people nowadays are becoming conscious on what they eat, the partners have come up with the idea of incorporating a nutritious ingredient to the famous frozen dessert - ice cream. The business will be able to introduce the vegetable ice cream in the market. The business is named Renaissance Partnership. The business venture is an upscale business selling new variety of ice cream products primarily vegetable-based frozen dessert. It is established as a one stop shop offering different and unique flavors of ice cream as dessert. The business falls under the food industry specifically the ice cream industry and is under the category of dairy products. Dairy products are generally defined as foods produced from cow’s or domestic buffalo’s milk and are usually high-energy-yielding food products. In general, ice cream is a frozen dessert usually made from dairy products with fruits and flavorings. The major markets that the business serves will be composed of individuals who are patrons of desserts like ice cream and other frozen snacks. Their ages ranges from young individuals to adults. The gender is not a hindrance since almost everyone loves to eat ice cream. Summer season is the projected time that would increase demand for the ice cream. The ice cream product would be saleable during summer season but regardless, ice creams can be served at anytime of the year. The business is using e-commerce and social networking...
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....He mostly made sketches of the surrounding countryside. He told a reporter sometime later that during this time he also began drawing pictures of his hero, John Henry, the steel drivin man. But he also had a secret dream of becoming a fiddle player. He told art historian Harry Henderson that he regretted all of his life not pursuing his dream, he was a prolific artist of his era. He depicted African American life, painting in both oils and watercolors. As a young man, Hayden studied at the Cooper Union in New York City and also practiced independent studies at Boothbay Art Colony in Maine. He created one of his first famous pieces in 1926, a still life called "Fetiche et Fleurs," which won the esteemed Harmon Foundation’s Gold Award, prompting his patrons to support him so he could live and study in France. Over the next five years in Paris, Hayden was very productive, trying to capture elements of society. On his return to America, Hayden began working for the United States government. He worked for the U.S. Treasury Art Project as well as the Depression-era government-funded Works Progress Administration . Hayden took his inspiration from the environment around him, focusing on the African American experience. He tried to capture both rural life in the South, as well as urban backgrounds in New York City.Many of these urban...
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...The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance.[1][2][3][4] The Harlem Renaissance is unofficially recognized to have spanned from about 1919 until the early or mid-1930s. Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this "flowering of Negro literature", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, was placed between 1924 (the year that Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression). Contents [hide] 1 Background to Harlem 2 Development of African-American community in Harlem 2.1 An explosion of culture in Harlem 3 Music 4 Characteristics and themes 5 Influence of the Harlem Renaissance 5.1 A new black Identity 5.2 Criticism of the movement 6 Notable figures and their works 6.1 Novels 6.2 Short story collections 6.3 Drama 6.4 Poetry 6.5 Leading intellectuals 6.6 Visual artists 6.7 Popular entertainment 6.8 Musicians and composers 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 10 Bibliography Background to Harlem [edit] Until the...
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...Courtesans of the Renaissance Today, prostitution is thought of as anyone who sells their body for money. In fact, no specific distinction is put on class level of the prostitute or how much money they earn, they are still considered just a prostitute. However, this was not true of the 16th century. During this time, prostitution was a legal business, and at the top of the class list were the courtesans. The courtesans used their outstanding wit and intelligence, along with their bodies to earn their own living. They were visited by the men of the upper class, including royalty. Because of this the courtesans had to project an image of sophistication and nobility. They had to hold their own with their royal clients and were often admired and considered equals by these men. Unlike the imprisoned and sheltered noble women of the Renaissance (the clients wives and daughters), who were either in an arranged marriage or locked up in a convent, the courtesans were independent and free to do as they wished. Precursors to the modern women, the courtesans of 16th century were intelligent and well read, they earned their living by their beauty and wit, and were prostitutes by choice. To completely understand the life of the courtesans, one must realize why these women choose the life. In the Renaissance at this time, women had very few choices. The only good choices for girls were to become married (arranged in most cases) or enter into a convent, but later in the century, even these...
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...Age of Discovery People Bartolomeu Dias – A Portuguese explorer who’s motives were “to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do”. Anne Boleyn – The second wife of Henry VII, she promised Henry that if he married her she would produce a son. Instead she gave birth to Elizabeth I, she was soon beheaded by Henry. Catherine of Aragon – Henry VII first wife who gave birth to a daughter, Mary. She was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn. Charles V – The Holy Roman Emperor who was a devoted Catholic, he opposed to Luther’s teachings. He summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial so he could take back statements. Yet Luther refused, Charles issued the Edict of Worms and declared Luther an outlaw. Charles went to war with the Protestant princesses who followed Luther, ordering all the princesses to the city of Augsburg. There the princesses signed the Peace of Augsburg. Christina de Pizan – One of the first European writeres to question different treatment of boys and girls. She was highly educated for her time and one of the first women to earn a living as a writer. She produced many books and manual son military techniques. Desiderius Erasmus – A Christian humanist who wrote his most famous work The Praise of Folly. Erasmus believed in Christianity from the heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers. He thought that in order to improve society, all must read the Bible. Edward VI – The son...
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...Barcelona the city of my dream Barcelona is the city of my dreams and I hope to have the opportunity to visit this it. This city is best place for tourism because of its monument, climate and soccer. First and foremost, Barcelona can be described as an ancient city in Spain, rich in civilization. There are lots of memorials in its museum, covering the most of the historic events. You can enjoy its monuments too. Barcelona has been well-known by its historic buildings. There are lots of eye-catching structures visible throughout the city. Many famous architects have displayed their abilities by developing amazing buildings and make it be one of the most interesting cities for tourism interested in monuments like me. Second, Barcelona enjoys a Mediterranean climate with mild- cool winter and warm summer suitable for sunbathing. It has several beaches around the city. Snowfalls are not prevalent in the city but those are common on the outskirts of the city. its humid weather is so pleasant and often producing no rain. It is a sunny city and suitable for me to travel. Last but not least, Barcelona has a long sporting tradition specially soccer. FC Barcelona is a sport club best known worldwide for its soccer team and I am one of its dedicated fans. Messi, who is chosen as the best soccer player in the world, is playing in this team. "camp nou" is FC Barcelona stadium and lots of matches will be held in there every year. Being in "camp nou" and seeing...
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...The 10 Biggest Foodborne Illness Outbreaks of 2013 Chicken and fresh produce lead the pack BY JAMES ANDREWS | DECEMBER 27, 2013 Editor’s note: 2013 saw dozens of well-publicized foodborne illness outbreaks. While many of them were found to have sickened a handful of individuals, a few stood out as especially wide in scope. Food Safety News has compiled a list of 10 of the biggest U.S. outbreaks in 2013. Please note that the list excludes Norovirus outbreaks and only includes pathogenic outbreaks associated with grocery products or restaurants. Also note that the actual number of outbreak cases is typically much higher than the quoted number due to many victims typically falling ill but never being reported. 10. E. coli O157:H7 from Glass Onion chicken salads, 33 sick. Trader Joe’s customers in four states fell ill after eating one of two pre-made salad products from Glass Onion Catering: the Field Fresh Chopped Salad with Grilled Chicken or the Mexicali Salad with Chili Lime Chicken. At least seven people were hospitalized, with two developing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a kidney disease associated with severe E. coli infections. 9. Salmonella from Hacienda Don Villo in Channahon, IL, 35 sick. Health investigators traced 35 Salmonella illnesses back to this Mexican restaurant in Grundy County, but they could never pinpoint the exact food source. At least one person was hospitalized, and one employee was among those who tested positive for Salmonella. 8. E. coli...
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...The west front particularly made a great impression on Suger’s ecclesiastical colleagues in northern France a century after Suger, who all engaged in a competition to erect the greatest cathedral in this new style, with wide portals, high clerestories, soaring buttresses, pointed arches, rose windows, ribbed vaulting, and magnificent sculptured façades. The new French style spread rapidly to England and Germany and even influenced Italian architecture. It was in the Ile-de-France, however, that Gothic architecture was the most predominant and where audacious, novel ideas were exhibited. It was not like in the Renaissance, where “the belief was that there was a right way to make a building” because in Gothic times, there were no accepted archetype (Gilgoff). Suger was heavily influenced by writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, the anonymous fifth-century Syrian monk whom he identified with Saint-Denis and the apostle of France to whom his church was dedicated to (Cantor 322). For Suger, the Dionysian neoplatonic philosophy had canonical authority. The mystical identification of the divinity with light was used to explain the function of the new windows in the clerestory of his church was to illuminate the alter with divine...
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...History 200 14 December 2010 1 Mysticism and Diabolic Witchcraft: Female Susceptibility of the Italian Renaissance During the Italian Renaissance, Christianity experienced a heavy resurgence in mysticism. Mysticism was a type of devout faith or spirituality found throughout the convents in Italy and primarily exercised by Christian Italian women (Sheldrake 93-95). These women underwent vivid connections with God which involved an awakening of consciousness and awareness for God’s divine will. In extreme cases, women fell into a transcendental union with God in which they experienced ultimate illumination. In these rare occurrences, women could encounter faith miracles such as stigmatas, ecstasies, or the re-living of Christ’s Passion. During this period, Italy also experienced another intense spiritual movement labeled diabolic witchcraft (Tavuzzi 150). In the case of diabolic witchcraft, again experienced primarily by females, women underwent a concentrated level of worship and contractual relations with Satan. Historical examples show these women developing sexual relations with Satan, as well as maleficia or harmful magic (Tavuzzi 153). The women involved in diabolic witchcraft were pursued by the Church’s legal arm, the Dominican Inquisitors. They were put on trial, accused of heresy, and either imprisoned or killed. Similarly, the Dominican Inquisitors investigated women who were involved in mysticism and upon the examinations performed by the inquisitors;...
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...During Benito Mussolini’s reign, he and his Fascist regime utilized political intelligence, propaganda, and Mussolini’s own charismatic demeanor to form a cult of personality. This personality cult was used to perpetuate Mussolini as Il Duce and Italy as a Fascist state, while presenting Il Duce as a mythic hero who could do no wrong. The “Cult of the Duce” was in many aspects the unifying force of the Fascist regime, and acted as a common denominator for various political groups and social classes in the Fascist party and Italian society. Through massive organized rallies, early teachings with revised textbooks in elementary schools, and various forms of media propaganda, the “Cult of the Duce” was created, and presented Fascism with a model of centralized power and authority that solely revolved around the mythical and spectacular authority of one man, Il Duce. The emergence of the “Cult of the Duce” was to create an idealized, heroic, and at times god-like public image of the Italian dictator. The focus of this operation was to prove Mussolini as the sole Fascist savior of Italy and to gain the support and loyalty of the Italian people. Declining post war conditions helped develop a need for the “Cult of the Duce”; “The parliamentary paralysis, social disorder, and economic difficulties of the first years after the Great War greatly enhanced the popular appeal of a youthful and energetic politician like Mussolini who projected the image of a “strong man” capable of rescuing...
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