...1. Valvular Heart Disease Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary. These conditions occur largely as a result of ageing. Most people are in their late 50s when diagnosed, and more than one in ten people over 75 have it. According to Professor Ben Bridgewater, consultant cardiac surgeon at University Hospital of South Manchester, ‘If the disease is picked up early, the outcomes from surgery are very good. Life expectancy goes back to match that of healthy people the same age. 2. The normal functions that would be affected by the disease. Normally functioning valves ensure that blood flows with proper force in the proper direction at the proper time. In valvular heart disease, the valves become too narrow and hardened to open fully, or are unable to close completely. Many of the symptoms are similar to those associated with congestive heart failure, such as shortness of breath and wheezing after limited physical exertion and swelling of the feet, ankles, hands or abdomen. Other symptoms include: * Palpitations, chest pain (may be mild). * Fatigue. * Dizziness or fainting (with aortic stenosis). * Fever (with bacterial endocarditis). * Rapid weight gain. 3. Changes in function caused by the disease There are many different types of valve disease; some types can be present at birth (congenital), while others may be acquired later in life. Congenital...
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...Aortic Dissection An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which the inner layer of the aorta, the large blood vessel dividing off the heart, tears. Blood flows through the tear, producing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate (dissect). If the blood-filled channel breaks through the outside aortic wall, aortic dissection is often deadly (mayoclinic.org, 2014). Aortic dissection is very uncommon and usually happens in males in their 60’s and 70’s. Aortic dissection is sometimes misnamed dissecting aneurysm but an aneurysm is a bulge in weak areas of its walls and a dissection is a separation of the layers of its wall. These disorders can be immediately fatal, but they usually take years to develop (merckmanuals.com, 2017). Etiology Specific causes of aortic dissection are generally related to any condition that damages or weakens the aorta muscle wall or increases the pressure against the aorta. Many risk factors that be a part of the cause to the growth of aortic dissection, including: atherosclerosis, narrowing of the aorta (coarctation), polycystic kidney disease, inflammation of the aorta (aortitis), a thoracic aneurysm already in existence, high blood pressure (hypertension), too much fluid or volume circulating through the aorta...
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... The paramedics rushed Jake to the hospital where he was evaluated by a cardiologist. The tests showed that he had four clogged arteries. He was scheduled for surgery the next day. 1. Describe how the heart as a muscle performs its job of pumping blood. The heart is constantly relaxing (filling up with blood) and contracting (pushing blood out) to pump blood through the four chambers of the heart and eventually to the rest of the body. First, the blood fills the right atrium from either the superior or inferior vena cava. Then, the blood passes through the tricuspid valve and to the right ventricle. The right ventricle then squeezes the blood into the pulmonary artery which splits into two vessels each going to the lungs. The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and it goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. From here, the blood passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. Finally, the blood is ejected into the aorta and to the rest of the body. Both sides of the heart are doing this at the same exact time. What happens if the cardiac muscle itself does not get enough blood? If the cardiac muscle itself does not get enough blood it would not function as well and essentially cause many serious issues such as a myocardial infarction. The blood carries...
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...is the eye. The eyes main function is vision. I will briefly explain the process of how we see. I will also talk about the anatomy of the eye. Part 2: The disease of the eye I wish to focus on is Glaucoma. Glaucoma is a disease due to the build up of pressure in the eye, which will damage the optic nerve and cause the loss of vision. I will talk about why Glaucoma occurs, the incidence rate, symptoms, treatments and what causes the disease. When talking about the causes of Glaucoma I will briefly describe the different types but the poster, as a whole, will focus of Glaucoma in general. 1. The heart is actually THREE PUMPS. 2. The right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body (the systemic circuit). 3. The RIGHT ATRIUM receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae. 4. The LEFT ATRIUM receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. 5. The RIGHT VENTRICLE pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk to the lungs. 6. The LEFT VENTRICLE pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the entire body. 7. The SEROUS PERICARDIUM includes both the visceral and parietal layers and completely lines the pericardial cavity. 8. The PULMONIC SEMILUNAR VALVE will open during ventricular systole to allow the flow of blood to the lungs. 9....
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...The major structural differences between an adult and fetus heart is that the fetus utilizes shunts such as the ductus venosus, the ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale for their blood flow. While an adult uses the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid and bicuspid valves for their blood flow. For adults’ blood flow starts in the right atrium with deoxygenated blood and continues to the tricuspid valve and reaches the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, it enters the pulmonary valve traveling to the pulmonary trunk and arteries. The blood then moves to the pulmonary capillaries, once it is there it loses CO2 and gains O2. The flow of the blood continues its journey into the pulmonary veins the blood is now oxygenated. The blood enters...
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...the right atrium. This electrical impulse causes the right atrium to contract and push the blood into the right ventricle. The Tricuspid valve stops the blood from flowing back after it enters the right ventricle. Another node known as atrioventricular node (AV node) is located in the interatrial septum, which translates the electric message of SA node and causes the contraction of the right ventricle, which pushes the deoxygenated blood out of heart to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve keeps the flow of the blood towards the lungs and stops it from flowing back. The blood from the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, only artery in the body that takes blood away from the heart. Pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood to the capillaries located in the lungs, where gas...
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...Arrhythmias * Are common and often benign, but can indicate underlying heart disease. They often occur intermittently and so can be difficult to diagnose. * Can present with palpitations, chest pain, presyncope/syncope, hypotension, pulmonary oedema. Some are asymptomatic e.g. AF. * History taking make sure include: * Precipitating factors, onset, nature (fast/slow, regular/irregular), duration, associated symptoms (chest pain, dyspnoea, collapse). * Causes: * CARDIAC: * MI. * CAD. * LV aneurysm. * Mitral valve disease. * Cardiomyopathy. * Pericarditis. * Myocarditis. * Aberrant conduction pathways. * NON-CARDIAC: * Caffeine. * Smoking. * Alcohol. * Pneumonia. * Drugs (β2 agonist, digoxin, L-dopa, tricyclics). * Metabolic imbalance (K, Ca, Mg, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, thyroid disease, phaeochromocytoma). * Tests: * Bloods: FBC, U&E, glucose, Ca, Mg, TSH. * ECG: look for signs of IHD, AF, short P-R interval, long QT interval, U waves. * If ECG normal consider doing 24 hour tape. * Echo: look for structural heart disease. * Others: exercise ECG, cardiac catheterisation etc. * Types of Arrhythmias: * Bradycardias: * If asymptomatic and rate >40bpm then no treatment. * Look for cause and stop any drugs that may be the...
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...Your heart is a fist sized muscle that is located on the left side of your chest and is an involuntary muscle and an adult heart approximately weighs 255grams. The heart is separated by a septum. The left side of the heart is thicker than the right because it has to pump oxygenated blood around the whole body whereas the right side just pumps de-oxygenated blood to the brain. There are 2 inlets and 2 outlets in the heart, there are also 4 valves in the heart that are there to stop the backflow of blood and 4 chambers. The first inlet is called the pulmonary vein. This is the only vein in the body that carry oxygenated blood. The other inlet is the superior and inferior vena cava. The two out lets are called the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that transports deoxygenated blood in the body. The two upper chambers of the heart are called the atria. The two lower chambers are called the ventricles. The four valves are called the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. The valves are there in order to stop the backflow of blood. Functions of the Heart The heart has a number of different functions such as delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products. The cardiovascular system is broken down into two other parts the systemic and the pulmonary circuit. The systemic circuit is responsible for distributing oxygenated blood around the body to the working muscles. The pulmonary circuit is responsible...
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...Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: The Walking Time Bomb The human body is made up of many different systems that allow the body to function in a variety of ways. But in order to keep these systems working properly, the body needs nourishment and exercise. This should include a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet that will aid in the reduction of the plaque (fatty buildup) that narrows the arteries and aid in controlling high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Additionally, to lower many of the causes for maladies within the human body, salt intake need to be reduced and to stop smoking. Those who do not follow these precautions are susceptible to a condition called aortic aneurysm. It is a deadly condition that needs to be attended to as soon as possible. A thoracic aneurysm is an abnormal ballooning or bulge in the wall of an artery caused by a weakening in the wall of a high pressure artery. The areas within the aorta that an aneurysm is known to occur is the aortic root, aortic arch and the ascending and descending aorta. An aneurysm can occur in anyone of these sections and can grow large enough to rupture which causes severe bleeding inside the chest cavity (Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm, 2012). Anytime you have a blood vessel with a weakened area that begins to bulge, it has the possibility of rupturing. A majority of aneurysms occur in the aorta, the largest artery in the body which carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. The aorta comes...
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...CV+ Blood What happens in MI- A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is usually caused by a blood clot, which stops the blood flowing to a part of your heart muscle. You should call for an ambulance immediately if you develop severe chest pain. Treatment with a clot-busting medicine or an emergency procedure to restore the blood flow through the blocked blood vessel are usually done as soon as possible. This is to prevent or minimise any damage to your heart muscle. Other treatments help to ease the pain and to prevent complications. Reducing various risk factors can help to prevent a myocardial infarction. If you have a myocardial infarction (heart attack), a coronary artery or one of its smaller branches is suddenly blocked. The part of the heart muscle supplied by this artery loses its blood (and oxygen) supply if the vessel is blocked. This part of the heart muscle is at risk of dying unless the blockage is quickly removed. When a part of the heart muscle is damaged it is said to be infarcted. The term myocardial infarction (MI) means damaged heart muscle. If a main coronary arteries is blocked, a large part of the heart muscle is affected. If a smaller branch artery is blocked, a smaller amount of heart muscle is affected. After an MI, if part of the heart muscle has died, it is replaced by scar tissue over the next few weeks. What happens in dysrhythmias- A cardiac dysrhythmia is an abnormal heart beat: the rhythm may be irregular in its pacing or the heart rate may...
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...3 internal Systems: Digestive system (Breakdown nutrients absorb nutrient) includes: Salivary Glands-Tongue-Epiglottis- Esophagus-Liver-Stomach-Gall Bladder- Duodenum-Pancreas-Jujunem (small intestine)- large intestine (colon)- Illeum (small intestine)- Appendix- Rectum- Anus. Digestive: its main function is to breakdown macromolecule like carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The digestion includes 4 stages: Ingestion (gets nutrients into the body) Digestion (mechanical, chemical) Absorption (gets nutrients into the blood) Excretion (Egestion) (waste removal) Lipids: waxes-fats-cholesterol steroids-phospholipids. Carb: Monosaccharide: glucose-fructose, lactose Disaccharide: sucrose, galactose Proteins: muscle – enzymes Nucleic acids : DNA-RNA-ATP Polysaccharide: glycogen, cellulose 15-18 male = 2800 cal/day 15-18 female = 2100 cal/day Pregnant women = +300 cal/day Breast feeding women = +500 cal/day Water is 90% H2O Enzymes are proteins and are called catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction Macromolecule | Smallest Unit | Carbs | Monosaccharide | Proteins | Amino Acids | Lipids | 1 glycerol/3 fatty acids | Amylase is an enzyme found in the salivary glands and breaks down food. Tongue pushes food to the pharynx and then to the esophagus Digestion/Absorption: takes 2-24 hours in stomach –it has pepsin enzyme and a pH of 1-2 (active digestion) 3-4 ( inactive) Small intestine= chime (food) is mixed with bile The organs that make...
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...1. Which of the following is the characteristic of the living thing? A. have specific shape B. have regular shape C. have organized body D. none of the above 2. Which of the followings includes in homeostasis? a. To maintain the shaped of the body b. To maintain the balance of the body c. To maintain the temperature of the body d. To keep the animal away from the body 3. Your hearts starts beating before seven month of your birth. The study of your body at this stage comes within: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 4. A doctor is studying the contraction and relaxation of a heart. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 5. Study of different parts of eye is called (a) Histology (b) Anatomy (c) Physiology (d) None of these 6. A biologist removes some bones of dinosaurs from a rock. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Paleontology (c) Ecology (d) None of these 7. Darwin sys, “man has formed from monkey”. He talked about (a) Fossil (b) Evolution (c) Taxonomy (d) None of these 8. Kangaroo lives in Australia but buffaloes lives in Pakistan. The study of this distribution of animals is called (a) Ecology (b) Environmental biology (c) Taxonomy (d) Zoogeography 9. The study of structure of molecule of starch is called: (a) Molecular biology (b) Biochemistry (c) Morphology (d) None 10. The study of Amoeba comes with in the branch of biology: (a) Taxonomy (b) Ecology (c) Microbiology (d) None 11. The study...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...Describe the gross structure and main functions of all major body systems (P5) Reproductive systems Male (Harvard-wm.org, 2014) The male reproductive system is made up of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, spermatic cords, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, urethra, prostate, cowper glands, the penis and the semen. The scrotum is a sac like structure in which the testes are located, it is found in the pubic region and its job is to regulate the temperature of sperm by relaxing when the testes become too warm and contracting when the testes cold to move them closer to the heat of the body. The testes which are located in the scrotum are secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. These are twin oval, grape sized organs which have the function of secreting testosterone which is a male hormone vital for libido, muscle strength and bone density. Within the testes, there are coiled structures called sminiferious tubules which provide the role of producing sperm cells. Lying at the back of each testicle is the epididymis, which is a long tube that transports and stores sperm cells produced by the testes. Connecting to the epididymis is the vas deferens which is a long muscular tube that extends into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. Its function is to transports mature sperm to the urethra, ready for ejaculation. Attached to the vas deferens, near the base of the bladder, is the seminal vesicles which are sac like...
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...Superior & Inferior Vena Cava (V-C) Red topper tube Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Provides nutrients, oxygen, chemical substances and waist removal Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery - and lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicusped Valve Left Ventricle Aorta 18. ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) 2. 3. 4. 5. Analyses arterial blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate content in addition to blood PH; * used to determine the effectiveness or respiration stem cells in the bone marrow Universal precautions 19. All blood cells originate from All specimens should be handled with caution, as if they were contaminated with a blood bourne pathogen. an embolism is Any object that can harbor infections agents and/or transmit infection. Aortic valve Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) sample must be run within Arterial blood is used to determine Aseptic 20. 6. 7. 4- then onto 5- and now out to the 6- back into the 7- then onto the 8- moves onto the 9- down to the 10- finally to your hot bod via the A group of test requested as one unit is called a: A Panel is A patient was rushed to the ER because of dehydration due to severe vomiting. The ER physician orders a test for STAT electrolytes. Which of the following tubes would the Phlebotomist use to do the collection? A Plug is 21. a clot that moves inside the vessel it is referred to as an embolus Fomites 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 22. 23. semi lunar valve situated between the left ventricle and the aorta 15 minutes of collection ...
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