...OCR A2 Psychology Unit G544 Part B Approaches, Perspectives, METHODS, ISSUES AND DEBATES IN psychology Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................. Perspectives Learning Objectives ...................................................................................................... Behaviourist Perspective Definition ............................................................................................................ Assumptions ........................................................................................................ Ivan Pavlov ‘Pavlovian Conditioning’ ................................................................ Watson & Raynor ‘Little Albert’ Experiment ..................................................... B.F. Skinner ‘Operant Conditioning’ ................................................................... Strengths and Weaknesses ................................................................................... Psychodynamic Perspective Definition ............................................................................................................. Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality ................................................... Assumptions ......................................................................................................... Freud’s Psychosexual Stages...
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...In this assignment I will be summarising the theoretical thrust of the four forces in psychology which are natural sciences, psychoanalysis, transpersonal psychology and existentialism, phenomenology and humanistic psychology. I then chose to do the historical development and key principles of natural science otherwise known as behaviourism. Theoretical Thrust Natural sciences Natural science was about observing and experiencing. The way to understand experience was through colours, tastes, degrees of brightness, and contours but this was later on said to be wrong by Gestalt psychologists. Behaviourism was influenced by an article written by John. B. Watson. He stated that psychology must reject all reference to consciousness. Behaviourism...
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... What Are The Historical Perspectives In Psychology? In this Psychology 101 article, we ask what are the historical perspectives in psychology? Now, this question provokes a thesis on its own, but here we evaluate specific times of extraordinary turning points leading to where we are today. We are all psychologists in our own right. We have the innate ability to draw conclusions by watching the behaviours of others. So, where, whom and what legitimizes psychology as a science and how did we arrive there? It is through history, that we have built and drawn from our own evaluations as a species. So, what is psychology? Psychology Definition As this is a psychology 101 based article, as always, we will start by providing a ‘working definition’ of psychology as a term: ‘Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour of humans and animals.’ Psychologists concentrate on what is observable and measurable in a person’s behaviour. This includes the biological processes in the body, although, the mind is central to the subject. ψ - This is the Greek letter pronounced as 'Sigh' and spelled as 'Psi'. It is now used as the International symbol of Psychology. Psychologists think it is important to be scientific in their study. This is to avoid confused thinking. What Is Psychology? We have covered the centralised theme around psychology with the above definition. But in order to understand the historical perspectives, we need to ask what is psychology...
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...John Locke believes that when we are born we are a “tabula rasa” a blank slate which means that he supports the idea that we are products of our environment and also supports behaviourism. Another debate is continuity v discontinuity, some individuals have created continuity theories and others have created discontinuity theories. Continuity theorists believe that the development of an individual is constantly continuous while discontinuous theorists believe that there are specific periods where individuals develop. For example Freud’s psychosexual stages are a discontinuous theory. There is also an issue of nomothetic vs idiographic; some theorists adopt a nomothetic approach while others adopt an idiographic approach. Individuals that adopt a nomothetic approach create theories based on what we share with others, and find general laws that can be applied to large groups of people, for example behaviourism is a nomothetic approach. On the other hand the idiographic approach goes into large detail for the individual to investigate why we are unique, for example Freud’s theory is an idiographic approach. There are six principle psychological perspectives which are applied to the understanding which includes; behaviourism, social learning, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and developmental. These perspectives can be used to explain the development of individuals. Cognitive development starts when developing from when we are born. It refers to how intelligence, conscious thought...
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...this process takes place. The scientific study of learning started in earnest at the dawn of the 20th century. The major concepts and theories of learning include behaviourist theories, cognitive psychology, constructivism, social constructivism, experiential learning, multiple intelligence, and situated learning theory and community of practice. Behaviourism The behaviourist perspectives of learning originated in the early 1900s, and became dominant in early 20th century. The basic idea of behaviourism is that learning consists of a change in behaviour due to the acquisition, reinforcement and application of associations between stimuli from the environment and observable responses of the individual. Behaviourists are interested in measurable changes in behaviour. Thorndike, one major behaviourist theorist, put forward that (1) a response to a stimulus is reinforced when followed by a positive rewarding effect, and (2) a response to a stimulus becomes stronger by exercise and repetition. This view of learning is akin to the “drill-and-practice” programmes. Skinner, another influential behaviourist, proposed his variant of behaviourism called “operant conditioning”. In his view, rewarding the right parts of the more complex behaviour reinforces it, and encourages its recurrence. Therefore, reinforcers control the occurrence of the desired partial behaviours. Learning is understood as the step-by-step or successive approximation of the intended partial behaviours through the use...
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...Topic: Teacher’s Knowledge, Identity and Major Learning Theories Using your knowledge of teacher’s knowledge bases, major learning theories and teaching preferences define your identity as ‘teacher’. Then reflect upon this position in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in respect to teaching practice. Introduction In this paper I will explore teacher knowledge bases, major learning theories, teacher identity and teaching preferences by commenting on a VET teacher who we will call Mr Black. I will then reflect upon his application of each in term of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in respect to his teaching practice. The subject, Mr Black, is retained by one organisation to conduct training and assessments for a specific group of tradesmen who will be working on a major infrastructure upgrade project. The duration of his contract is to be no more than 4 years. Mr Blacks’ background is in a related technical field and he holds a Certificate IV in Training and Assessment therefore he falls into the VET stream of Education Robertson (Robertson I. , 2008) has suggested that Certificate IV in Training and Assessment may provide enough opportunity to develop the applied skills required for an expert teacher. Teachers working in Vocational Education and Training (VET) face in an increasingly complex and diverse environment as highlighted by Robertson (Robertson I. , 2007) Teachers and teaching roles come in all shapes and sizes and so it is true...
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...1 Semester 1 Course: EDDHODJ Assignment No. 597534 Table of Contents: Question 1: Behaviourism Question 2: Cognitively guided instruction Scaffolding Simulation Problem-solving Discussion Question 3: Strategic school planning Phase planning Planning per grade/ lesson planning Example of a lesson plan References and bibliography: Pg 2 Pg 3 Pg 4 Pg 4-5 Pg 5 Pg 6 Pg 7 Pg 8 Pg 9 Pg 10 Pg 11 2 Question 1 According to the behaviourist perspective, people are moulded according to their environment. This can be via either positive or negative reinforcement. If behaviour is reinforced, either positively or negatively, then the likelihood of that behaviour happening again increases. If behaviour is punished, the possibility of that behaviour happening again is reduced. Behaviourism can be classified into two different groups, classical conditioning and operant conditioning :(Alberto & Trout-man, 2003; Cooper et al., 2007; Miltenberger, 2008): Classical conditioning: Is the process of reflex learning-investigated by Pavlovthrough which an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) which produces an unconditioned response (salivation) is presented together with an unconditioned stimulus (a bell), such that the salivation is eventually produced on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, thus becoming a conditioned response. Operant conditioning: Operant conditioning is another form of learning by association. The learning that takes place...
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...1. Introduction – What is Behaviourism It is well documented that behaviourism has had a significant role to play in scientific psychology since the early part of the 20th century. Before this period, early psychologists such as Freud focused on emphasising the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behaviour. In these early days psychology had developed from philosophical studies, so the approaches used were similar to those adopted by the philosophers at the time. The main approach used the method of introspection, which tried to understand the mind through the analysis of an individual’s thoughts, feelings and experiences (Hayes, 2008). However, this approach was later criticised for its subjectiveness since one person’s introspection can differ from another’s (Gross, 2003) and that although introspection can reveal an individual’s private experiences it cannot be objectively measured or observed by others (Smith et al, 1998). The concept of behaviourism as a formal school of psychology was introduced by the American psychologist, JB Watson in 1919 (Carlson et al, (2000). Following a series of experiments he conducted on animals which included cats, dogs, monkeys and rats, he came to the conclusion that psychology should not be concerned with the mind or the consciousness. He suggested that psychologists should instead focus on the external observations on the behaviour of animals or humans in order to understand how the environment influences the...
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...London which allows me to go around the city from store to store in order to enhance coffee education. Anywhere I go and take a walk around the cafe area I would always find cups laying around with almost all of the drink still in it. Why wouldn’t anyone even bother to take their drink with them that they bought for money? That was always a mystery to me. At the beginning of this module (Organisation and Identity) some very unexpected ideas came by which I could not really grasp during the initial couple of weeks which led me to think of quitting the module. However, I did not do so with a hope that I will probably understand whats going on and quitting did not seem like a very noble idea. As we entered the third week and studied ‘behaviourism’ I could slowly start relating the core ideas to practical life and it was the fourth week when we studied ‘symbolic interactionism’ and I could never be more thankful to myself for continuing as this very idea opened new sectors of the world to me and I felt...
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...generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). * Cognitivist – believe that learning is a change in individuals' mental structures enabling them to show changes in behaviour. It is based on the thought process behind the behaviour. * Behaviourist – believe that learning takes place when knowledge is separated into smaller bits. Students are rewarded for successful answers. Instruction focuses on conditioning the learner's behaviour. Learning involves repetition and association and is highly mechanical. Behaviourist leaning teachers focus on a new behavioural pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. * Learning Theories * Behaviourism – The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds. The behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors as such can be described...
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...lOMoARcPSD Summary - lecture notes Education: The Psychological Context (Macquarie University) EXAM: Part A: Kohlberg Piaget Humanism David Geary Part B: Humanism, Behaviourism, Constructivism Vygotsky Personal Perspectives & Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask...
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...Article published in Education Today, issue 2 of 2005, Aries Publishing Company, Thames, New Zealand. Article by: Dr Tom H Brown Deputy Director Department of Telematic Learning & Education Innovation University of Pretoria South Africa 0002 +27 12 420-3884 (Tel) +27 12 420-3828 (Fax) +27 82 908-3884 (Cell) eMail: tom.brown@up.ac.za Beyond constructivism: Exploring future learning paradigms Abstract Educational practice is continually subjected to renewal, due to developments in information and communication technology (ICT), the commercialisation and globalisation of education, social changes and the pursuit of quality. Of these, the impact of ICT and the new knowledge economy are the most significant. Changes in our educational practice lead, in turn, to changes in our approaches to teaching and learning. These changes also impact on our teaching and learning paradigms. Currently, as over the past few decades, we teach and learn in a constructivist learning paradigm. This article discusses past and present paradigm shifts in education and then explores possible future learning paradigms in the light of the knowledge explosion in the knowledge era that we are currently entering. 1. The impact of ICT on education The electronic information revolution currently experienced in the world can be compared to and reveals the same characteristics as the first information revolution started by Gutenberg’s printing press. This means that, just as present-day society accepts...
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...Social Psychology 11.30am – 1.00pm Throughout this essay I am going to discuss main aims and procedures of psychology from academic perspective, what psychology is, the founding fathers of psychology, main issues concerning psychologist, different branches of psychology and why psychology is form of science. The purposes of psychology is focusing on research and theories and understanding psychological area. While some psychologists work on applied psychology to gain knowledge. Psychologist involved in research applies psychology during some point in their career. Clinical psychology is among various principles of psychology aims at developing knowledge and research method which they continue to build up and treat with psychological issues. Psychology is the science discipline to understand behaviours of a person. The goal is to understand people by establishing general principles and researching cases. The four goals of psychology are description, explanation, prediction and influence. Description is identifying behaviours. Explanation is the reason for mental behaviour. Prediction is offering hypothesis about sets of conditions produces manner of behaving and mental processes. Influence is using the results of research to solve practical problems that involves behaviour. The specialised meanings in psychology are behaviourism, functionalism, individualism, ethnocentrism, introspection and pragmatism. Determinism is the argument that the person doesn’t have...
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...behavioural model focuses on the observable behaviour of a person. Its assumptions were that behaviour is primarily the result of the environment rather then genetic and so the behaviourists reject the view that abnormal behaviour has a biological basis. the focus is on reinforcing positive behaviors and not reinforcing maladaptive behaviors. Maladaptive behaviours can be un-learnt by changing the environment. Behaviourists have a deterministic view believe that our actions are based on life experience. This model is completely opposite to the biological model. Classical conditioning is behaviour learned through stimulus-response association. Stimulus being the environment and response being the reaction given. This is an early form of behaviourism pioneered by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov (1897) demonstrated classical conditioning by using dogs. the dogs would salivate every time meat was put before them he then rang a bell. Eventually the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell so when they heard the sound of the bell they would salivate even though there was no meat present. Watson and Rayner (1920) proposed that children learn phobias through paired associations. It is suggested that through classical conditioning people can learn to associate an unconditioned response with a neutral stimulus. Therefore resulting in a conditioned response that can lead to a phobia. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted an experiment on an infant, little Albert, they wanted to show that emotional...
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...largely consists of the observable behaviour of humans and other species of animals * Psychologists focus on behaviour in individuals Goals of Psychology 1. Describing what happens 2. Explaining what happens 3. Predicting what will happen 4. Controlling what happens Describing What Happens * The first task in psychology is to make accurate observations about behaviour * BEHAVIOURAL DATA: Observational reports about the behaviour of organisms and the conditions under which the behaviour occurs or changes * From broad, general, and global aspects all the way to microscopic details of the organism under study * Reporting facts as they actually occur (Free of any bias or subjectivity) * Each level of analysis yields information essential to the final composite portrait of human nature that psychologists hope ultimately to develop Explaining What Happens * Explanations deliberately go beyond what can be observed * Explanations in psychology usually recognize that most behaviour is influenced by a combination of factors * Factors within the individual: Generic makeup, motivation, intelligence level or self-esteem * External...
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