...creation of a managerial structure which determined who had control over what process within the business and how those people would then delegate each task to an individual or group. From a business aspect this is known as a “vertical structure” and was predominate far into the twentieth century. The new managerial structure spread to the majority of businesses at the time and allowed corporations to manage vast quantities of materials and products as cheaply as possible. Andrew Carnegie used this structure to refine his steel company into becoming the most efficient, most successful steel manufacturer in the world. Standard Oil, led by John D. Rockefeller, used this method to dominate the distribution of kerosene and gasoline by the end of the nineteenth century. By streamlining their businesses the entrepreneurial moguls of the time were able to amass massive amounts of wealth; however, this drive for success and wealth also caused a great number of hardships especially for the workers in...
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...When Pittsburgh police refused to end the strike, Carnegie hired 300 private agents from the renowned Pinkerton Detective Agency to subdue the protest. The laborers, however, won a surprising victory after a bloody standoff. President Benjamin Harrison eventually sent troops to end the strike. In 1894, reelected president Grover Cleveland made a decision similar to Harrison’s to end the Pullman Strike in Chicago. When Pullman, a railroad car company, cut employees’ wages by 30 percent, labor organizer Eugene V. Debs organized a massive strike. Over 150,000 Pullman workers refused to work, Pullman cars were destroyed, and train service was cut off from Chicago to California. Cleveland sent federal troops to break up the strike and had them arrest its ringleader, Debs. During these turbulent years for America’s labor unions, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) quietly grew in power, coordinating efforts for several dozen independent labor unions. Samuel Gompers founded the union in 1886, seeking better wages, working conditions, shorter working days, and the creation of all-union workplaces for its members. Unlike the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor, the AFL represented only skilled white male craftsmen in the cities. Despite this limitation, however, the AFL survived the Gilded Age and would become one of the most powerful labor unions in the new century. Terence Powderly joined the Knights of Labor and by 1879 had...
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...for the second time of the war. The Union forces, under the command of General George Meade, were already at Gettysburg. General Lee believed that invading the North would force the conflict away from Virginia and divert troops from Vicksburg. Invading the North would also take pressure off farms and the breadbasket of the South, the Shenandoah Valley. Any Confederate victories in the North would encourage Lincoln to negotiate a settlement to end the war. It would also gain the attention of France and England, two countries which the Confederacy courted for resources. Before the battle, Confederate General Henry Heth brought 7,500 troops down from Chambersburg where they encountered minimal Union resistance and...
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...Battlefield Report: The Battle and Surrender of Appomattox Courthouse It was the 8th of April, 1865. Merely days earlier, Confederate General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia had evacuated Petersburg and Richmond . After a day and night of persistent marching while under pursuit from Union General U.S. Grant, Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia settled near Appomattox Courthouse. Lee’s objective was the South Side Railroad where much-needed food supplies awaited (www.civilwar.org). Unfortunately for Lee, Brigadier General George A. Custer reached there first, capturing and burning two supply trains. Grant sent a surrender request, which Lee promptly ignored as he hoped for more supplies at Lynchburg. He did offer to meet Grant...
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...too. This was due to the fact that the Civil War was something big happening for the United States, the fact that everyone had a different perspective on what was truly going on, and that after the war had ended it was the rise of the beginning of realism. The effects that the Civil War had on the literature of America was both short and long term. During the war people were able to write down everything they did, saw, or felt so the world could understand the hidden pains and suffering; this period had a major impact in American literature. April 12, 1861, the day the war had officially...
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...States including Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Kentucky were not included in the Emancipation Proclamation. The Civil War was not a war to end slavery it was a war to get the South to join the Union once again. “That aim remained the restoration of the Union, but the Emancipation Proclamation meant that it would be a transformed Union, one without slavery” (Crowther, Edward R.”Emancipation Proclamation”.14 Mar.2012) Many believe that even if the Emancipation was not signed that slavery would of come to an end. But the question is was the Emancipation Proclamation needed to win the Civil war? The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in states rebelling against the Union, but the slaves in the Union and Border States were not at all affected by the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was a war strategy that Lincoln hoped would help him win the war. As Lincoln stated many times, he was not trying to abolish slavery in the beginning of the war but he would do anything to put the country back together with or without slavery. The Emancipations Proclamation did not actually free any slaves but it freed slaves for a short term period until the war was over. To actually free slaves Lincoln would need to win the war because he was not legally able to confiscate the South’s property because they had seceded from the Union. On January 1, 1862 Lincoln signed the final draft of the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves within in the south. “All persons held...
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...would change the course of history. The fort was named after a Revolutionary War hero, Thomas Sumter. Built as a symbol of independence in 1860, Fort Sumter stood at a towering 300 feet by 400 feet in Charleston Harbor. Originally, the fort was under the command of union troops until General P.G.T. Beauregard and the confederates bombarded the fort on April 12th and 13th, 1861. The reason the first shots were fired was because President Abraham Lincoln had ordered supplies to be sent to his troops. The supplies...
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...the 17th of August of 1945, when the Soviet Union was in the midst of the Stalinist era and is critical of the situation that was developing there. In George Orwell's views the Soviet union was turned into an inhumane dictatorship built around a single man and enforced through sheer terror of various punishments and/or executions. The author deems his book a "fairy story", but the book is anything but. The animals of Manor Farm, plagued by malnurishment and the injustice that was forced upon them, revolt against their human...
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... I) Since the beginning of mankind the world has been under various ruling powers with only one goal in mind. A) This led to the rise of monarchies with their kings and queens, the socialists with their presidents, and the communists with their tsarist rulers. B) In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev brought upon the world the idea of Glasnost', which led to the changing of the largest ruling power in the world to a new power benefiting everyone. II) The Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics before Glasnost'. C) Different styles of Soviet government from the early 1900s up to 1985. 1) Leninism to Stalinism to Khrushchev to Brezhnev. D) Coups and the Great Purge III) What lead to Glasnost' and what it is. E) In 1986, Gorbachev dismayed at the slow process of reform being conducted in the country proposed to the citizens of the USSR and the entire world a two new ideas to help bring reform to the country in a much more radical direction. F) Gorbachev called for a glasnost’ (openness or candor) in the media and culture. IV) Changes within Russia and Foreign changes. G) Banned works and speaking out are no longer dangerous crimes against the state. 2) Criticizing the government led to the formation of a large number of independent nationalistic movements in the USSR. 3) Scholars and scientists are allowed to share their findings with others. H) Multiple treaties signed to end decades of heated...
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...the South’s failure to diplomatically secure foreign intervention, emancipated slaves enlisting in the Union army, and the military strategies employed by the North’s generals. Both the Union and Confederacy expected a quick victory, each believing it possessed several advantages over the other. In the end, however, the North’s overwhelming superiority in manufacturing and industry proved to be far too great a hurdle to overcome by the South’s agricultural economy. While the consensus seems to be that there was no single contributing factor in the War’s outcome, there are several that should be highlighted, beginning with Lincoln’s leadership role. Lincoln’s chief priority from the beginning of his presidency was to preserve the Union. The way in which he achieved this was through skillful use of executive power provided by the Constitution. In the secession crisis, Lincoln relied on the prerogative element in the executive power to prevent the destruction of the government. His decisive action marked the first steps pointing to the reinauguration of the national authority and reconstruction of the Union in order to augment and perfect the principles of the founding (Belz par. 53). Once national authority was established, Lincoln would later use his presidential powers successfully and effectively through the emancipation of slaves; a strategy which would serve the Union well when Lincoln permitted the enlistment of Negros in the army. With the recruitment efforts of...
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...The Cold War was an indirect interaction between the U.S.A and the Soviet Union. The different ideas of government were one of the main reasons of why there was a war between the U.S and the Soviet Union. Not only that, many factors came along with the war, starting from 1945 other Countries and Nuclear weapons created tension between them. Economic competitions, policies, and plans also contributed to the creation of the Cold War and the finalization of it in 1991. The presidents at the time also influenced in big decisions making, and lead to a better or worse situation not only in the U.S and the Soviet Union, but also in many countries that were involved. During the late 19th Centaury the Soviet Union (USSR) was encouraging the pro-communist...
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...A labor union is a group of employees that work together to obtain safer and better working conditions, higher wages, and better hours for the work they complete. For example, those who work in a retail store may have a union that will fight for them if chaos breaks out or employees aren’t treated correctly. Nowadays, there are still unions fighting to be appreciated for their accomplishments. However, in the 1930s unions were in a constant battle to be recognized and it wasn’t until 1935 that unions had a significant act that enforced protection of employee rights and employers. This newly enforced act led to changes in the workplace and changed how unions were seen as globally. Overall, The National Labor Relations Act of 1935(NLRA) expanded...
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... who have lived as slaves during the Civil War. It’s a short story about slavery, freedom and their revenge on Sterling Gage who has tortured the three slaves throughout their lives. The short story is published in 2011 and is written by the author Richard Gibney. The short story shows how harsh and brutal it was to be a slave and how they fight to achieve freedom. It also shows how revengeful the slaves were because they were treated very badly throughout their lives. The short story takes place in the United States in the end of the American Civil War. “It was the day after the boy from the Union had come to the farm to let the slaves know they were freemen” (Page 1 lines 1-2). This is the first quotation in the short story and it already tells us that it takes place in America in the Southern states. The key word “the Union” says that the story takes place in the Southern states because the Union is in the North and the boy came from the Union. The slaves in the Northern states were already free at this moment and they fight for freedom of the slaves in the Southern states. Therefore, we can assume that it takes place in the southern states. There are several opinions about what caused the civil war. Most people believe that the event that started the...
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...he had to deal with the issue of southern states seceding from the union. He personally was anti-slavery, but prioritized the sanctity of the union over ending slavery. Lincoln ended up ending slavery and saving the union, but it cost him his life. Lincoln often describes himself as a naturally anti-slavery man, but decides to do what he feels is right for the union rather than his personal views. His personal viewpoints sometimes differed from his public viewpoints. Lincoln’s stances on the preservation of the union often influenced his position on slavery. Lincoln's principal objective was to keep the Union together no matter what. In the Lincoln-Douglas discusses in 1858, Lincoln broadly expressed "A house separated against itself cannot stand." (Document 1) He goes ahead to clarify how this legislature must be altogether one thing - either all servitude or all free. Lincoln trusts that division is the thing that will part the Union. This view is coming from an anti-popular sovereignty standpoint - Lincoln was negating Stephen Douglas' popular sovereignty views , where the general population have the privilege to choose by vote of their territorial legislature regardless...
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...Unit 9 Final Project Kaplan University Exploring the 1960’s: An Interdisciplinary Approach Unit 9 Final Project The year is 2325, and I, archaeologist extraordinaire, have been summoned to view the contents of a strange sealed capsule that was found buried outside what used to be our nations capital. I have seen these capsules before but have never had the opportunity to be the first to analyze what is in side. Many of the capsules that I have read about before have had a brief glimpse of history and how things used to be during a certain time period. The first item found when opening the time capsule from the 1960’s is The Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was waged from 1961 until 1975 ("Battlefield: Vietnam,"). The Vietnam War cost over $150 Billion and lost over 58,000 American lives (Van Buren, 1991). The Vietnam War was such a big part of the 1960’s; it is almost impossible to no it include it in any time capsule representing the 1960’s. The second item found in the time capsule is the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was a movement started to create equality between white people and black people. The fight for racial equality started in 1954 is still going on today (Brunner & Haney, 2007). The Third item removed from the time capsule is the band The Grateful Dead. The Grateful Dead provided the sound track for the psychedelic movement of the 1960’s, creating 23 albums over 24 years ("Grateful dead discography," 2013). The fourth object...
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