...The Reagan Doctrine Ronald Reagan is best known for his speech at the Brandenburg Gate near the Berlin Wall where he stated “Mister Gorbachev, Tear down this wall!” That was his challenge to the Soviet leader. Like presidents before him present Reagan had established a doctrine to eradicate the Soviet influence on the world. Ronald Reagan was not the first to propose a doctrine to fight the Soviet nation. In fact, he was just following in the footsteps of his predecessors. The Reagan doctrine was similar to of Truman, Eisenhower, Nixon and Carter in that they all wanted containment of the Soviet Union, but were as they used a more defensive method Reagan deployed a more Offensive style to dealing communist-controlled countries. Reagan laid out his interpretation of his doctrine at his State of the Union Address on February 6, 1985. "We must not break faith with those who are risking their lives on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet-supported aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth . . . Support for freedom fighters is self-defense." He went on to explain how he thought that Truman’s version of containment, originally designed to halt Stalin in Europe was now obsolete. President Reagan’s doctrine facilitated the use of US involvement in places like Angola where the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) fought against the Soviet and Cuban backed Angolan government. US involvement was also present in Afghanistan...
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...texts from the material in the collection Die Berliner Moderne, 1885-1914. 2. ‘Tatsächlich ist es die Erfahrung der Großstadt Berlin, die Konfrontation eines in der Provinz herangebildeten kleinbürgerlichen Bewußtseins mit der Hektik, der Unübersichtlichkeit, den Massenmenschen, dem Elend der industrialisierten Metropole, aus denen die Entstehung der künstlerischen Moderne, ihr unklarer und widersprüchlicher Charakter verstanden werden können.’ (Jürgen Schutte and Peter Sprengel). Discuss with reference to a representative selection of texts or visual material produced before 1930 that you have studied on the module. 3. ‘Die psychologische Grundlage, auf der der Typus großstädtischer Individualitäten sich erhebt, ist die Steigerung des Nervenlebens, die aus dem raschen und ununterbrochenen Wechsel äußerer und innerer Eindrücke hervorgeht.’ (Georg Simmel). Analyse the significance of Simmel’s essay ‘Die Großstädte und das Geistesleben’ of 1903 for an understanding of Walther Ruttmann’s film Berlin. Die Sinfonie der Großstadt. 4. Compare and contrast the representation of modernity and the urban metropolis in Walther Ruttmann’s film Berlin. Die Sinfonie der Großstadt and a representative selection of texts or visual material produced before 1930 that you have studied on this module. 5. Does the technical complexity of Döblin’s novel Berlin...
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...Global Trade. This report depicts the sequences of Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall, erected November 13, 1961, served to separate communist East Germany from Western influences. Intended to "protect" East Germans, the wall actually was erected to prevent them from leaving the country. The Wall finally came down August 13, 1989, reuniting families and symbolizing the end of the cold war was near. The initial plans for Allied occupation of Germany were prepared in 1944 in London by the European Advisory Commission. In this agreement, Germany would be divided into four occupational zones governed by Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union. The city of Berlin, which would be in the Soviet occupational zone, would be divided among the four powers as well. By the time of the blockade, there was a major contrast between the East and West Berlin. West Berlin was a thriving democratic, capitalist city, while East Berlin was in drab poverty. Trying to escape the forced collectivization of goods and agriculture, numerous shortages, and a police state, many fled to West Berlin. To maintain the stability of the communist regime, the East German leaders felt that these floods of people had to be stopped. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..….3 1.1 Summary of the Berlin Wall…………………………………….……..3 1.2 Background…………………………………………………………...
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...The rise of the Berlin Wall physically began the morning of August 13th 1961, but the separation of East and West Germany began years before. The life span of the wall lasted until November 9th 1989, just a mere 28 years later. The purpose of the Berlin wall was to separate the East and the West sides of Germany. The result of WWII divided Germany into zones; those zones were given to Great Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union. The rise and the fall of the Berlin Wall were key moments in our global history, as it was a series of events that shaped a country. World War II was a success in conquering Germany; The Potsdam Agreement officially broke up Germany into 4 zones. The furthest South was the United States territory, the Southwest territory belonged to the French, the British were in control of the Northwest Territory and Soviets had the East. This division was eventually broken down into a division of the West and East Germany, the West part of Germany was called composed of the United States, France and Great Britain, and was also known as the Federal Republic of Germany. The East side of Germany was the Soviet Union’s portion after the Potsdam Agreement; this side was also known as the German Democratic Republic. The West side of the berlin wall was very different than the East. The west side was the one that sought after to live in by the people of the East side. After the war and the separation of Germany between the four countries West Germany...
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...AT WHAT PRICE VICTORY The Intra-Contra scandal was a political scandal that took place during the second term of Ronald Reagan. The involved government officials facilitated the sale of arms to Iran with the hope of releasing the American hostages held in Lebanon by a group of Hezbollah terrorists. Ronal Reagan was in support of the cause though what initially began as a strategic opening to Iran was reduced to a trade of arms for hostages. The hostages was eventually reduced and it was not until 1986 that the word had gotten out about the secret transactions. The foreign policy of the Reagan administration resulted to The Soviet Union being brought down. Reagan depressed the value of Soviet commodities, hence intensifying economic pressure, he decreased soviet access to high technology and also diminished their resources. When Mikhail Gorbechev became leader, he reformed both political and economic factors, therefore easing the tension between the Soviet Union and the US. He agreed to withdraw most of the nuclear arsenals and troops to withdraw from Afghanistan and Reagan abandoned hi Strategic Defense Initiative plans. This reforms led to Soviet Union collapsing and disintegrated into individual states. This effectively ended the world war. Advantages that US draws for Reagan’s policies, is that the Soviet Union went down and the cold war also ended. The US military was also reformed and there was a massive build up. During this time, Americans feared that the Strategic Defense...
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...The Fall of the Berlin Wall The berlin wall was built in nineteen sixty one. While the country was split in half because of the issues that was going on the East side of Germany and things was going down hill. They wanted to escape so they wouldn't have to deal with all the bad things that was going on. But during the Cold War that was raging on West Berlin was a get away place the East side of Germany fled to the west side. Because of that issue the West side built a wall to keep out the East side Germany. The article and the video states they wanted to celebrate the fall of the Berlin Wall. Both statements said that they were happy and felt more free that the Berlin Wall fell and they had more access to people and more ability to go...
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...President Ronald Reagan, in an 1987 speech, famously said, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” (“Tear Down This Wall” speech). Germany and Berlin was divided, one side was controlled by the free world, West Germany and West Berlin, while the other controlled by the communist Soviet Union, East Germany and East Berlin. The Berlin wall was a symbol of the Cold War. It finally fell in 1989 and the Cold War ended soon after. The President of the United States, at the time, stood in front of the Brandenburg Gate, and delivered a speech that called an end to the wall, the arms race, and an end to Communism in Germany. The notorious speech was to convince the people of Germany that breaking barriers and uniting was in Germany’s best interest,...
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...discussed in Robert Frost’s poem the “Mending Wall.” Having a good fence allows for privacy and is the right of a homeowner. “The central theme of "Mending Wall" is whether it is wise to erect walls and other types of barriers.” not this period (Cummings, 2008).this period is correct An immediate reading seems to suggest that walls or fences are obstacles and if you tear them down you can open up the door to friendship, unity, and better communication. Nevertheless, the one neighbor insists that “good fences make good neighbors.” same here (Davis and Lynn, 2006, p. 82). The destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989 demonstrates the point that Frost is trying to make that walls or barriers are obstacles. The Berlin Wall, which had divided Berlin since 1961, "fell" on November 9. For almost 30 years, the Wall and the heavily fortified border between East and West Germany kept East Germans as prisoners in their own country, tore families apart, and caused many deaths when East Germans were shot trying to flee. I am not going continue to correct them as you get the point by now. (McGill, 2009, p. 1-2). The original Berlin Wall was a collection of wire and loose cinder blocks; however, over the years, turned out to become a concrete barrier that stood fifteen feet high. There were sections of the wall that included watchtowers, electric fences, and automatic guns. In addition, there was a smaller wall that enclosed West Berlin completely which kept all of...
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...With the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Germany became reunified after over forty years of physical and ideological division. Discuss the costs and benefits of German unification Despite the fact that there are few remnants left of the Berlin Wall and nowadays, it is widely seen as a popular tourist attraction, it is still very much present in the mind-set of the Germans as a bitter reminder of when the families, friends and the entire nation were divided in 1961. After the Second World War, Germany was split into four occupation zones with the Soviet Union taking control of East Germany and France, the United Kingdom and United States taking control of parts in West Germany. Similarly, Berlin was split into 4 sectors despite the fact that it was located deep in the Soviet zone. It soon became apparent that there were extreme political divisions between the Soviet Union and the other three occupying powers; whilst West Germany was developed into a capitalist democracy with financial help from the Marshall Plan, East Germany became a communist, socialist republic. In East Germany, also known as the German Democratic Republic, the indoctrination of Marxism-Leninism was introduced as a compulsory part of school curricula and the media became completely controlled by the state’s communist government in order "to direct the thinking of the people into correct political lines.” The East German population were becoming increasingly repressed under these economical and political...
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...Imagery and Symbolism The poem, Where There’s a Wall by Joy Kogawa uses imagery and symbolism to enhance the theme of war. During this assignment, I will be focusing on the symbolism and imagery relating to war. The author was born in 1935 in Canada, just four years before World War Two (“Joy Kohan Biography”). A great extent of the author’s childhood would have been during World War Two. In addition, Japanese families were mistreated by Canadian government officials during World War Two (“Joy Kohan Biography.”) The poem represents how war can be avoided. The poem used the wall as a symbol of conflict between nations. The poem gives peaceful methods of overcoming the wall, such as, “around, over, or through / there’s a gate.” (3-4) and then nonpeaceful methods, e.g. “there are methods of torture” (11) and “bettering rams” (16), to get the same results. The Berlin wall is an iconic landmark that represents World War Two (“Berlin Wall History”). I believe that Joy Kogawa chose to base the poem around a “wall” rather than a similar obstacle like a “fence” or a “mountain” to symbolize the Berlin Wall and thus associate the poem with war. The poem also used military objects to create an image of war by referring to methods to cross or destroy the “wall.” For example, “Battering rams / armies with trumpets / whose all at once blast / shatters the foundations” (16-20). Lines “16-20” appeal to the senses of touch and hearing. “Trumpets” and “last” are both associated with...
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...PODCAST Radio Presenter: Good evening ladies and gentlemen, this is the BBC world service, coming to you on this day the 17th of June 1963. Today is the 10 year anniversary of the uprisings in East Berlin which started with the peaceful demonstration of workers building a memorial to Stalin in Stalinallee. Their protest against the increased work norms, the lack of consumer goods, high price of food and low pension provisions took them to the Trade Union Head Quarters where they were swiftly joined by others. The protest quickly became a political one, but when not a single high ranking SED member came out to reason with the crowd, it moved on to the Haus der Ministerien, where the protesters reported contradictory messages. At first it was conveyed to the crowd that the work norms would be dropped, however the Politburo went on to offer to “reconsider” them. Frustrated, the crowd called for the resignation of the government and an answer to their demands. On the 17th of Jun 1953, between 300, 000 and 372, 000 workers went on strike. Despite this being just 6% of the work force, the impact of the uprising was felt not just in the immediate aftermath, that is to say arrests and such, but also in the psyche of the government. Over to our political commentator with more on the subject. Political Commentator: That’s right, yet the whole uprising seemed in some ways to have the opposite effect to what the protestors were after. Ulbricht’s own position seemed to be strengthened...
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...be a great need for diplomacy. But looking at the relationship prior to that between the United States and the USSR, it was great when they were allies, as the United States gave the Soviet Union millions of dollars of weapons and additional support for their fight against Nazi Germany. The US and Russia became allies, in the liberation of Europe. As the war started to come to the end, countries that were occupied by Soviet forces, which also included “most” of Germany, people wanted to either choose democracy or communism, as the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill described this territory as being behind an “Iron Curtain”. The Iron Curtain was “The Berlin Wall”. The Berlin Wall, “it was an image of both physical division between West Berlin and East Germany from 1961 to 1989 and it was the symbolic boundary between democracy and Communism during the Cold War”. The division provided the framework for the Cold War which ran from roughly 1947 to 1991.” The doctrine was that it helped to make the crisis between the...
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...Rathaus Schonberg on May 26,1963, Ich bin ein Berliner, addressed the problems of a city under siege. With their eastern counterpart separated by physical and economic barriers, the people of West Berlin represent the model of the future for a world in conflict. In the midst of the Cold War, Kennedy took up the task of supporting a civilization without provoking the communist regime. In his speech, the President praises the existence of West Berlin as a model of perseverance, hope and determination for freedom, and while simultaneously mocking the alleged power of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was the United States’ rival in the Cold War. As world powers they were in a contest over systems of government. The democratic and communist institutions had each left their mark on the German capital by dividing Berlin into western democratic and eastern communist sectors. After American air support thwarted the Russian military blockade on the Western half of the city, John F. Kennedy addressed the struggles of the city and praised them for their tenacity. Kennedy proclaims that, “two thousand years ago, two thousand years ago the proudest boast was ‘civus Romanus sum’. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’.” The president’s comparison of West Berlin to ancient Rome is a major analogy, stating that West Berlin’s strength of perseverance is equal to the strength of ancient Rome’s military . This praise exemplifies his transition from conqueror...
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...ramatically illustrate how the Wall snaked through the heart of the city, is also porous to enable people to easily move back and forth between the former East and West Berlin. The balloons will be released on Sunday to symbolize the Wall's disappearance. MIRACLE NO ONE HURT Merkel, who was a 35-year-old scientist in Communist East Berlin at the time, told German television earlier on Saturday that she remembered tension, fear and excitement in the air in the weeks and days leading up to the opening of the Wall. "It was a miracle that everything happened peacefully," said Merkel, who was on her way home from a visit to the sauna when she saw crowds of people heading west and joined them. "There had been a lot of excitement for weeks. There were tanks that had been on my street since October 7." Merkel, chancellor since 2005, began her career in politics months later as a deputy party spokeswoman. Usually guarded about her life in East Germany, Merkel had until recently been circumspect about revealing details of what she did on the evening the wall opened. View galleryFormer Soviet President Gorbachev visits the former … Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev^makes an impression with his hands in cement as he visits … But in recent weeks she has spoken more openly and on Saturday said: "After I left the sauna on the evening of November 9, I went over the Bornholmer Street crossing to the other side and celebrated there with total strangers. ...
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...Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States, was known for his charismatic leadership and oratorical skills. Ronald Reagan was an actor, so he knew how to attract an audience and keep them attentive. One of Reagan’s most famous speeches was Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate. His use of language, literary techniques, and tone highly impacted this speech and set it above the average. When Reagan gave a speech, he knew who he was speaking to. He engaged with the audience and made remarks especially for the crowd he was speaking to. President Reagan relates back to when the wall was first built and mentioned how another American president came to speak to the people of berlin. “…President Kennedy spoke at the City Hall those 24 years ago,...
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