...children in their own home. The classroom is an immediate environment where management is applied in order for students to acquire formal knowledge. It is made up of the teacher, students, learning devices, and the learning environment. Management, on the other hand, can be seen as a process of designing and maintaining any setting in which people work in groups for the purpose of achieving common goals. The Oxford Dictionary defines management as the act of running or controlling or skill of dealing with people or situations in any way. Loomiz (1980) defined management as a method where a group of people at the highest level of organization plan, organize, communicate, coordinate, control and direct the actions and activities of people who work for the organization toward the achievement of organizational objectives. In the school setting, in order to achieve its aims, a school has to have objectives, and to achieve these objectives, the various people with responsibilities in the school, especially in the classroom have to plan organize and lead. Classroom management is the term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that the classroom lessons runs smoothly despite disruptive behavior of the students. Many authors have their own definitions of classroom management and most of them agreed that it is a process of maintaining and establishing effective learning environment. Classroom management strategies changes through times....
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...Running head: LEADERSHIP APPROACH Leadership Approach University of Phoenix Leadership Approach Countless managers work tirelessly each day to help create thriving and dynamic organizations. Some of these managers possess unparalleled leadership qualities while others lack the knowledge and appropriate people skills to motivate and empower employees. Managers and Leaders have varying definitions. A manager can be effective without leadership qualities and a leader can be effective without management skills. However, in chapter one of Organizational Leadership, Yukl (2010) states, “defining managing and leading as distinct roles, processes, or relationships may obscure more than it reveals if it encourages simplistic theories about effective leadership (p. 8). The following paper provides an overview to the leadership approach of behavior as well as provides a description of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Behavior Approach The Behavior Approach began in the early 1950s after researchers declared the Trait Approach as being an ineffective means for identifying positive leadership qualities (Yukl, 2010). Researchers believed the key to successful leadership included the positive behaviors management displayed while on the job. Additionally, management stated behavior research falls into two general subcategories: (1) how managers spend their time and the typical patterns of activities, responsibilities and the functions for managerial jobs and (2)...
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...Contemporary Approaches to Management & Environments The Four Contemporary Approaches to Management 1. Socio-technical Systems 2. Quantitative Management 3. Organizational Behavior 4. Systems Theory How the Approaches are Different from One Another Socio-technical systems theory is a contemporary approach to management that says that a proper combination of workers (the social system) and their knowledge, training and tools (the technical system) leads to organizational effectiveness in satisfying customers. Emphasis: Social + Technical Quantitative management is another contemporary approach to management that prioritizes mathematical or statistical analysis as basis for decisions. Emphasis: Quantitative analysis The organizational behavior contemporary approach mainly considers the behaviors and interactions of workers. Emphasis: Individual and group behaviors Systems theory shows that the organization’s performance depends on how effective it is in providing goods or services using inputs from the external environment. Emphasis: Changing inputs into outputs Definition: Open System In the systems theory contemporary approach to management, an open system is a set of components and processes, i.e. the organization, subject to the influence of the external environment. The organization is an open system because its components and processes change due to external factors. Internal, Competitive, and Macro-environments of an Organization The internal environment...
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...Contemporary Theories of Management Contingency Theory Basically, contingency theory asserts that when managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at hand. Basically, it’s the approach that “it depends.” For example, the continuing effort to identify the best leadership or management style might now conclude that the best style depends on the situation. If one is leading troops in the Persian Gulf, an autocratic style is probably best (of course, many might argue here, too). If one is leading a hospital or university, a more participative and facilitative leadership style is probably best. Systems Theory Systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. First, let’s look at “what is a system?” A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. For example, a pile of sand is not a system. If one removes a sand particle, you’ve still got a pile of sand. However, a functioning car is a system. Remove the carburetor and you’ve no longer got a working car. A system can be looked at as having inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the systems. Let’s look at an organization. Inputs would include resources such as raw materials, money, technologies and people. These inputs...
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...Introduction Organizational behavior is the study of the behavior of individuals in organizations. It studies the science and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. The purpose of the study is to improve relationships in organizational context and therefore improve the process of achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Definition of organizational behavior “Actions and attitudes of individuals and groups toward one another and toward the organization as a whole, and its effect on the organization's functioning and performance.” Evolution of Management theory Behavioral science approach This Approach focuses on the psychological and sociological processes that influence the performance of workers. This approach focuses on the workers, not the job itself. The behavioral science was influenced to a large extent by the human relations movement, namely the Hawthorne experiments (e.g. influence of lightning on performance etc.) in the 1930s. Human relations approach The human relations approach evolved in the 1960s and included research from Herzberg, Maslow, and McGregor etc. They tried to find ways to motivate employees based on their needs. 1. McGregor X and Y theory McGregor stated the XY theory of management that says that there are two types of management approaches. A type Y manager sees people as individuals with intrinsic motivation to achieve the organizational goals. Therefore the job of...
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...Explain how the four contemporary approaches to management are different from one another. • The contemporary approaches to management include: sociotechnical system theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and system theory. The sociotechnical system theory is an approach to understanding the relationship between technology, individuals, organizations and society in work place design. "The sociotechnical systems approach says that a change in one part means there will have to be corresponding changes in other parts. “The sociotechnical systems approach says that a change in one part, means there will have to be a corresponding change in other parts. “The quantitative management approach involves the use of mathematical modeling to find the best solutions to problems. One important component of the quantitative management approach is an ability to objectively collect information about a problem and possible solutions to develop appropriate, and useful, mathematical models. Organizational behavior theory usually represents concepts that help a company create better management practices. Concepts such as leadership, decision making, team building, motivation, and job satisfaction are all facets of organizational behavior and responsibilities of management. Systems theory is a broad perspective that allows managers to examine patterns and events in the workplace. This helps managers to coordinate programs to work as a collective whole for the overall goal or mission...
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...outline briefly, major trends in management theory since the beginning of this century. • Classical – this approach focuses on purpose, formal structure, hierarchy of management, technical requirements and common principle Scientific Management – A major sub-group of classical approach, emphasis is placed on increased productivity through technical structuring of the work organization and the provision of monetary incentive as motivator of highest output. Bureaucracy – Another major sub-group of classical approach, it focuses on the importance of administration based on expertise (rules of expert) and administration based on discipline (rules of official) • Structuralism – This approach places emphasis on the relationship between the formal and informal aspects of the organization of the organization, and the conflict of needs between the needs of the individual and organization, and between the workers and management. • Human Relations – This approach underlines the social factor at work and the behavior of employees within an organization. • Neo Human Relations – This approach is concerned on the personal adjustment of the individual work within the organization, and the effects of group relationships and leadership styles. • Systems – This approach is focused on the total work of the organization and the interrelationships of structure and behavior, and the range variables within the organization. • Contingency – This approach highlights the possible means of...
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...The four contemporary approaches to management are: systems theory, organizational behavior, quantitative management and sociotechnical systems. Each contemporary approach is influenced by an environment factor. These impacts are macro-environment, competitive environment and internal environment. The macro-environment of an organization involves variables such as political, social, legal and technological. Competitive environment of an organization involves the organization and professional players whom compete in the market place. Internal environment of an organization are components and processes within, such as employees, managers and resources. Each environment is relevant to the contemporary approaches however the approaches are unique in their own way. To elaborate more, the systems theory demonstrates that the organization’s execution relies on how efficient it is administering goods and services utilizing inputs from the external environment, in a matter that changes inputs to outputs. An open system is associations that would influenced by, and that affect, their surroundings, continually interacting with its environment (Bateman & Snell, 2012, p. 42). Internal, competitive and macro-environment are relevant to the systems theory because this approach to management deals with circumstances inside and outside of the organization. Quantitative management organizes scientific or measurable data as premise for choices...
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...Classroom management is one of the most essential skills to becoming an effective classroom teacher. Teachers who possess the ability to manage their classrooms are able to create an environment where learning is the focus (Burden, 2004). There are many theories on how to become positive and encouraging classroom managers. While all of these theories are different and emphasize different aspects of discipline and behavior, all have proven to be valuable methods for improving management in the classroom. One theory of classroom management is Assertive Discipline. This was developed by Lee Canter and Associates (1976). This approach demonstrates how teachers can assertively communicate their expectations to students. It is a comprehensive, systematic method of classroom management. It was developed on the basis of four concepts: “(a) behavior is a choice, (b) every student has a right to learn in an environment that is free from disruption, (c) every teacher has the right to teach without disruption from students, and (d) no child should engage in behavior that is not in the child's best interest.” (Canter & Canter, 1976) These guidelines are expressed and supported by a discipline plan. The discipline plan includes positive and negative consequences for behavior in the classroom. Teachers will assert the rules and enforce them with progressive consequences during the day. One important element is that in most cases, the slate is clean each day. Students begin each day on the...
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...Lut30352_ch01_001-030.qxd 8/7/09 3:26 PM Page 1 Part One Environmental and Organizational Context 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach Environmental Context: Globalization, Diversity, and Ethics Organizational Context: Design and Culture Organizational Context: Reward Systems 5 31 57 88 EVIDENCE-BASED CONSULTING PRACTICES A major component of the evidence-based theme of this text and the link to practice are these part openers from the world-famous Gallup Organization. Gallup draws from its internationally recognized survey science and cadre of internal and external researchers (e.g., the author of this text and a Nobel Prize winner in behavioral economics are Gallup Senior Scientists), publishes its findings in the top academic journals such as Journal of Applied Psychology and provides this evidenced-based perspective and representative practices for each text part. Gallup is the recognized world leader in the measurement and analysis of human attitudes, opinions, and behavior, building on over three-quarters of a century of success. Gallup employs many of the world’s leading scientists in management, economics, psychology, and sociology. Gallup performance management systems help organizations maximize employee productivity and increase customer engagement through measurement tools, management solutions, and strategic advisory services. Gallup’s 2000 professionals deliver services on-site at client organizations, through the Web,...
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...The Four Contemporary Approaches to Management Contemporary Approach can also be known as modern approach, new ways of thinking or modern ways to look at things. There are four contemporary approaches to management which consist of social technical systems theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and system theory. Sociotechnical System Theory is an approach to organize a working method that can recognize the interaction between technology and humans in a work environment. It is use to promote teamwork and to create efficient production systems. Quantitative Management is an approach that entails the use of mathematical models to discover the best results for problems. Quantitative Management can be use for many challenges in a work environment like, making decisions resolve employee differences. It can be used to collect information about a problem and potential solutions to develop suitable and functional mathematical models. Organizational Behavior is a human relations approach to learn how people, individuals, and group act in organization. Organizational behavior incorporates an assortment of disciplines, including psychology and sociology, to explain the behavior of employees on the job. Systems Theory is a scientific approach that states an organization is a managed system that changes inputs and outputs. System Theory builds a relationship between the organization and the outside environment; by dependent on input from that external environment a...
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...ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR Why do we need to study Organization Behavior? Every individual is different They exhibit different behavior at any point of time WHAT IS ORGANIZATION, ITS, STRUCTURE, DESIGN AND THEORY Organization“a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively identifiable boundary, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals” Consciously coordinated- imply management Social entity means composed of people interacting Relatively identifiable boundary – clear delineation to distinguish members from non-members Achieve a common set of goals- what cannot be attained individually, company mission statement DEFINITION BY STEPHEN P .ROBBINS OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness. MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS P O S D C The most widely accepted functions of management given by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e.Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS Plan- According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be”. A Future course of Action-Business Plan. Organize-to organize reporting relationships. Land,labour,capital,organizational structure, To organize a business...
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...BEHAVIOURAL BUSINESS ETHICS Understanding Ethical Behavior and Decision Making in Management: A Behavioural Business Ethics Approach David De Cremer Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University London Business School Rolf van Dick Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany Ann Tenbrunsel Notre Dame University, Mendoza College of Business, USA Madan Pillutla London Business School J. Keith Murnighan Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management, USA Abstract Management and businesses in general are constantly facing important ethical challenges. In the current special issue, we identify the widespread emergence of unethical decision making and behavior in management as an important topic for a future research agenda. Specifically, we promote the use of a behavioral business ethics approach to better understand when management, leaders and businesses are inclined to act unethically and why this is the case. A behavioral business ethics approach which relies on important insights from psychology should be a necessary addition and complementary to the traditional normative approaches used in business ethics. Understanding Ethical Behavior and Decision Making in Management: A Behavioural Business Ethics Approach The numerous scandals in business such as those at AIG, Tyco, WorldCom, and Enron have raised many concerns about the emergence of unethical and irresponsible behavior in organizations. The seemingly unending occurrence of...
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...Contemporary Approaches to Management & Environments Organizational management can have many approaches. Keeping employees, suppliers and consumers happy can be a complex process. It has been determined that contemporary approaches to management directly relate to an open system and the environments of an organization. Not all contemporary approaches to management relate to every organizational environment directly, but can have an overall impact. Sociotechnical systems theory is a contemporary approach to management that says that the right combination of workers along with their knowledge, training and tools leads to organizational effectiveness in satisfying customers. Quantitative management is another contemporary approach that prioritizes mathematical or statistical analysis as basis for decision making. This approach helps a manager make a decision by developing formal mathematical models including linear programming, queuing theory, simulation, forecasting, inventory modeling, network modeling, and breakeven analysis to resolve a problem (Bateman & Snell, 2013). The organizational behavior contemporary approach studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness by examining the dynamic nature of individual and group behaviors and interactions along with organizational processes. Systems theory shows that the organization’s performance depends on how effective it is providing goods or services using inputs from the external environment. Systems...
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...Organizational behavior is the field of study that investigates how organizational structures affect behavior within organizations. It studies the impact individuals, groups, and structures have on human behavior within organizations. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management. Those who apply organizational behavior to their business usually start by simply studying employees. They may look at their overall attitudes and habits to determine what may need to change. Some concrete details they may gather include facts about productivity, turnover rates and absenteeism, all of which can tell a lot about employee attitudes. Once they collect some observations, they can satisfy one of the goals of organizational behavior, which is to explain the attitude of employees. The field of organizational behavior has a number of commonly agreed upon goals. Chief among these are effectively predicting, explaining and managing behavior that occurs in organizations. Some of these include describing systematically how people behave under a variety of conditions, understanding why people behave as they do, controlling and developing human activity at work and predicting future employees’ behaviors. The study of Organizational Behavior has proved beneficial in many ways. Some of these benefits include enhancing organizational and individual effectiveness, skill development, personal growth such...
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