...Mediation Conciliation Arbitration Negotiation: this is the first way of ADR and the parties involved (which is usually two or more) attempt to come to an agreement or try to compromise before using any other methods of ADR. This can be done with or without a solicitor however the decision made is not legally binding. Negotiation is private as only the parties involved are there when the negotiation takes place, it is also cheap as there is no cost unless a solicitor is involved. Mediation: there are always three or more parties involved in mediation and one of the parties is the mediator. The mediator doesn’t have an active role in resolving the dispute but acts a facilitator so the parties find a way to solve their issues themselves, even if the issue is resolved the decision made isn’t legally binding. Conciliation: unlike mediation where the mediator doesn’t have an active role, in conciliation the conciliator does. The conciliator suggests ideas that would solve the dispute between the parties however the decision that may be reached is not legally binding. Rather than the parties going to court conciliation is offered to them as an alternative, this is usually done in the workplace. Arbitration: out of all methods of ADR arbitration is the only one where the arbitrator has the authority to make the decision legally binding as the decision is governed by the ‘Arbitration Act 1996’. As arbitration is voluntary both sides must agree to arbitration. They also choose the...
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...ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is Evolution of the process of ADR in Bangladesh: Whether arbitration and mediation is appropriate procedure to solve dispute”. The aim of this research is to analyses the cachet and efficaciousness of the instrument of ADR in Bangladesh. At the same time an attempt is made to evaluate the sociological aspect of the ADR in Bangladesh. Hence, this writes up especially for those who have no legal background but want to have an idea about it is interesting to note that the concept of ADR is developing in Bangladesh as a performance of public duty by civil society groups advocating in support of progressive ideologies. I have collected all the materials from different books, scholars’ articles and offices from Law organization. I have collected the information about International aspect of ADR from different site of internet. At first I have collected different books relating to ADR. For the laws regarding ADR of Bangladesh and international, I have followed different Acts and Convention. INTRODUCTION The attempt to settle a legal dispute through active participation of a third party (mediator) who works to find points of agreement and make those in conflict agree on a fair result. Mediation differs from arbitration in which the third party (arbitrator) acts much like a judge but in an out-of-court less formal setting but does not actively participate in the discussion. Mediation has become very common in trying to resolve domestic...
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...Arbitration utilizes a neutral third party to hear the dispute between the different parties. The hearing is an informal hearing the arbitrator is mutually selected by the parties. The arbitrator is retained to decide how to settle the conflict, the decision that the arbitrator makes is final and binding. Arbitration is more cost efficient and faster than litigation but it is the arbitrator’s decision what the terms and conditions will be not the parties involved. (Grand Vally Srtate University , 2013) The Federal Arbitration Act requires that where the parties have agreed to arbitrate, they must do so in lieu of going to court. Once an award is entered by an arbitrator or arbitration panel, must be confirmed in a court of law. Once confirmed the award is then reduced to enforceable judgment, which can be enforced by the winning party in a court of law, like other judgments. The federal Arbitration Act awards have to be conformed within the year. If the losing party wants to object they only have three months to do so. Arbitration agreements can be entered “prospectively” that is in advance of any actual dispute. They may be entered into by disputing parties once one has a risen. Section two of the Federal Arbitration Act states that arbitration provisions will be subject to invalidation only for the same games applicable to contractual provision generally, such as unconscionability or duress. Consequently most state law that disfavors the enforcement of the agreements...
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...•These are some other advantages and disadvantages on Arbitration - a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR): Parties often seek to resolve their disputes through arbitration because of a number of perceived potential advantages over judicial proceedings: •When the subject matter of the dispute is highly technical, arbitrators with an appropriate degree of expertise can be appointed (as one cannot "choose the judge" in litigation). • Arbitration is often faster than litigation in court. •Arbitration can be cheaper and more flexible for businesses. •Arbitral proceedings and an arbitral award are generally non-public, and can be made confidential. •In arbitral proceedings the language of arbitration may be chosen, whereas in judicial proceedings the official language of the country of the competent court will be automatically applied. •Because of the provisions of the New York Convention 1958, arbitration awards are generally easier to enforce in other nations than court judgments. •In most legal systems there are very limited avenues for appeal of an arbitral award, which is sometimes an advantage because it limits the duration of the dispute and any associated liability. Some of the disadvantages include: •Arbitration may be subject to pressures from powerful law firms representing the stronger and wealthier party •Arbitration agreements are sometimes contained in ancillary agreements, or in small print in other agreements, and consumers and employees often...
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...often contain mandatory arbitration provisions that are legally binding and enforceable. In addition, almost every court or administrative agency empowered to hear cases now requires mediation as part of the formal adjudication process (Spangler, 2003). Abstract: Arbitration plays a crucial role in commercial procurement. Ideally, solid contractual agreements would alleviate disputes between parties. In most cases, disputes result from the terms of the contract rather than the actual contract itself. Arbitration offers dispute resolution that eliminates the need for costly litigation and time-consuming disputes in the courtroom. This paper considers the role of arbitration in contracted procurement. Additionally, it considers alternative dispute resolution (ADR) as a whole as arbitration is a subset of ADR and will discuss their relative advantages and disadvantages in comparison with traditional litigation. The aged concept of arbitration has recently begun to reach tremendous levels of popularity in the acquisition realm. Dictionary.com defines arbitration as, “the hearing and determining of a dispute or the settling of differences between parties by a person or persons chosen or agreed to by them”. Solving disputes through arbitration is by no means a modern concept. The first modern arbitration statute in the United States was enacted in 1920; New York State Arbitration statute. History, however, dates arbitration back to the famous Athenian...
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...Alternative Dispute Resolutions: Arbitration Clause Saundra Stewart Kaplan University LS311-01: Business Law 1 Professor James Starcher May 1, 2012 Disputes, disagreements, differing opinions, and arguments, what do they all have in common? They all involve two persons or groups that have different ideas that are in conflict with the other. When these differences arise we as a civilized society usually are able to work out some solution that may work to the benefit of both parties. This process of resolving these conflicts is called Dispute Resolution. There are three basic categories of Dispute Resolution that are often used: 1) Negotiation; 2) Mediation; And 3) Arbitration. Negotiation is the process where the two parties will sit down with each other and usually reach an amiable agreement to resolve the differences. Mediation occurs when both parties agree to sit down with a 3rd party that is neutral. The main purpose of the 3rd party is to emphasize the commonalities that the parties have. Mediation is also less adversarial than the court room. The 3rd party can make a proposal but that proposal is not binding on either party. Arbitration is perhaps the most formal of the Alternative Dispute Resolutions that is used. In this method both parties will present their case to either and individual or panel of experts who will then make a decision and impose that decision on both parties. This is called Binding Arbitration. Not all Arbitration is binding but that is a matter this...
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...Dispute Resolution: Arbitration Law in Nepal Anamol Bisht Kathmandu University School of Management In an event of the breach of any contract, legal remedy should be provided to the parties that are involved in the agreement. However, instead of going directly to the court of law, there are specific remedies that serve as an alternative dispute resolution and one such alternative is arbitration. In arbitration, an arbitrator (a neutral third party or experts) renders a decision based on the disputes they are presented with. Here, the third party’s decision is legally binding, as it is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to the judicial system of the nation. Except for a few special cases, the court of law will reject any disputes between contracting parties and refer to the parties to arbitration. This is why almost all contracts and agreements have arbitration clauses mentioned in so it has to be a collateral to the main contract so as not to end with the contract itself. “The other term of the contract fall but the arbitration clause survives” (Pathak, 2010). The procedures to arbitration are stringent laws that pertain to how justice should be served in case of a contractual breach. Since courts alone couldn’t resolve the question of arbitration, there had to be a law that referred to the powers invested to the parties as private legislation and the ousting of the jurisdiction of the court. Hence, the Arbitration Act, 2055 (1999) was enacted to provide such guidelines...
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...Foundation of International Commercial Arbitrations Shaimaa Nasr Eldin ESLSCA Business School International Business law Foundation of the International Commercial Arbitrations Abstract. This paper analyzes the foundation of the international commercial arbitration, as a phenomenon widely used by most of the corporations among the world as a dispute settlement mechanism. You will see that it is one of many possible procedures for the settlement of disputes in regard to economic transactions. You will learn about the essential features of arbitration; that it is for the settlement of a dispute, consensual based on the agreement of the parties, private and not part of the State system of justice and leads to a final and binding decision that will be given execution by the court. This paper also identifies the selection by the parties of the place in which their international commercial arbitration is to take place will have a fundamental impact on the determination of those rights. Equally fundamental is the parties' selection of the law, both substantive and procedural, which will apply to the determination of those rights. This paper examines both of those choices, the forum and the law applicable to the arbitration. It also identifies the three sources of rules for international commercial arbitrations. Key words: Arbitration, applicable law, source of rules for international commercial arbitrations. What is "International Commercial Arbitration" ? This term is divided into three...
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...Introduction to Arbitration MBA 2013, Freeport Class Arbitration is one form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) is a commonly used term for settling disputes by mutual agreement. ADR in its wider sense includes both arbitration (as an alternative to ordinary court proceedings) as well as mediation or conciliation of disputes (in all its variations). According to one English definition: “ADR is any method of resolving an issue susceptible to normal legal process by agreement rather than by imposed binding decision.” It is means to end disputes which provide parties to a controversy with a choice other than litigation. Conciliation/mediation undoubtedly constitutes the very oldest form of resolving disputes, whether in the form of direct negotiation between the parties themselves (mostly termed “conciliation”) or with the intervention of one or more third parties as mediators (then mostly termed “mediation”). Article 6 of Indonesian Law No. 30 of 1999 explained that, dispute or difference opinion of civil cases can be resolved by the parties through alternative dispute resolution based on good faith to the exclusion of the litigation settlement in the District Court. Resolution of dispute through alternative dispute resolution opinion referred to in paragraph is solved in a direct meeting by the party in the longest time 14 (fourteen) days and the results are set forth in a written agreement. In case of dispute or difference cannot...
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...ADR means Alternative Dispute Resolution Arbitration Process You may have encountered an arbitration clause in a contract and wondered what it is and whether you should be happy or upset about this clause. Or a colleague may have suggested to you that you include an arbitration clause in a contract, and you are wondering why this would benefit you. Arbitration as a process is very different from the process of litigation (trying cases in court), for business disputes. Here is a listing of the differences Public/Private, Formality The arbitration process is private, between the two parties and informal, while litigation is a formal process conducted in a public courtroon. Speed of Process The arbitration process is fairly quick. Once an arbitrator is selected, the case can be heard immediately. In a civil litigation, on the other hand, a case must wait until the court has time to hear it; this can mean many months, even years, before the case is heard. Cost of the Process The costs for the arbitration process are limited to the fee of the arbitrator(depending on the size of the claim, expertise of the arbitrator, and expenses), and attorney fees. Costs for litigation include attorney fees and court costs, which can be very high. Selection of Arbitrator/Judge The parties in the arbitration process decide jointly on the arbitrator; in a litigation, the judge is appointed and the parties have little or no say in the selection. The parties may have some say in whether a...
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...resolving disputes in an economical way. Two of the most commonly used ADRs are arbitration and mediation. All disputes within the learning team will use the mediation process for resolution. The learning team charter that was set up in the first class must be followed as all team members discussed. The conflicts between the team members that effect the efficiency and productivity of the learning team will be subject to the ADR process. If a disagreement, dispute, or claim arises the team members should use their best efforts to settle the dispute. Any conflict that cannot be solved by the involved members will enable the ADR process after 24 hours. If a dispute arises between team members, they must participate in a mediation process with a neutral person appointed by the other remaining team members. If the dispute involves all of the learning team, a facilitator will be involved to appoint the mediator. The mediator will have confidential discussion with each involved member and will try to reach voluntary agreement. Mediation involves no formal procedures and the mediator does not have the power to render a binding decision or force parties to agree. In the event the dispute is not settled during mediation, an arbitration clause will follow. If the dispute cannot be settled within 36 hours after mediation has been appointed, the dispute will be referred and resolved through arbitration. The...
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...The plaintiff, Glenn Prah, had a conflict with the adjoining landowner, Richard D. Maretti – the defendant, concerning access to sunlight to fuel the solar panel energy system used to power his dwelling and the development of the adjoining undeveloped land. Prah bought a parcel of land that included a house with solar panel already installed on it. The adjacent lot was vacant, which Maretti later purchased. It was undeveloped and Maretti began plans to build a house on it close to the property line. The location of the house would have blocked the flow of sunlight to Prah’s solar panels making them ineffective. He wanted Maretti to move his house farther away from the property line. Maretti agreed to move it several feet, but was still short of the distance that Prah wanted. A person has no right to light or air, but does have the right to the enjoyment and use of their property. Prah argues that he is first in time and he had the right to the light and air first and that it would lessen his enjoyment and use of his property to have the sunlight blocked. Muretti argument is that the most important right of a landowner is the right to use their property. His house complies with the laws and statutes and therefore should be allowed to be built. Then the dispute arose… There several alternatives to litigation that may be applicable in this situation as trial is expensive. Our suggestions are: 1. The first approach is to send a Demand Letter which details our demands...
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...Randolph, which focuses on Contract Law and some concepts of arbitration. There are also some personal analysis and view about the case. Finally, some inspirations will be listed as impressions and for further discussion. Finally, a brief conclusion will be summarized at the end of the paper. The paper aims at restoring the reality of the case. Citations from the original sources have been listed in the sentences and at the end of the paper. In consideration of author’s limited knowledge and information sources, there will be inevitable mistakes and errors in the paper, all the criticisms corrected are welcomed by the readers. Content Introduction Background: Among the liberties secured by the Constitution is the right to have suits at common law decided by a jury (U.S. CONST. amend. VII) .The enactment of the Federal Arbitration Act 2 (FAA) in 1925 produced a critical qualification to this right, allowing commercial entities to agree to resolve a contractual dispute through binding arbitration agreements(9 U.S.C. § 2 (2000)). In Green Tree Financial Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph, the Supreme Court announced that, for consumers, the right to a trial by jury had been further qualified. Even the costs of arbitration are potentially so high as to eliminate the consumer from proving her statutory rights, a contractual agreement to arbitration, even in a contract, is still enforceable (9 U.S.C. § 2 (2000))...
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...resolve disputes through mediation and arbitration to make a mutual decision between parties who are unable to resolve issues by themselves as well as avoid high cost legal fees. Mediation and arbitration may not work all the time but with the right mediator and arbitrator, at least eighty percent of the time they are able to work out an agreement that is acceptable to both parties (Cahn & Abigail, 2007, pg. 196). Once the case is acceptable, legal action may not be needed and the parties can move forward to an agreement. Cahn & Abigail (2007) defined the role of arbitration as a neutral third party considering both sides of a dispute and makes a decision, which is more binding than that of a judge in the legal system if both parties have agreed in advance to abide by the decision (no appeal)” (pg. 195). Depending on the situation and conflict, it can be beneficial going through arbitration so all parties will be able to express their side without having a judge or jurors make a final ruling. Cahn & Abigail (2007) defined the role of mediation as a neutral third party that facilitates communication between the conflicting parties so that they may work out their own mutually acceptable agreement” (pg. 195). Conflicts can be difficult to resolve because all parties feel that their way is the right way and no other way is right. This can get out of line especially when the conflict needs to be resolved. The function of mediation and arbitration is to resolve conflicts through...
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...Refusing to Arbitrate The employer and employee union are participatory in a binding collective bargaining agreement that stipulates the conditions for arbitration. The crux of the problem is the union’s filing of four grievances that it feels ought to be arbitrated. The employer feels otherwise, and refuses to bring the cases before an arbitrator. Therefore, the scenario resulting from the impasse is a lack of arbitration because of disagreement between the concerned parties. The Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) lays down the conditions that warrant pursuance of arbitration and those that should be addressed in court. If I were the arbitrator, I would award the employer the opportunity of not having to indulge an arbitrator. This decision stems from the fact that the arbitration clause is narrow-minded such that it excludes important clauses that cover what needs to be arbitrated. The collective bargaining agreement includes issues such as employee safety, disputes that relate to working conditions, and other matters that are not included in the main contentious clauses. Disagreements over contract interpretation, the number of hours that the business should be open, and matters relating to operational or business judgment are not to be arbitrated. The four cases presented by the employees union for arbitration lack direct or partial connection to the matters that can stand arbitration. None of the issues has anything to do with safety issues, working conditions...
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