Free Essay

»Beyond Addiction: Hierarchy and Other Ways of Getting Strategy Done«

In:

Submitted By mstend
Words 2756
Pages 12
Seminarska naloga pri predmetu
ORGANIZACIJA IN MANAGEMENT

Analiza in vrednotenje članka »Beyond addiction: Hierarchy and other ways of getting strategy done«

Kazalo UVOD 1 1. KRATEK POVZETEK ČLANKA 2 2. ANALIZA ČLANKA 3 2.1. Predstavitev teme in glavnega raziskovalnega vprašanja 3 2.2. Namen in cilji članka 3 2.3. Opis znanstvenega in strokovnega področja 4 2.4. Opredelitev glavnih pojmov 5 2.5. Opis predvidene povezave med pojmi 5 2.6. Analiza metode/načina podajanja 6 2.7. Analiza rezultatov 6 2.8. Glavni prispevki članka 6 3. VREDNOTENJE 7 3.1. Praktična uporabnost 8 3.2. Novosti ki jih članek prinaša 8 Sklep 9 Literatura in viri 10

Kazalo tabel Tabela 1.: Razmerje med hierarhijo in odgovornostjo……………………………………………………………...4
Tabela2.: Prehod od vertikalne organizacije k horizontalni integraciji……………………………………….6

UVOD
Seminarska naloga temelji na analizi in vrednotenju članka » Beyond addiction: Hierarchy and other ways of getting strategy done«, katerega avtorji so Miguel Pina e Cunha, Armenio Rego in Stewart Clegg, ki je bil objavljen v European Management Journalu leta 2011. Temo članka lahko umestimo in povežemo z vsebino pri predavanjih predmeta Management in organizacija in sicer pod temo Vpliv ciljev in strategije na organizacijo.
Namen seminarske naloge je globje predstaviti temo s predavanj na podlagi članka.
Cilj seminarske naloge je podrobnejša analiza in vrednotenje članka ter povezava s sorodnimi članki na to temo.
Seminarska naloga je razdeljena na tri dele. V prvem delu bom na kratko povzel ključne dele članka. V drugem delu sledi analiza članka, katero bom razčlenil na nekaj podpoglavji, kot je glavno raziskovalno vprašanje, namen in cilji, raziskovalna hipoteza, poskušal ugotoviti doprinos itd. Ter v tretjem delu sledi vrednotenje članka in poglobitev, kjer bom poskušal biti čim bolj kritičen, se vanj poglobil in ga primerjal in razširil s sorodnimi članki. Ter na koncu sledi še sklep seminarske naloge.

1. KRATEK POVZETEK ČLANKA
Članek z naslovom »Beyond addiction: Hierarchy and other ways of getting strategy done« nam predstavlja oblike in načine organizacijske strukture za uspešno strateško upravljanje in uveljavitev strategije za dosego ciljev organizacije.
Po raziskavah objavljenih v Harvard Business Review (July-August 2010) je bilo ugotovljenih in navedenih nekaj dejstev o strategiji upravljanja. Ugotovili so, da številni zaposleni niso mogli oz. znali navesti organizacijske strukture svojega podjetja, da zaposleni kateri so sodelovali pri razvoju strategije imajo veliko bolj pozitiven odnos kot tisti ki niso. Ter za naš članek pomembnejši dejstvi, da strategija še vedno prihaja iz vrha in da lahko le ta duši izvedbo. Večina podjetij oz. njihovo vodstvo se še vedno drži tega hierarhičnega modela. Vrh oblikuje strategijo in delegira navzdol naloge za izvršitev in ravno tu nastaja v današnjem hitro se spreminjajočem se okolju problem v premajhni povezanosti med oblikovanjem in uresničevanjem strategije.
Hierarhija je običajno predstavljena kot prava organizacijska struktura skozi katero podjetja dosegajo strateške cilje. Skozi članek so skušali avtorji prikazati in analizirati strateški proces odločanja in delegiranja v podjetjih. Skušali so prikazati kako lahko podjetja dosežejo cilje in ustrezno strategijo skozi pravilno strukturo organizacije. Poleg hierarhičnega modela kjer je način podajanja usmeritev strogo z vrha navzdol in je značilna za stabilno okolje poznamo tudi druge alternativne oblike, kjer se moč in usmerjanje ne prenaša toliko iz vrha ampak je pomembnejše sodelovanje med ključnimi akterji. Katerih skupna moč presega vodstveno elito. Ti trije načini so 1. Porozni hierarhični način, kjer vodstvo prenese del moči za oblikovanje in informiranje na dno rganizacije; 2. Porazdeljen način, kjer vodstvo nima direktnega vpliva, ampak raje indirektno vpliva na izvedbo; 3. Strategijo preprostih pravil, značilna za en sam ponavljajoči se proces, kjer se strategija razvije na osnovo minimalne strukture, katera omogoča strateško interakcijo in preprečuje hierarhični nadzor ki duši prilagajanje.
Zato se avtorjem članka in konec koncev tudi nam poraja vprašanje ali je mogoče oblikovati uspešno in složno ne-hierarhično strategijo, ki ne potrebuje delegiranja z vrha navzdol?

2. ANALIZA ČLANKA
Članek Beyond addiction: Hierarchy and other ways of getting strategy done je izšel v European Management Journal leta 2011 v številki 29 in je delo treh avtorjev: Miguel Pina e Cunha, Armenio Rego in Stewart Clegg., ki so strokovnjaki različnih področji v povezavi z organizacijo.
Miguel Pina e Cunha: Profesor na Nova School of Business in Economics v Lizboni. Diplomiral in doktoriral je na univerzi Tilburg. Svoje raziskave objavlja v revijah kot so Academy of management Review, Human Relations, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of World Busines,… V svojih raziskavah se ukvarja z pozitivnimi in negativnimi posledicami organiziranja, pojavu procesov v organizacijah kot so improvizacija in presenečanja.
Armenio Rego: Docent na Universidade de Aveiro. Doktoriral je iz ISCTE in objavlja v revijah kot so An international Review, Creativity Research Journal, Journal of Business Ethics, itd. Svoja raziskave usmerja v raziskovanje pozitivnega organizacijskega vedenja.
Stewart Clegg: Raziskovalni profesor na University of Technology v Sydneju in direktor centra za raziskovanje študij managementa in organizacije v Nova School of Business and Economisc. Svoje raziskave vodi na področju moči in terorizacije.
2.1. Predstavitev teme in glavnega raziskovalnega vprašanja
Tema preučevanega članka je prikazati, primerjati hierarhično strukturo organizacije ter druge alternativne oblike organizacijske strukture za oblikovanje in doseganje strategije.
Glavna vprašanja na katera avtorji skušajo najti odgovor so: Ali je mogoče razviti uspešno strategijo v odsotnosti hierarhične strukture oz. čim manjšemu direktnemu delegiranju z vrha top-dawn pristopa? Ali obstajajo alternative tradicionalnemu hierarhičnemu pogledu oblikovanja strategije? Bode te alternativne strategije premostile vrzel med oblikovanjem in izvedbo strategije?
2.2. Namen in cilji članka
Avtorji članka želijo bralcu prikazati različne načine delegiranja in opolnomočenja zaposlenih. Prikazati pomen hierarhije in njenih alternativ v oblikovanju in izvedbi strategije v organizaciji. Od tradicionalnega hierarhičnega modela, kjer velja stroga hierarhija, delegiranje in kontroliranje navzdol, šibka odgovornost in je značilna za počasi spreminjajoče se gospodarstvo do strategije preprostih pravil, za katero je značilno zelo nizka hierarhična razdelitev, zelo visoka odgovornost zaposlenih akterjev, opazen je psihološki vpliv pripadnosti in svoboda s preprostimi pravili, je zelo fleksibilna, v hitro spreminjajočem nestabilnem gospodarstvu. V članku sta prikazani se dve vmesni strategiji (porozna in porazdelitvena). Vse štiri pa se oblikujejo v odvisnosti med poudarkom na hierarhiji in poudarkom na odgovornosti, kar je tudi glavno vodilo članka. Kar lepo prikazuje tudi spodnja tabela.
Tabela 1.: Razmerje med hierarhijo in odgovornostjo

Vir: Beyond addiction: Hierarchy and other ways of getting strategy done
Cilj članka je, seznaniti bralca, prikazati praktičnost teorij in opozoriti na posledice. Managerji s pomočjo navedenega v članku ustvarijo kompetence in nove poglede na strukturo organizacije s katero bodo oblikovali in izvedli strategijo v organizaciji in poskusili doseči konkurenčno prednost.
2.3. Opis znanstvenega in strokovnega področja
Članek uvrščamo v strokovno področje managemnta in organizacije natančneje v področje vpliva ciljev in strategije na organizacijo. Zaradi hitro spreminjajočega okolja so vodilni prisiljeni iskati in se prilagajati vključno s svojo organizacijsko strukturo. Odločati se morajo na podlagi širšega in ožjega okolja. Soočajo se z vprašanji koliko opolnomočiti svoje zaposlene, v koliki meri delegirati, voditi in kontrolirati. Pri tem pa je potrebno vedeti, da ni vsaka struktura dobra za vsako podjetje, saj ima vsaka svoje prednosti in slabosti. Zato je naloga managerjev najti optimalno strukturo za dosego strateških ciljev. Problem nastane ko se podjetja niso možna prilagoditi vsem spremembam, ki jih gospodarstvo prinaša. Največji razlog je večinoma v strukturi organizacije.
Organizacijska struktura mora omogočati organizaciji hitro prilagajanje spremembam v okolju. Če sprememb ni veliko, so organizacijske strukture bolj trdne in stabilne, ter nasprotno, če so spremembe velike in hitre, mora biti organizacijska struktura bolj fleksibilna in se mora prilagajati spremembam.
Avtorji v članku opisujejo, da je večina podjetij, ki jih v članku tudi omenjajo, tako uspešna ravno zaradi svoje organizacijske strukture, zato je potrebno izoblikovati najboljšo za dano organizacijo.
2.4. Opredelitev glavnih pojmov
V članku se srečamo s številnimi pojmi. Večinoma so nam vsi že dobro poznani. Zato bom posebej izpostavil le nekaj najpomembnejših.
Organizacijska struktura: Po definiciji dr. Bogdana Lipičnika je organizacijska struktura formalni sistem razčlenitve in razporeditve delnih nalog po izvrševalcih in organizacijska ureditev njihovih medsebojnih odnosov v celotni organizaciji (ibid. str.412) To pomeni da organizacijske strukture oblikujejo naloge, nosilce nalog ter njihova medsebojna razmerja.
Hierarhija: Je skupina ljudi, ki del svoje zadolžitve prenaša na svoje sodelavce. Vodja projekta prenese del zadolžitev, odgovornosti in avtoritete navzdol na svoje podrejene, ker ne zmore vsega sam.
Vodenje: Je vplivanje na posameznika ali skupino ljudi v podjetju. Skozi vodenje usmeri posameznika ali skupino, k zastavljenim ciljem podjetja, kar se lahko doseže s pravilnim komuniciranjem, motiviranjem in ne nazadnje tudi vodenjem (Dolžan, 2004).
Porozna hierarhija: Je vrsta strategija, ki je podobna klasični hierarhiji, le da je zasnovana malo drugače. Glavna ideja je ustvarjati pogoje za učenje in napredovanje zaposlenih. Vodje ustvarjajo kulturo izboljševanja v stabilnem okolju.
Porazdeljeni način: Implementacija strategije ni natančno določena, posamezniki nimajo natančno določenih nalog, vodje so karizmatični ljudje, ki so za organizacijo simbolnega pomena, strategija je zelo decentralizirana, stonja fleksibilnosti pa je zelo visoka. Primerna je za podjetja, ki zahtevajo visoko raven strokovnega znanja in ustvarjanja. Bistvo vzdrževanje omrežja in zavarovanje ter izolacija pred okoljem.
Način preprostih pravil: Obstaja celotna slika, ki je nekakšen cilj organizacije, vendar pa ni enovite strategije, saj se le ta spreminja iz dneva v dan. Meje med planiranjem in izvedbo ni mogoče zaznati, saj se združita v proces učenja, preko katerega se strategija razvija.
2.5. Opis predvidene povezave med pojmi
Morda se zdijo nekateri pojmi povsem različni od drugih, toda vsi so med seboj povezani. Vsak izmed zgoraj opisanih načinov prispeva pri pravilni izvedbi za določeno organizacijo v določenem okolju uspešnost. Niso vse strukture primerne za oblikovanje in izvedbo strategij. Organizacija mora sama ugotoviti glede na okolje katera implementacija je najboljša zanjo. Pomaga si lahko s spodnjo tabelo.
Tabela2.: Prehod od vertikalne organizacije k horizontalni integraciji

Vir: Lahovnik, zapiski 2. predavanje
2.6. Analiza metode/načina podajanja
Članek je oblikovan na teoretičnem delu, saj ne vsebuje kvantitativne analize, v njem ni bila izvedena raziskava. Teorijo, ki jo avtorja navajata je podprta s primeri iz prakse. V članku je veliko vprašanj in primerov kjer se lahko bralec poistoveti s tematiko. Takšen način podajanja pri bralcu vzpodbudi dodatno zanimanje in deluje bolj prepričljivo, zanimivo in preverjeno kot teorija ali lastna mnenja o določeni temi.
2.7. Analiza rezultatov
Članek oziroma študija prinaša doprinos k razumevanju oblikovanja strategij in izvedbe v organizacijah z različnimi organizacijskimi strukturami. Katera je najboljša? Odgovor na to vprašanje se zdi sila preprost, vendar ni. Saj je pogojen z notranjim in zunanjim okoljem v katerem se organizacija nahaja. Zato je potrebno upoštevati vse, saj le z uspešno organizacijsko strukturo je organizacija uspešna. Naj si bo klasična hierarhična, ali zaradi vedno hitrejšega spreminjanja okolja njene izpeljanke, ki se ne nanašajo toliko na top-down delegiranje ampak težijo k ne-hierarhičnim oblikam samo-učeče se organizacije.
2.8. Glavni prispevki članka
Članek temelji na teoretičnih prispevkih in napotkih, ki so podprti na primerih iz prakse. Prinaša doprinos k literaturi inovacij in učenja na več načinov. Avtorji podajajo razumljive, praktične in koristne nasvete za boljše razumevanje organizacijske strukture za uspešno oblikovanje in izvedbo strategij.
3. VREDNOTENJE
Članek »Beyond addiction: Hierarchy and other ways of getting strategy done« prikazuje kako podjetja oblikujejo strategijo in izvedbo strategije na podlagi organizacijske strukture. Na organizacijsko strukturo, katera je prava in najboljša obstaja več pogledov. Nekateri zagovarjajo hierarhijo, drugi se je na veliko otepajo in iščejo druge rešitve. Dejstvo je da je zelo pomembno v kakšnem okolju se organizacija nahaja in kakšna je njena dejavnost.
Za poglobitev teme sem pridobil tri članke iz različnih obdobji, s katerimi bom skušal še dodatno razširiti predstavljeno temo. Poglobil jo bom s člankom » A note on the hierarchy – team debate«, ki je izšel leta 1996 v Strategic Management Journalu katerega avtor je A. Georges L. Romme, s člankom iz Dela leta 2005 avtorice Nine Mazi z naslovom »Hierarhična struktura je učinkovita, če jo vsi zaposleni spoštujejo«, ter s člankom avtorjev N.Collier, F.Fishwicka in S. Floyda z naslovom »Managerial Involvement and Perceptions of Strategy Prosecc«. Namen teh člankov je prikazati, kako so v preteklosti gledali na pomembnost organizacijske strukture.
Vsi članki se ukvarjata s podobno problematiko, pri čemer avtorica v Delu podpira hierarhični način, saj meni, da je človek lahko optimalno produktiven v podjetju z ustrezno ureditvijo, strukturo in organizacijo, kjer se vsi zaposleni kar najbolje počutijo, razvijajo, znajdejo in napredujejo.
Lepo opazna problematika med strogo in manj strogo hierarhijo se je porajala že kar nekaj let. Kot je razvidno iz prvega članka »A note on the hierarchy – team debate« so bili akterji že razprti na dve strani. Nekateri so zagovarjali hierarhijo in nasprotovali drugim oblikam in obratno. V članku avtorja A. Georges L.Romme avtor raziskuje ravno to razpravo med zagovorniki organizacijskega učenja, kateri so kritizirali hierarhijo kot oviro za učenje in tiste, ki so zagovarjali hierarhijo, kot nujno potrebno za velike organizacije. Pri upoštevanju hierarhije in ekipe z idealnim informacijskim sistemom navaja da sta obe strani bistvenega pomena za organizacijsko učenje v velikih organizacijah. Poudarja da bodo v bodoče ključne učne enote - ekipe, ki so nujno potrebne za proizvodnjo in razumevanje novih informacij. Trade off med ekipami izvedbe in oblikovanja bo potrebno rešiti oz. zmanjšati s poudarjanjem ideje kroženja in tako se bo organizacija počasi začela razvijati kot učeča se organizacija. Za konec sem se poglobil in dodal še tretji članek, katerega področje in namen je prikazati odnose s strani managerjev. Kot kaže raziskava v članku je veliko bolj pozitivno, če so manegerji globlje vpeti v oblikovanje strategije, saj efektivneje sodelujejo in vidijo proces v ugodnejši luči, kar krepi vizijo in povečuje racionalnost. Po drugi strani pa prinaša tudi slabosti, saj naj bi bili pod vplivom raznih drugih akterjev v top-dawn sistemu in notranje politike ter interne kulture, kar ni nujno dobro, saj začne omejevati organizacijo. Glavna ugotovitev članka je, da se za večino organizacij večje vključevanje nižjih akterjev pozna pozitivno in le ti izboljšujejo proces strategije. Saj boljša je povezanost med vrhom in dnom, boljši so uspehi.
3.1. Praktična uporabnost
Članek je povsem praktično uporaben. Primeren je za vse poklice, tako za vodje na različnih nivojih kot za ljudi splošne izobrazbe. Za poslovni in ne poslovni svet kot tudi za učenje. Njegovo branje je zanimivo in te pritegne. Članek je strokovno napisan, vendar ne pretežko. Lepo predstavi tematiko in pove naravnost kaj je dobro in slabo, ter predstavi na primerih, ne filozofira. Podobnih člankov v poslovnem svetu primanjkuje. Vse preveč je različnih intervjujev, dejstev, teorij, ter nametanih podatkov, ki sami po sebi nimajo večje veljave. Tako da je članek zelo praktično uporaben.
3.2. Novosti ki jih članek prinaša
Članek lepo prikazuje problematiko s katero se srečujejo podjetja pa naj imajo staro hierarhično strukturo organizacije oz. alternativne organizacijske strukture, ter jih lepo vsako posebej predstavi. Pove slabosti in prednosti, ter predstavi naloge vodji za vsako posebej. Ti napotki so koristni za vsako organizacijo.. Zavedati se moramo, da dandanes veliko podjetij eksperimentira in še išče svojo idealno organizacijsko strukturo. Avtorji so lepo predstavili to problematiko in takšnih člankov ni veliko. Tisi, ki so, so zato veliko vredni in bi se po njih morali zgledovati.

Sklep
Avtorji so skozi članek predstavili problematiko oblikovanjem strategije in njenem izvajanju v povezavi z organizacijsko strukturo. Članek prinaša veliko dobrega. Omogoča poglobljen pogled na organizacijske strukture in oblikovanje ter izvedbo strategij.
Članek pokriva področje vpliv ciljev in strategije na organizacijo in skuša prikazati pomembnost imeti pravilno organizacijsko strukturo za uspešno delovanje organizacije. Pokriva teoretični del in nam s posameznimi primeri uspešnih podjetij/oganizacij prikaže in svoje teze tudi potrdi. Članek ni podprt z raziskavami in konkretnimi številkami in nam ne pove točno kaj je za posamezno organizacijo najboljše, vendar poda različne načine in vodi skozi njih. Kaj je za posamezno organizacijo dobro mora sam ugotoviti, preko članka lahko kvečjemu razširi svoj pogled na različne opcije in morebitne rešitve.
Sodobne organizacije vse bolj opuščajo hierarhični in birokratski model organizacijske strukture in prevzemajo bolj fleksibilne oblike, ki omogočajo hitrejše, kakovostnejše prilagajanje poslovnemu okolju.

Literatura in viri
Collier,N.,Fishwick,F.,Floyd,W. (2004). Managerial Involvement and Perceptions of Strategy Process , 37(1) 67-83 Najdeno 3.december 2013 na spletnem naslovu: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024630103001717
Cunha, M.P.e.,Rego, A.,& Clegg,S. (2011). Beyond Addiction: Hierarchy and other Ways of Getting Strategy Done. European Management Journal, 29 (6), 491 – 503.
Daft, R. L.,Murphy, J. &Willmott, H., (2010). Organization Theory and Design (First ed.) Cengage Learning EMEA
Lahovnik., M (2013). Management in organizacija., 2 predavanje Ljubljana: Ekonomska fakulteta
Mazi, N. Delo: Hierarhična struktura je učinkovita, če jo vsi spoštujejo. Najdeno 3.december 2013 na spletnem naslovu: http://www.uspeh.com/mediji/2005_jun_14_organizacijska_struktura.pdf
Romme, G.(1996): A note on the hierarchy – team debate. Najdeno 3.december 2013 na spletnem naslovu: http://www.academia.edu/1518480/A_note_on_the_hierarchy-team_debate

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Anth106 Notes

...caused solely by its pharmacological properties and effects. . Some drugs are instantly addictive . The gateway/ stepping stone theory - the use of 1 drug leads to the use of other more dangerous drugs What are drugs ? Krivanek's definition : Drugs are substances that are introduced into the body knowingly but not as food. Therefore illicit drugs, legal recreational drugs and legal but regulated pharmaceutical drugs that aren't recreational at all. - Whether if a drug is considered bad and is prohibited depends on the culture of the society in a particular period. What is culture ? The definition of culture = Through Roger keesing and Andrew Strathern's definition it is a system of shared ideas, rules and meanings that underlie and are expressed in the ways that human live. - This includes : law, beliefs, political economy, media and popular culture - this perceives ideas about what is normal and abnormal to society. " Culture is always changing and contested, not unified" Enthography as a method for studying drug use It is a process of observing, recoding and describing other peoples way of life through intimate participation the community being studied". - Participation observation, involving yourself in the life of the community , taking up the life of the other person, observing their actions, asking questions and learning what questions to ask. Zinberg's theory of drug use Effect of drug use is due to three variables and their interaction: ...

Words: 21869 - Pages: 88

Premium Essay

The Fifth Discipline

...image. Senge, in The fifth discipline, helps us understand how we can effectively change the underlying assumptions, the values and norms and some behavioural patterns altogether. Moreover, this is not just about changing the organization climate for a better one. It goes well beyond identifying and fixing the short-terms problems a city faces: Senge leads us to change radically the way we think, so that cities can build sustainable organization climates. Truly understanding the principles of the learning organization will even drive us further than building organization climates for effective city-marketing… because city-marketing is merely a part of the whole issue of city-management and city-policy. I have thus to say right ahead, that I will not oppose any of Peter Senge’s fundamental ideas. I rather will insist on how essential his insights are, in order to avoid the misgivings of traditional modernistic thinking, which is too linear and fragmented to help us understand complex systems like cities. We will follow the plot of Senge’s book in its five parts: First getting to know the basic rationale for his plea, then understanding the value of systems thinking before grasping the usefulness of the four other disciplines Senge proposes; and finally addressing some issues arising from their implementation in learning organizations, to find out where this all leads us to. Part I: “How our actions create our...

Words: 5357 - Pages: 22

Premium Essay

Notes for Consumer Behaviour

...Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Consumer Behaviour What is Consumer Behaviour? * The study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires * An ongoing process * Exchange – 2+ people giving and receiving something of value = an integral part of marketing Consumers’ Impact on Marketing Strategy * Consumers’ needs can be satisfied to the extent that marketers understand the people/orgs that will use what they are trying to sell – better than the competitors * Consumer response is the test of whether a marketing strategy will exceed – knowledge about consumers is important Segmenting Consumers * Marketing segmentation – identifies groups of consumers who are similar to one another in 1+ ways and then devises marketing strategies to appeal to 1+ of these groups * Demographics – measure observable aspects – age, gender, family structure/life stage, social class/income, ethnicity * Psychographics – measure consumers’ personalities, attitudes, values, lifestyles Marketing’s Impact on Consumers * Relationship marketing – making an effort to interact with customers on a regular basis, giving them reasons to maintain a bond with company * Ex: restaurant sending a birthday coupon to consumer every year * Popular culture – music, movies, books, sports, celebs, consumed by mass market – a product of and inspiration for marketers ...

Words: 7564 - Pages: 31

Premium Essay

Marketing

...job satisfaction on job performance and customer service. LO6 Distinguish affective and continuance commitment, and discuss their influences on employee behaviour. LO7 Describe five strategies to increase organizational (affective) commitment. LO8 Define stress and describe the stress experience. LO9 Explain why a stressor might produce different stress levels in two people. LO10 Identify five ways to manage workplace stress. ou know the fun is about to begin at Suntech Optics when employees spot the pineapple wearing sunglasses. The bespectacled fruit is mascot for the North Vancouver-based eyewear supplier’s Have Fun Team, which is responsible for creating various forms of workplace levity. Employees might discover a puzzle on their desk, with a prize awarded to the person who first solves it. Dozens of stuffed bears are brought to work on Bring Your Teddy Bear to Work Day. Halloween is a special treat as staff dress up for the occasion and show off their pumpkin carving skills. “We try to infuse having fun into our whole corporate culture,” says Suntech manager Deborah Peck. “It’s one of our core strategies. It’s part of our life.” Fun at work? It sounds like an oxymoron. But in order to attract and keep valuable talent, companies are finding creative ways to generate positive emotions in the workplace....

Words: 15522 - Pages: 63

Premium Essay

Here

...ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MBA 1.2 ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR SYLLABUS UNIT 1 Introduction to Organisational Behaviour, Meaning; Elements; Need; Approaches; Models; Global scenario. UNIT 2 Individual Behaviour; Personality; Learning; Attitudes; Perception; Motivation; Ability; Their relevant organizational behaviour. UNIT 3 Group dynamics; Group norms; Group cohesiveness; Group Behance to organizational behaviour. UNIT 4 Leadership Styles; Qualities; Organisational communication; Meaning importance, process, barriers; Methods to reduce barriers; Principle of effective communication. UNIT 5 Stress; Meaning; Types; Sources; Consequences; Management of stress. Power and Politics; Definition; Types of Powers; Sources; Characteristics; Effective use of Power. UNIT 6 Organisational Dynamics; Organisational design; Organisational effectiveness; Meaning, approaches; Organisational culture; Meaning, significance; Organisational Climate; Implications on organizational behaviour. Organisational Change; Meaning; Nature; Causes of change; Resistance of change; Management of change; Organisational development; Meaning; OD Interventions. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Fred Luthans, Organisational Behaviour, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1995. 2. Stephen P. Bobbins, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, 1997. 3. Keith Davis, Human Behaviour at Wor/c,.-M.cGraw Hill Book Co., 1991. 4. Gregory Moorehead and R.S. Griffin, Organisational...

Words: 54737 - Pages: 219

Free Essay

The Thief of Time

...The Thief of Time The Thief of Time Philosophical Essays on Procrastination Edited by Chrisoula Andreou Mark D. White 2010 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The thief of time: philosophical essays on procrastination / edited by Chrisoula Andreou and Mark D. White. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-537668-5 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Procrastination. I. Andreou, Chrisoula. II. White, Mark D., 1971– BF637.P76T45 2010 128'.4—dc22 2009021750 987654321 Printed in the United States of...

Words: 125542 - Pages: 503

Premium Essay

Bob Black's the Abolition of Work

...creating a new way of life based on play; in other words, a ludic conviviality, commensality, and maybe even art. There is more to play than child’s play, as worthy as that is. I call for a collective adventure in generalized joy and freely interdependent exuberance. Play isn’t passive. Doubtless we all need a lot more time for sheer sloth and slack than we ever enjoy now, regardless of income or occupation, but once recovered from employment-induced exhaustion nearly all of us want to act. Oblomovism and Stakhanovism are two sides of the same debased coin. The ludic life is totally incompatible with existing reality. So much the worse for “reality,” the gravity hole that sucks the vitality from the little in life that still distinguishes it from mere survival. Curiously—or maybe not—all the old ideologies are conservative because they believe in work. Some of them, like Marxism and most brands of anarchism, believe in work all the more fiercely because they believe in so little else. Liberals say we should end employment discrimination. I say we should end employment. Conservatives support right-towork laws. Following Karl Marx’s wayward son-in-law Paul Lafargue I support the right to be lazy. Leftists favor full employment. Like the surrealists—except that I’m not kidding—I favor full unemployment. Trotskyists agitate for permanent revolution. I agitate for permanent revelry. But if all the ideologues (as they do) advocate work—and not only because they plan to make other people do...

Words: 6852 - Pages: 28

Premium Essay

Apple Case Study

...In an exclusive interview, Apple's CEO talked with Fortune senior editor Betsy Morris in February in Kona, Hawaii, where he was vacationing with his family, about the keys to the company's success, the prospect of Apple without Jobs, and more. Here are excerpts. On the birth of the iPhone "We all had cellphones. We just hated them, they were so awful to use. The software was terrible. The hardware wasn't very good. We talked to our friends, and they all hated their cellphones too. Everybody seemed to hate their phones. And we saw that these things really could become much more powerful and interesting to license. It's a huge market. I mean a billion phones get shipped every year, and that's almost an order of magnitude greater than the number of music players. It's four times the number of PCs that ship every year. "It was a great challenge. Let's make a great phone that we fall in love with. And we've got the technology. We've got the miniaturization from the iPod. We've got the sophisticated operating system from Mac. Nobody had ever thought about putting operating systems as sophisticated as OS X inside a phone, so that was a real question. We had a big debate inside the company whether we could do that or not. And that was one where I had to adjudicate it and just say, 'We're going to do it. Let's try.' The smartest software guys were saying they can do it, so let's give them a shot. And they did." On Apple's connection with the consumer "We did iTunes because we...

Words: 7645 - Pages: 31

Premium Essay

Mahek

...Chapter 1 SIGMUND FREUD AN INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud, pioneer of Psychoanalysis, was born on 6th May 1856 in Freiberg to a middle class family. He was born as the eldest child to his father’s second wife. When Freud was four years old, his family shifted and settled in Vienna. Although Freud’s ambition from childhood was a career in law, he decided to enter the field of medicine. In 1873, at the age of seventeen, Freud enrolled in the university as a medical student. During his days in the university, he did his research on the Central Nervous System under the guidance of German physician `Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke’. Freud received his medical degree in 1881and later in 1883 he began to work in Vienna General Hospital. Freud spent three years working in various departments of the hospital and in 1885 he left his post at the hospital to join the University of Vienna as a lecturer in Neuropathology. Following his appointment as a lecturer, he got the opportunity to work under French neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases...

Words: 155674 - Pages: 623

Premium Essay

Communication

... 13 6. Group Dynamics and Team Building 15 7. Conflict Management 18 8. Performance Appraisal 21 9. Time Management 24 10. Motivation 27 Package of Personality Development Aim The training module is aimed at the promotion of the strategies for the personality development of the participants. The rationale behind this endeavor is the recognition of the multifaceted influence of the personality of the employees upon organisational effectiveness. Objectives The objective of the training programme is bring about personality development with regard to the different behavioural dimensions that have far reaching significance in the direction of organisational effectiveness. Course content Unit 1 Leadership Introduction to Leadership, Leadership...

Words: 38610 - Pages: 155

Premium Essay

Management in Organization

...Commonwealth Executive Masters in Business Administration / Public Administration CEMBA 553 Management in Organisations Copyright © Commonwealth of Learning, 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior permission in writing from: The Commonwealth of Learning 1285 West Broadway Suite 600 Vancouver, BC V6H 3X8 CANADA e-mail: info@col.org Dean Institute of Distance Learning New Library Building Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana Phone: +233-51-60013 Fax: +233-51-60014 E-mail: idldean@kvcit.org Web: www.fdlknust.edu.gh i 553 - Management in Organisations Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this course, learners will be able to: • • • • Explain the basic premises of management and public administration Compare different theories and approaches of organisation Distinguish behavioural patterns, advantages, disadvantages, and dysfunctions of bureaucracies Categorize the different management trends in the work environment. Topics • Introduction to Management and Organisational Behaviour • Individual and Group Behaviour in Organisations • Decision- making and Communications in Organisations • Leadership, Organisational Structure & Environment • Power and Politics • Organisational Culture • Organisational Change • Conflict and Negotiations ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction................................................................................

Words: 79671 - Pages: 319

Premium Essay

3660 Midterm Notes

...ADMS 3660 MIDTERM NOTES Chapter 1 and Parable of the Sandhu Case * Watched video on Disney and how they treat employees, work is a performance etc. * Ethics is the study of morality * Morality refers to the standards that an individual or group has about what is right/wrong, good/evil. * Business Ethics concentrates on moral standards as they apply to business policies, institutions, and behaviour * Corporate Social Responsibility refers specifically to a description and moral evaluation of the impact than an organization has on society * Ethics can be a business constraint “ethics costs” but also an advantage “ethics pays” 1970 – 1985: Rise of business ethics (academia) 1985 – 1995: Ethics into firms 1995 – 2000: Internationalization 2000 – 2012: Corporate Scandals and government regulation * Ethics Scandal Costs: Fines, lawsuits, prison, investor losses, bankruptcies, unemployment, and increased regulation * Market Morality: Will everyone invest their money as agreed or will greed effect them? * Parable of the Sandhu Ethics vs. the law Unclear over moral responsibility Easier to say what is morally right than to do it * Employees value health and safety ethics Consumers value product safety Shareholders want return on investment Need to look at environment * Macroenvironment: social, economic, political, technological factors * Our society is pluralistic in nature * Pluralism: there is diffusion of...

Words: 8968 - Pages: 36

Premium Essay

Forces of Change & Accompanying Values

... The Forces for Change is a framework to help you understand today’s radically changing world and synthesize the breadth of complex, fast changing, interdependent factors  Are all changes bad? Change can be uncomfortable and awkward but it can also be positive. FORCES OF CHANGE AND THEIR ACCOMPANYING VALUES FORCES OF CHANGE & ACCOMPANYING VALUES Turbulence Intellectual capital, Intellectual propert, ,information sharing Networking, innovation, R&D INFORMATION AGE K-Economy GLOBALIZATION DEVELOPMENT Autonomy, Pride, Dignity Independence, Indigenization “CultureBound” Customer Focus; Speed, Responsiveness; Continuous Learning; Accurate & Up-To-Date Information Quality; Value Added; Cost Effectiveness; Humanization; Ecological Specialisation; Objectivity; Materialism; SystemsOrientation MODERNIZATION WESTERNIZATION Individualism; Secularism; Freedom Of Expression; Consumerism INDUSTRIALIZATION Mechanization; Rational Thinking; Bureaucracy; Efficiency; Productivity; Mobility; Discipline; Mechanical Time Orientation; Reliability Stable 1800 AGRICULTURAL Revolution Time line Simple division of labor, labor intensive, Collectivism, sharing 2000 FORCES OF CHANGE & ACCOMPANYING VALUES Turbulence Intellectual capital, Intellectual propert, ,information sharing Networking, innovation, R&D INFORMATION AGE K-Economy GLOBALIZATION DEVELOPMENT Autonomy, Pride, Dignity Independence, Indigenization “CultureBound” Customer Focus; Speed...

Words: 23543 - Pages: 95

Free Essay

Something for Nothing

...Dilemma ..........................................79 Chapter Six. Government, Politics and Power ............................93 Chapter Seven. The Foundationsof the American Dream .........116 Chapter Eight. Working For a Living .......................................126 Chapter Nine. Law, Order and Crime ......................................138 Chapter Ten. Welfare,Entitlements and Society ........................148 Chapter Eleven. A Time for Truth ............................................160 Chapter Twelve. America and the World ..................................186 Summary – The Road Ahead ....................................................206 Author’s Biography ...................................................................208 Other e-books by Brian Tracy...

Words: 63862 - Pages: 256

Free Essay

Modes of Organizational Communication

...Modes of Organizational Communication A 2011 study of communicational means in six individual companies (Bani Amin & Associates, HKD (H-Tech) International, Jamuna Bank Limited, Rahimafrooz Accumulators Limited, Robi Axiata Limited and TopOfStack Software) of Bangladesh with pros and cons Modes of Organizational Communication A 2011 study of communicational means in six individual companies (Bani Amin & Associates, HKD (H-Tech) International, Jamuna Bank Limited, Rahimafrooz Accumulators Limited, Robi Axiata Limited and TopOfStack Software) of Bangladesh with pros and cons Prepared For: Mr. Mohammad Saif Noman Khan Assistant Professor Prepared By: H. M. Shahriar Hassan - ZR05 (Group Leader) Khurshid Hasan - ZR11 Asaduzzaman - ZR20 Sajjad Ahmed - ZR31 M. M. Shahriar Kabir Siddiquee - ZR40 H. M. Shibly Noman - ZR41 MBA 45E Institute of Business Administration May 14, 2011 May 14, 2011 Mr. Mohammad Saif Noman Khan Assistant Professor Institute of Business Administration Dear Sir: Hope you are in good health. Here is the report on our individual organizational communication, which you selected for us as a significant part of our Business Communication course. We took our time and gave our best effort to make this report up to the mark. The report is descriptive. It mainly depicts various modes of communication going on inside our organizations with a short criticism on respective...

Words: 11501 - Pages: 47