...Learning and Cognition Paper Jan George PSY/390 University of Phoenix Learning and Cognition Paper Learning is a basic function for all the living. Humans were born with certain behaviors such as innate (general influence at birth) as a result specific unlearned and some particular types conduct; while some obtain from learning. Learning, in the area of psychology is the most suitable in a human beings conduct likely the reaction from skills and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs For that purpose, of getting a complete comprehension of the process of learning, in the view of the psychology field, it is really powerful for a person to first comprehend the specific role that takes part in by the behavior, of a person and also when understanding, the unusual parts of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). Definition of learning and the role behavior play in learning Learning is influential form of conduct and alters information that come to light and many procedure are developed, but can be used for motor expertness, to cognitive skills, such as education, and to viewpoints and benefits, such as preconception. As result verification is mentally disturbed indication and structures of cognitive disorders are also acquire conduct Behavior plays a major role in consideration to learning and people comprehend more concerning it, but to be able to understand...
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...Social Cognition ECE: 353 Cognitive Development of Infants and Young Children Instructor: Sandi Levinson August 14, 2012 Social Cognition Social cognition refers to the awareness of one’s own and other people’s mental states (i.e., acquiring a theory of mind), including emotions, motives, desires and feelings. Socio-cognitive skills, such as the ability to understand, describe and predict people’s mental states, allow children to develop a strong social cognition (Moore, 2010). Developing social and cognitive awareness is especially important during infancy to prepare children to interact properly with the social world prior to school entry. For example, it is through group activities that children gradually learn the importance of sharing. This crucial ability originates from children’s understanding that other children may have a desire to play with the same toys (Moore,2010). Along the same line, recent evidence indicates that children’s socio-cognitive skills may have a direct impact on the quality of their relationships and school success. Children with a more developed social cognition tend to be better communicators, socially competent, popular with peers, happier at school, and academically more advanced. In contrast, those with poor social cognition are more likely to have difficulty making the transition to school, to react more violently in face of harsh parenting, and to experience difficulties in school that may be misread as conduct problems...
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...The Tricomponent Model • Affective Component • A consumer’s emotions or feelings about a particular product or brand. • Purchase decisions are continually influenced by affective response • It is comprised of both our knowledge of stimuli and our evaluations of them Attitude models that examine the composition of consumer attitudes in terms of selected product attributes or beliefs. Multiattribute Attitude Models • Conative Component • The likelihood or tendency that an individual will undertake a specific action or behave in a particular way with regard to the attitude object. A model that proposes that a consumer’s attitude toward a specific behavior is a function of how strongly he or she believes that the action will lead to a specific outcome (either favorable or unfavorable). Multiattribute Attitude Models • The attitude-toward-object model • Attitude is function of presence & evaluation of product-specific beliefs and evaluations • The...
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...Learning and Cognition Michelle Snare-Otto PSY/390 April 30, 2012 Robert Hicks Learning and Cognition Learning is considered taking in something that we did not already know. Behavior changes are related to learning. When we learn our behavior tends to change so that we may take in the materials that we are learning. Not all learning is done through conditioning. Learning can be observational, listening to instructions, or imitating a behavior. Cognitive learning is considered an influential method that provides us with the information that we need to have to learn new data. This essay will take a look at all the aspects related to cognition and learning and how behavior is affected. Definition of Learning According to Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009, learning is a significant topic within this present day by psychologists. Learning is an exceptionally difficult idea to define. Learning can be defined as gaining the knowledge, mastery, or the comprehension of experience or information. Some psychologist do not particularly care for this definition and see learning as referring to changes in observable behaviors (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). A popular definition of learning was suggested by Gregory A. Kimble as learning being a permanent change in behavior that would occur as a result of reinforced practice (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Learning allows for individuals to do something that they could not do before learning took place. Role Behavior Plays Learning ...
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...Section 2 AFFECT AND COGNITION AND MARKETING STRATEGY Chapter 3. Introduction to Affect and Cognition Chapter 4. Consumers’ Product Knowledge and Involvement Chapter 5. Attention and Comprehension Chapter 6. Attitudes and Intentions Chapter 7. Consumer Decision Making Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO AFFECT AND COGNITION Authors' Overview of the Chapter This is the introductory chapter on consumers' affect and cognition, and it provides a foundation for the rest of this section. Students need to understand the basic concepts presented here in order to apply them throughout the course. We begin the chapter by briefly reviewing the four elements in our basic model, the Wheel of Consumer Analysis. Then we discuss in some detail two broad, internal aspects of consumers' responses--affect and cognition. We describe affect and cognition in terms of two psychological systems that sense, interpret, and respond to information in the environment. The affective and cognitive systems can be thought of as essentially independent, yet highly interrelated modes of psychological response. Affect. Affect concerns people's feelings and emotional reactions. We identify four types of affective responses--emotions, strong feelings, moods, and evaluations--that vary in intensity and level of arousal (see Exhibit 3.2, p. 42). We emphasize that the affective system is largely...
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... |Consumption-specific | |Facts |Demographic factors |use-related characteristics | | |Geographic factors |use-situation factors | |cognitions |Psychological factors |benefit sought | | |Psychographic (lifestyle) characteristics |hybrid segmentation | | |Sociocultural variables | | 1. Facts can be determined from direct questioning and categorized by a single objective measure. (Quantitative) 2. Cognitions are abstract抽象的 and can be determined only through more complex questioning, and where most of the constructs measured have no single, universal definition. (Qualitative) 3. Consumer-rooted features stemming from the consumer’s physical, social, and psychological characteristics. 4. Consumption-specific usage-behaviors (facts) or attitudes and preferences toward specific products or buying...
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...Puja Rudra PSY2012 Writing Assignment #2 Culture and Causal Cognition The article I decided to write my writing assignment on is Culture and Casual Cognition by Ara Norenzayan and Richard E. Nisbett. The purpose of this article was to understand the cultural differences in casual cognition. It was believed that casual beliefs differ among countries but essentially individuals come to the same judgments. Over the past decades, many psychologists believed that cognitive reasoning are all the same in all cultures. However, East Asian and American causal reasoning differs drastically. Culture-specific mentalities in East Asia and the West identified with the reasoning behind the differences in casual cognition. The East Asian mentality was said to be holistic, centering consideration on the field in which the item is found and attributing causality by reference to the relationship between the subject and the field. The Western attitude on the other hand, is diagnostic, centering consideration on the object, sorting it by reference to its qualities, and crediting causality taking into account rules about it....
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...new and enrich ing metaphors, such as the "society of mind" (Minsky 1986), but the focus has remained on the individual as a solitary and, for the most part, purely intellec tive being. Although cognitive psychology's increasing engagement with com plex tasks has pressed the field toward a consideration of the context of problem solving as an important element in cognition, little attention has been paid to intentions, motivations, social interpretations, or cognitive functioning in interaction with others. A continuing debate among cognitive psychologists concerns the relative importance of general processes (sometimes called "skills") versus domain specific knowledge in generating competent performance. Most now agree that "experts" in a domain are characterized by large pools of quickly accessi ble and highly specific knowledge, that general skills and domain-specific knowledge can to some degree compensate for one another, and that general skills are "weak" compared to domain-specific knowledge but are nonetheless crucial in allowing for novel performances. Recognition of the importance of domain-specific knowledge took the cog nitive psychologist on a first step toward eventual inclusion of social...
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...movies offer detailed portrayals of human social behavior. Your task in this assignment is to analyze -- from a social-psychological perspective -- the behaviors and events depicted in one of the films listed below. You are not being asked to critique the film in terms of its value as a work of art or as entertainment. Rather, you should think carefully about the human actions and events portrayed in the film. Assignment Choose one of the films listed below. Most should be available at any video rental store. View the film you choose at least once. (Two viewings may offer an advantage). Then, after reviewing your notes and readings, identify 2 different social-psychological principles that appear to be operating in the events or individuals depicted in the film . For each principle that you identify: (a) Provide a clip to show in class. You may assume that we will have internet access, or you can bring in a DVD (or even a VHS tape), or you may create the entire presentation on DVD to show in class. (b) describe in detail the social-psychological principle you believe is relevant. Your job here is to demonstrate that you understand the principle or theory, and that you can describe it in your own words. You don’t need to do library research for this – using your text or your lecture notes as resources is fine. You need you to show us that you have a good understanding of the concept/principle. It’s best if you are specific about the principles you discuss. For example...
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...Motivational: Is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a psychological one that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation is the purpose or psychological cause of an action. Cognitive: Social cognition came to prominence with the rise of cognitive psychology in the late 1960s and early 1970s and is now the dominant model and approach in mainstream social psychology. Common to social cognition theories is the idea that information is represented in the brain as "cognitive elements" such as schemas, attributions, or stereotypes. A focus on how these cognitive elements are processed is often employed. Social cognition therefore applies and extends many themes, theories and paradigms from cognitive psychology, for example in reasoning(representativeness heuristic, base rate fallacy and confirmation bias), attention (automaticity and priming) and memory (schemas, primacy and recency). It is very likely that social psychology was always a lot more cognitive than mainstream psychology to begin with, as it traditionally discussed internal mental states such as beliefs and desires when mainstream psychology was dominated by behaviorism. Learning: a perspective that states that people learn within a social context. It is facilitated through concepts...
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...Cognitive Functions Centuries of philosophy and science have been dedicated to unraveling the mystery behind how cognition occurs, how it maps to areas of the brain, and to what degree cognition is dependant upon these various areas in which cognitive activities are located. Modern neuroscience has helped tremendously to provide some answers as have tests on brain trama patients such as Phineas Gage which revealed startling changes in individual behavior that can be linked to damage in specific areas of the brain. Even though studies continue to discover new information, there is strong evidence to support the premise that specific areas of the brain are dedicated to certain cognitive functions. Phineas Gage was an upstanding citizen that lived Cavendish, Vermont in the mid-1800's. Phineas worked as a railroad crew foreman and was considered by his employer to be a highly reliable, responsible man with morals, and a true model citizen. However, an accident that occurred in 1848 drove an iron pole called a tamping iron, through Phineas left cheek and out the top of his skull. According to reports, Phineas was able to get help from a physician, John Martyn Harlow, with whom Phineas carried on a discussion even during the initial treatments. John Martyn Harlow continued to treat Phineas for months after the accident and recorded the substantial changes in Phineas behavior that occurred during that time. It was a significant discovery in modern medicine and some even argue, the beginning...
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...Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology studies how people think. It also studies how people remember, perceive, and learn. It focuses on how humans store information. This fairly new branch of psychology is set up to establish ways to improve memory and increase the ability to make accurate decisions. It is also used in education to develop curriculum that facilitates learning (Cherry, n.d.). Understanding cognition has many implications. In education, it can improve the retention of information and thus place more value on learning. In the work place it could potentially improve efficiency and productivity. Jean Piaget was the first psychologist to systematically study cognitive development, especially in children. He developed many tests to expose various cognitive abilities. Through these tests, he was able to put to rest the assumption that children are less competent thinkers than their adult counterparts. In fact his research showed that children think in ways completely different than adults (Jean Piaget, n.d.). Noam Chomsky argued in the 1950’s that linguistics should be seen as an extension of cognitive psychology; however, he opposed the traditional learning theory of how language is acquired. According to Chomsky’s views, aspects of knowledge and ability in linguistics are a direct result of one’s innate ability to use it. This is termed language acquisition device, or LAD. Language acquisition devices enable children without developmental...
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...The Health Promotion model accentuates three major concepts in which the theory consistently defines each of them. Within these three concepts of the model include, individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect and behavioral outcomes (Pender, 2011). The first of these is defined as the current beliefs and characteristics of the individual that influence their actions or behaviors (Pender, 2011). Examples of these consists of age, weight, self-esteem, self-motivation and sociocultural factors to name a few. The next concept is behavior-specific cognitions and affect. This is defined as perceived benefits of actions, barriers to change, and activity that predict the individual’s willingness to participate...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Michele Fonseca University of Phoenix Learning and Cognition Learning is basically a combination of different experiences in which individual skills like knowledge. When we learn it is a lifelong process this we know for a fact we do only focus on notions that school and training is essential for development. As we know essentially 'cognition' means is 'to know', gaining knowledge through thought or perception. Cognitive learning is about enabling people to learn by using their reason, intuition and perception. This technique is often used to change peoples' behavior. But people's behavior is influenced by many factors such as culture, upbringing, education and motivation. Therefore cognitive learning involves understanding how these factors influence behavior and then using this information to develop learning programs. Learning through experience can come in many forms not always as noticeable as others. For example, students in an academic setting have different learning styles. This specific type of learning ability could allow students to absorb information in a classroom setting effortlessly. This type of learning is more of a passive ability, rather than something that requires effort to accomplish. This type of student could be learning although not paying any attention what so ever in a classroom. This type of learning also can be accomplished outside of a classroom setting within society passively (Advanogy...
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...and findings in the brain sciences. There have been many important discoveries that offer links between brain science and learning. Donald O. Hebb and Robert C. Bolles have made significant contributions to the field of learning and cognition. Donald Olding Hebb was a prominent Canadian psychologist. Hebb's work has been highly influential in the area of neuropsychology. His contributions included connections in cell assemblies, phase sequences, effects of environments on learning, and work dealing with the effects of short term and long term memory (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). He sought to understand how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning. Hebb was instrumental in defining psychology as a biological science by identifying thought as the integrated activity of the brain (Brown, 2003). His views on learning described behavior and thought in terms of brain function, explaining cognitive processes in terms of connections between neuron assemblies. These ideas played a large part in his views on education and learning. His greatest achievement was to persuade psychologist that in order to understand the behavior of living organisms you must study the neural machinery responsible for that behavior (Pinel, 2009). Hebb proposed that neural structures called “cell assemblies” made up the basis of mental concepts. This cell assembly is the brain's thoughts or ideas. This cell assemblies work together to form phase sequences, which...
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