...fact of needing lower cost medical and higher quality of care. Many consumers have never even heard of the antitrust laws. These laws are effectively and responsibly enforced, they can save consumers millions and even billions of dollars a year in illegal overcharges (U.S. Department of Justice, 2013). The Federal Government and many states have antitrust laws. These laws prohibit business practices that unreasonable deprive consumers of the benefits of competition, resulting in higher prices for inferior products and services (U.S. Department of Justice, 2013). The laws can be enforced in three ways: criminal and civil enforcement actions brought by the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, civil enforcement actions brought by the Federal Trade Commission, and lawsuits brought by private parties asserting damage claims (U.S. Department of Justice, 2013). The antitrust laws help to protect competition. This ensures lower prices and new and better products for consumers. In a freely competitive market, each competing business generally will try to attract consumers by cutting its prices and increasing the quality of its products or services (U.S. Department of Justice, 2013). Consumers benefit from the lower prices...
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...Criminal Justice Elaine Ramon CJA/344 November 15, 2011 Sherry Caperton Culture Diversity in Criminal Justice Culture diversity is one of the many issues facing the criminal justice department, including police departments. Culture diversity is important to get over because of the cultural and religious differences it brings. Socializing and studying cultural diversity brings about a better understanding. The more we understand other cultures and religions, the more tolerant we become. Throughout history in law enforcement all policemen were white, and especially no police women. Before the 1960s police departments were guilty of employment discrimination by not hiring minorities and women. Police departments also required applicants to be a certain height to keep minorities from applying and didn’t hire nonwhites (cliffnotes.com, 2011). One of the first African Americans to be hired in the United States as police officer was in Jackson Tennessee in 1960. When James Cherry was hired as a police he was sure he would not be welcomed by the white community, but instead he was rejected by the black community. Although James Cherry was a police officer he still had to follow the segregation rules (Morris, 2003). The first woman police officer was discovered to be in Chicago. According to Feminist Majority Foundation women were often hired to protect and supervise other women and juveniles. In 1893 Mary Owens was the first woman to be hired by the Chicago Police Department as...
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...The introduction of the Youth Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act in 2014 introduced changes to the legislation surrounding youth justice. These changes are designed to provide harsher punishment to youth offenders, focusing on deterrence techniques. The first change introduced by the Youth Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2014 is – where part 4, division 2 of the Children’s court Act 2000 is to provide that an open court for repeat offenders is now allowed (Department of Justice and Attorney General, 2014). The court has the authority, if it is believed to be in the best interest of justice, to close the court in a repeat offender’s case. The court may also be closed if the evidence is being given of a sexual nature is being given in a Court room. (Department of Justice...
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..."competition laws". Antitrust law was put in place by U.S. Government to protect consumers from being vulnerable to exploitery business practices. Government protects consumers by ensuring that the competition which exists in the market is fair, & would also ensure that enforcement leads to an open-market which is consumer friendly. ANTITRUST LAW-GOAL & HISTORY The goal set by government is to protect the end user, consumer, antitrust laws “is to protect economic freedom and opportunity by promoting free and fair competition in the marketplace”. Consider being in a market with one option, what it would offer to consumers, technically nothing, because there are no options. Antitrust law ensure that the “Competition in a free market benefits American consumers through lower prices, better quality and greater choice. Competition provides businesses the opportunity to compete on price and quality, in an open market and on a level playing field, unhampered by anticompetitive restraints.” Federal antitrust law applies to the entire market, product or service those exist in united stated. These virtual laws are applicable to all...
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...2016 Professor: Charles Davis Administrator Challenges essay In this essay, I will discuss the functional role of the criminal justice administration in the police department. I will also describe what I consider being the major issues and satisfactions of that particular role. Finally, I will discuss if this course helped prepare me? If not, what might improve the course? To understand and comprehend what a criminal justice administrator job functions are we must first define these two words Criminal Justice, Administrator of Criminal Justice and Police Administrator. Criminal Justice – Is the system of law enforcement, involving police, lawyers, courts, and corrections, used for all stages of a criminal proceeding and punishment (Dictionary.Reference 2016). Administrator of Criminal Justice – Is defined as the performance of activities such as detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post-trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision or rehabilitation of accused person or criminal offenders or the collection, storage and dissemination of criminal history record information (Us. Legal 2016). Police Administrator – Is defined as the process, art, and science of the management, supervision and ethical leadership of a police agency (Us. Legal 2016). In today's world of policing the role of criminal justice, police administrator is a very complex and challenging job in today society. A police administrator has many different functions...
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...2016 Professor: Charles Davis Administrator Challenges essay In this essay, I will discuss the functional role of the criminal justice administration in the police department. I will also describe what I consider being the major issues and satisfactions of that particular role. Finally, I will discuss if this course helped prepare me? If not, what might improve the course? To understand and comprehend what a criminal justice administrator job functions are we must first define these two words Criminal Justice, Administrator of Criminal Justice and Police Administrator. Criminal Justice – Is the system of law enforcement, involving police, lawyers, courts, and corrections, used for all stages of a criminal proceeding and punishment (Dictionary.Reference 2016). Administrator of Criminal Justice – Is defined as the performance of activities such as detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, post-trial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision or rehabilitation of accused person or criminal offenders or the collection, storage and dissemination of criminal history record information (Us. Legal 2016). Police Administrator – Is defined as the process, art, and science of the management, supervision and ethical leadership of a police agency (Us. Legal 2016). In today's world of policing the role of criminal justice, police administrator is a very complex and challenging job in today society. A police administrator has many different functions...
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...expect to be treated justly by the criminal justice system. While laws have been amended and created over the years, lawmakers have neglected to create a substantial amount of laws that take diversity into account. In the instance of selling drugs, certain drugs such as crack, a drug used primarily by African Americans, result in longer prison sentences and higher penalties. On the other hand, cocaine, a drug used primarily by Whites, ensues fewer penalties. Our laws must take ethnic differences into account because not all crimes result in the same course of punishment. In this paper, I will discuss the impact of culture on the criminal justice system and describe contemporary methods used by the police department and security firms while working with diverse populations. Furthermore, I will detail nondiscriminatory practices within the criminal justice system and outline Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles in relation to police departments. Race and ethnicity are important factors to incorporate into laws. Many of the current laws are outdated in the sense that they do not take cultural differences into account. Current US populations have a different racial and ethnic make-up than when most laws and the Constitution were created. Present day America has numerous immigrants, legal or otherwise, who must live and abide by outdated, and at times, unfair laws. Immigrants, on a whole, are fearful of being a part of the criminal justice system, whether as a witness, perpetrator...
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...Introduction The Department of Justice investigated Microsoft Corporation for anti-trust behavior throughout the 1990’s. 19 States complained against Microsoft for practicing monopolistic behavior, following the investigation, the case went to trial. The following paper discusses the case against Microsoft, than talks about the monopoly market structure, and how it can affect society. United States of America V. Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation, a multinational software corporation, was investigated for anti-trust behavior throughout the 1990’s. Complaints to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), sparked an investigation on Microsoft corporation for using market power to monopolize web browsing software, which may prevented competing web browsers to gain marginal revenue. (Kleiner, 2011) In 1990, the FTC started investigating the Microsoft Corporation for monopoly (Brown, 1993), though in 1993 the FTC could not reach a conclusion if Microsoft practiced anti-trust behavior and further dropped the case (Keho, 1993). In 1994, The Department of Justice (DOJ) reopened the case, which resulted in a settlement between the complainants, the DOJ and Microsoft Corporation (U.S. Department of Justice, 1995). In May of 1998, 19 state plaintiffs and the DOJ filed a lawsuit against Microsoft, accusing the corporation for being a monopoly market structure by destroying competing threats posed to Microsoft. The company was accused for bundling their software to include with...
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...Running Head: Effectiveness of Juvenile Correctional Facilities Effectiveness of Juvenile Correctional Facilities: Juvenile Crime Kalah Jiggetts Criminal Justice Abstract This paper uses data on juvenile offenders released from correctional facilities in Florida to explore the effects of facility management type (private for-profit, private nonprofit, public state-operated, and public county-operated) on recidivism outcomes and costs. The data provide detailed information on individual characteristics, criminal and correctional histories, judge-assigned restrictiveness levels, and home zip codes—allowing us to control for the non-random assignment of individuals to facilities far better than any previous study. Relative to all other management types, for-profit management leads to a statistically significant increase in recidivism, but, relative to nonprofit and state-operated facilities, for-profit facilities operate at a lower cost to the government per comparable individual released. Cost- benefit analysis implies that the short-run savings offered by for-profit over nonprofit management are negated in the long run due to increased recidivism rates, even if one measures the benefits of reducing criminal activity as only the avoided costs of additional confinement. Since its beginnings in the mid-1980s, prison privatization in the United States has provoked several rounds of congressional hearings and hundreds of articles...
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...are many other factors that can subject to being a victim of hate crime. This essay will aim to highlight some of these for a specific group citing specific examples of a hate crime, restorative justice models that can be applied to the group. It will also further go on to explain the benefits and challenges with the use of that particular restorative model, along with a contemporary research method that could be used to measure the victimization of this particular group. Finally an attempt will be made to link the victimization of this group with the criminological theories currently being studied. A group of people who often face hate crimes are Muslims. Although not as popular as some other forms of hate crime that frequent newspapers or news stations. It is also one that in some ways has become a taboo subject when it is brought up around some politicians, community leaders, and private citizens. One of the main factors that have put the Muslim community in the firing line for hate crime is the events of September 11 2001. The leaders and perpetrators behind the attacks were Muslims and as such the religion has taken a brunt of the fallout for the attacks. Statistic by the FBI in 2011 shows that 12.5% of hate crime of a religious cont want aimed at Muslims (U.S. Department of Justice-Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2012). One example of such crime is that of Mark Stroman in 2001. Stroman on September 21st 2001 walks into a gas station and opened fire on individuals he believed...
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...Peter Kimani Kamau: AF2344 California State University East Bay University MBA: 6215 Business Government and Society Abstract The focus of this final project is the Department of Immigration Services of Kenya (DISK). It is a department under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Interior and Coordination of the National Government; responsible for registering and maintaining of an all-encompassing population register, managing migration of people, control of borders and supervising the welfare of refugees in Kenya. DISK is responsible for facilitating international travel and regulating citizenship, residency, entry and exit in Kenya. This paper describes the history and set up of DISK and highlights corruption and unethical practices that subsists within the department, consequently presenting a threat to social justice and economic development in Kenya. The paper introduces the findings of an examination on systems, policies, procedures and practices that promote corrupt practices at the DISK, conducted by Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC), an agency mandated by the Government of Kenya (GOK) to ensure that public resources in Kenya are managed through prudent and transparent systems. The paper also draws comparisons between corrupt and unethical practices as viewed by local Kenyans Vis-a Vis the views of corruption in the eyes of Western countries. We have also compared Kenyan corruption index against other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and developed countries...
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...Introduction Reviewing the Case Study on pp. 75 – 76 of the text Criminal Justice Organizations entitled “Time to Dig Out”, the class was to analyze this study and answer the following questions dealing on a political level of organizational structure and the decision making process. Question #1 Identify the groups, organizations, and political constituents likely to support a reduction in funding for the state’s department of corrections. Which of those groups would also publicly support changes in criminal sentencing that would reduce the prison population? Identify the stakeholder groups or individuals who benefit from funding the department of corrections or prison construction? The case study entitled “Time to Dig Out” was based on the decisions and political strategies in the view of the state governor. The case study revolved around the basis for new prisons and crime prevention within the state. The state wants to take a hard but drastic approach on preventing crime. There were too many contributing factors to debate on constructing new prisons or eliminating the idea all together. Because of the increased crime in the state the state’s budget base was eroding concurrent with the dramatic increase in dollars allocated to prison expansion. The groups, organizations, and political constituents likely to support a reduction in funding for state’s department of corrections are organizations and agencies affected by the decrease or loss of budget to help secure...
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...officers. As an officer of the criminal justice system we are held to certain standards amongst the community and profession. Like any other position in this field we must deal with certain individuals that by law was convicted of some serious crimes. Being a correctional officer, we are not there to be judge, jury and executioner of the person that was convicted. Our job is to enforce certain rules and regulations while they are incarcerated. Another part of our job is to provide a safe and secure place for both inmates and there visitors. If an inmate breaks the rules set forth by the Department of Corrections, that inmate will be subjected to either additional time in prison for his offense, sent to another jail and/or solitary confinement. This organization is the American Correctional Association (ACA). The ACA is an organization that it’s members are dedicated to serving in the prison system, provide a expert union for all individuals and groups, both public and private that share a universal goal of humanizing the justice system. It is the umbrella organization for all areas of corrections, including federal, state and military correctional facilities and prisons, as well as county jails and detention centers. The American Correctional Association (ACA), formerly known as the American Prison Association, is the oldest and largest international correctional association in the world. Approximately 80 percent of all state departments of corrections and youth services are...
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...Kenneth Neal Morris 62349 BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System Unit #3 Question #3: Drawing on the “Law in Society” section of your text, discuss the nature of undercover police work, its benefits and its problems. Undercover police work is used by many law enforcement agencies all over the world. Unlike the movies that we see on TV where the police are working undercover to catch the bad guy, there are many side effects and hazards that go along with the job. However some will agree that it is a necessary evil in order for law enforcement to solve many crimes. There are three major functions that involve undercover police work. Intelligence is used to covertly investigate crimes past, future, and present. An example of this would be that an officer acts as if he/she is a friend to gather information about a crime. Second is prevention which is where a person is planted in a group to discourage violent acts from being committed. Last is facilitation or encouragement which is where officers act as either a victim or co-conspirator. This function is where entrapment is most likely to occur. Kenneth Neal Morris 62349 BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System Unit #3 Undercover work has to be evolving with society in order for it to be effective tool for law enforcement. After the 1970’s undercover work was in high demand, mostly focusing on white-collar crimes, organized crime and political corruption. Spending had risen in upwards of one hundred...
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...purpose is to review and report in the ever expanding study in criminal justice organizational behavior areas in the workforce. This discussion focuses on the forces of change and the approaches to managing organizational change in criminal justice agencies, including identifying observable aspects of organizational cultures (Robbins & Judge, 2013). What social, political, and organizational behavior can influence change in criminal justice agencies? The criminal justice field is an ever evolving field. As today’s technology changes so does the way the criminal justice field interacts with that technology. As our society changes the technology that we use will also be altered to fit the situation. The barriers that come along can affect how the criminal justice field interprets what to do next. The basis of the criminal justice system is to protect and serve the community as a whole. Keeping up with the changes in society in our social, political, and organizational behavior is a vital part of our criminal justice system. There will be fewer barriers as it relates to females in the criminal justice field as well as minorities in particular roles in the different departments because of the social, organizational, and political behavior changes in the criminal justice system and these barriers are being torn down consistently. Statistically there will be more women and minorities in the criminal justice field by the year 2020 than white males (Schmallager, F., 2011). Currently...
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