...Anthropocentric and Biocentric PaperAnthropocentric and biocentric are different school of thoughts that are used to analyze different environmental issues. Biocentric focuses on all life forms as equally important in contrast to anthropocentric that focus primarily on human needs and interest. Generally anthropocentric school of thought will put the human needs above those of other species and nature creating a ethical issue as well as environmental issues. This is due to the thoughts that the animals, plants, and nature are all tools to satisfy human needs. For example, the need for human homes is greater than that of the animals living in a certain area. Thus the animals would be relocated to suit the human needs. On the other hand, with Biocentric the need for human homes is just as important as the need for animals to stay in their environmental habitat. Furthermore there is controversy with the biocentric school of thought in regards to the fact that humans are the most intelligent dominant species on earth. They are rapidly growing which should mean that their needs be put in front of those of the smaller less intelligent species. It also does not give thought to the need of one species to be more than that of another species. For example humans have a growing population and need more and more food to survive, this means that more and more farms will be built to satisfy this need. Moreover more animals will be used up to satisfy this need as well. Additionally there...
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...Biocentric Ethics Analysis SCI/362 December 16, 2013 Biocentric Ethics Analysis Inherent value is to have value in and of oneself, objects are ends in themselves not merely means to some other end (Desjardins, 2013). It has been said that some people value what they consume and this is why genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are so controversial. Some feel that GMO’s are our only option to the demand of the current population growth, because farmers have said that using the genetically modified seeds have helped the crops grow faster, longer and more fruitful (Robertson, 2003). This is the topic that will be covered in this paper; first, it is important to understand the history of this debate. In 1986, genetically engineered tomatoes were developed and it proved to make the tomatoes more resistance to many herbicides. The Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency was not concerned with the thought of possible side effects at this time. In 1990 when “Forbes article “The Lesser of Two Weevils” was released stating “that cotton farmers in the United States had put 100 million pounds of agricultural chemicals on their crop each year for the last several years” (Newton, Dillingham, Choly, 2006) the media went rampant on this information. This caused the controversy to explode into worldwide news headlines. Some countries were claiming that the over use of chemicals in the United States were reckless and dangerous to them as well, with the...
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...Biocentric Ethics Analysis Katherine Nagle SCI 362 Environmental Issues and Ethics Juliet Knowles December 23, 2013 Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are mankind’s solution to how the world supplies food. The effects are controversial, to all species. This paper will discuss inherent value, GMO’s the controversy, and insight into the difference between natural and GMO’s life, and how they are different. Inherent Value is the value that an entity has on itself, for what it is, or as an end. Many people value what they consume, some might say genetically modified organisms have made it harder for mankind to cure itself form deceases, as repercussion are unknown. GMO’s have been an ongoing debate for decades. While farmers fight to keep going they have been given an option to plant genetically modified seeds that might grow longer and more ample crops. World hunger and the pressure to produce a more ample harvest can not only cost farmers more, but can lead to lawsuits and accusations of mistrust between the producer of these seeds and the consumers. In 1986 genetically engineered tomatoes reduced many of the normal methods of preparation needed in preparing the growth of crops and made the tomatoes more resilient to many herbicides. The Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency did not seem too concerned over this new innovative technology. Eventually Bacillus thuringiensis was used in plants, an insect killer. This prevented...
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...The two schools of thought I chose are Anthropocentric, meaning human centered, and biocentric, meaning life centered. Anthropocentric is the thought that humans have a more important role in the universe than any other plant or animal. Humans are the most intelligent and humanity is the center focal point of life. Humans are considered the main role in the circle of life. Humans are believed to be the reason plants and animals survive due to the work humans provide back to the earth. Biocentric is the contrast to anthropocentric. Biocentric is the belief that no one organism is more important than another. Life is a cycle that all things are equal and nothing survives without the benefit from another species. People that believe in the biocentric school of thought believe that humans are just another species walking the earth and are no more important than any other organism. While it is true that each species feeds off of another, would every species be alive if humans were not? But the same is true if there were no plants. Would animals adapt, or would they die off? There is a large debate over the two different views of humanity existence in the environment. One being from a religious viewpoint of God's declaration that "man is to rule over the earth and subdue it." If God said that, has not all of nature made things specifically for man? But what about people that have no faith based doctrine? Most others would argue that humans cannot survive without plants. So...
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...Holmes Nicholas Holmes 912416549 Environmental Ethics Rationally Persuasive Paper 1 12/10/2013 The Inaction that repetitively plagues the Environmental Movement can be brought to an end by doing something new. Insanity: Doing the same thing over and over again expecting different results. --Albert Einstein. Since there is doubt to the severity of or even the existence of the environmental crisis, this paper will operate under the presupposition that the environment is indeed in dire straits, and that the ultimate solution should produce a utopian society where man and environment are judged equally. This paper is written from the contentious perspective. Through this perspective it is implicit; by the environment's current state, coupled with the assumption of human responsibility, and the obligation human morality, the notion that something must be done by humans in regards of addressing the environment's plight. That something; must be different from what is currently, and has historically been done. The justification for this statement comes from Albert Einstein’s Epitaph. We need to strike out. Enacting positive drastic changes in the state in the environment will require drastic changes in our collective ethos. It is the task of the environmental movement to; not only figure out what these changes are, and which ones will work best, but to also integrate the changes in to the mainstream. Obviously there must be division of labor within the movement...
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...islanders. 2. What are some basic assumptions of science? 3. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. A hypothesis is the second step from the scientific method that forms an educated guess based off an observation. A theory is the information that was gathered to support the proof of an observation and confirms the hypothesis. 4. Describe the steps in the scientific method. 7. What’s the first step in critical thinking? The first step in critical thinking is 8. Distinguish between utilitarian conservation and biocentric preservation. Name two environmental leaders associated with each of these philosophies. Biocentric preservation emphasizes the fundamental right of living organisms to exist and to pursue their own good. While utilitarian conservation emphasized that resources should be used for the greater good for the greatest number for the longest time. Two environmental leaders associated with the biocentric preservation philosophy are John Muir and Aldo Leopold. Two environmental leaders associated with the utilitarian conservation philosophy are President Theodore Roosevelt and his chief advisor, Grifford Pinchot. 9. Why do some experts regard water as the most critical natural resource for the twenty-first century? 11. Describe some signs of hope in overcoming global environmental problems. 12. What is the link...
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...Biocentric Ethics Analysis SCI/362 June 29, 2015 Mark Leeper Biocentric Ethics Analysis The term biocentric ethics means any theory that views all life as possessing intrinsic value (DesJardins, 2013). Genetically modified organisms are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially changed in a laboratory through genetic engineering ("Non-Gmo Project", 2015). In recent news, there has been controversy over the use of GMOs. Since the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Flavr Savr tomato for sale on grocery store shelves in 1994, more GMOs has since came on the market (GMOinside, n.d.). Does GMOs have inherent value? INHERENT VALUE Inherent value is a quality attributes to every creature that has a life that matters to it (Regan, 2004). According to DesJardins (2013), inherent value is to have value in and of oneself. Objects with inherent value are ends in themselves, not merely means to some other end (DesJardins, 2013). CONTROVERSY REGARDING GMOs There are two main problems that concern GMOs. GMOs have no boundaries and do not have labels. Once a genetically modified organism is planted they are in risk of contaminating any regular crops planted nearby (The Non-GMO Report, 2005). A survey reports that in the Midwest, where there are millions of acres of GM corn and soybean crops, up to 80% of organic farmers reported direct costs or damages resulting from genetic trespass (The Non-GMO Report, 2005). Unlike the organic...
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...University of Phoenix Material Terms and Definitions Worksheet Write brief descriptions for each of the following terms. If you use an outside source to define them, include an APA citation for the source. Scientific method “The way a scientist approaches a problem (by formulating a hypothesis and then testing it by means of an experiment)” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-13). This means that an individual uses a possible outcome to analyze and determine if the results are possible. Environmental science “The interdisciplinary study of how humanity interacts with other organisms and the nonliving physical environment” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-6). An analysis of the interconnections between living and nonliving species. Anthropocentrism “Focusing primarily or exclusively on human needs and interests” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-1). This means that an individual is self-centered, only worried about their needs or the needs of the humans. Biocentrism “Focusing on all life-forms as equally important” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-2). This means that an individual believes that all species are one, and that all live is valuable. Dualism “The state of being dual or consisting of two parts; division into two” (Dualism, 2012). This means that one was split into two equal parts. Ecocentrism “The view or belief that environmental concerns should take precedence over the needs and rights of human beings considered in isolation” (Ecocentrism...
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...Rights Introduction Ethics and morality have consistently been topics of concern in our society. Concerns about ethics and morality also extend to matters associated with the treatment of animals. The purpose of this discussion is to summarize and critique several different theories associated with the ethical treatment of animals. The discussion will focus on the treatment of animals as it relates to hunting and trapping animals, eating animals, using animals for research, and the manner in which domestic and wild animals are treated. The research will summarize and critique several theories including anthropocentrism, Animal liberation, Strong Animal Rights Theory, Weak(er) animal rights theory, Two-factor egalitarianism, biocentric egalitarianism, ecocentric views. Anthropocentrism Anthropocentrism views human being as the center of the universe and regards the world from the point of view of human values and experiences (Dictionary). According to the western philosopher Immanuel Kant human beings alone are rational beings and as such have intrinsic moral worth. Kant asserts that human beings do not owe animals anything because they are not rational beings. However, he does assert that people should be kind to animals but only because kindness to animals assists in developing character in human beings. In other words kindness to animals should not take place for the sake of the animal but for the betterment of the human being. In addition to Kant, others...
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...Final 1. In James Turner Johnson’s article ‘Threats, values and defense: does the defense of values by force remain a moral possibility?’ (60) he cites four justifications for war. What are they? From a pacifist’s point of view why are these reasons problematic? In this article the four justifications for going to war are: defense of the innocent, recovery of something wrongly taken, punishment of evil, and defense of aggression in progress. From a pacifist's point of view there are some major problems with these justifications for war. Each and every justification is met with its own singular problem. The defense against the innocent seems like it is justified but there arises two arguments against it. In a war more than just soldiers are killed. Other civilians will be killed and many of the soldiers don’t want to fight, they are just ordered too. That means we are killing innocent civilians and soldiers to protect some innocent. From a utilitarian view we must ask if this the death of the innocent will outweigh the death of the other innocent if we do or don’t go to war. Yet, deontologists would say that killing is bad and that needs to be punished because killing is wrong. So kill people to stop killing. For a pacifist that is just wrong. The other problem from defending the innocent is that violence is key in war and many times over we have been shown that violence is not always the best way. We should try and support people and ideas like Gandhi, to win with non-violence...
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...ecology attempts to examine the deeper root question concerning human interactions with the natural world, rather than the 'shallow' issues such as pollution or species extermination, which it identifies as more the symptoms than the cause of environmental breakdown. (Booth and Jacobs: 29 qtd. in Dreese: 5) Dreese continues to say that deep ecology 'reject Enlightenment notions' which separates humans from nature, leading to the "objectification of the natural environment," which by its turn leads to the justification of the "continued exploitation and degradation that lies at the core of the global environmental crisis." According to Dreese, deep ecology challenges the hierarchy that has 'polarized' humans and nature and advocates a 'biocentric perspective' required for a sustainable ecosystem. There has been a continuing debate between ecofeminism and deep-ecology. According to Warren, this debate lies on two features: "the first is deep ecology's criticism of canonical Western philosophy fir its anthropocentric (human-centered) thinking about human-nature relationships. The second is the notion of the self that is described by deep ecology's basic 'principle of self-realization.'" (Warren, 2015:6) Both features are critiqued by Val Plumwood, one of the pioneers of ecofeminist philosophy (Plumwood 1993 in Warren 2015) Plumwood argues that "deep ecology's criticism of anthropocentrism fails to see that … anthropocentrism has functioned historically as andropocentrism (male-centered...
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...Sebastian Estrada PHIL 3360: Environmental Ethics Dr. Vicki Toscano Issues paper#1 Anthropocentrism vs. Biocentrism 1/26/2012 The Historical Roots of our ecologic crisis is an article written by Lynn T. White, Jr. published in the journal Science in 1966. White was a medieval scholar and in this article he blames technology, Christianity, and anthropocentrism as the “Roots” of our ecologic crisis. He states, “All forms of life modify their contexts,” but believes that this modification should be for the good of the earth like the coral polyp. He states Man must coexist with nature. Man had always been a dynamic element in harmony with the earth. This all changed sometime around the 1850 when the “Baconian Creed” of scientific knowledge started influencing the people. As a result man began to exploit the earth through new advents in technology. White cites the invention of the eight-oxen plow as the beginning of man’s “ruthlessness” towards nature. White continues to argue that Christian Axioms fueled this newfound exploitive attitude towards earth. To White, Christianity’s story of creation and notion that “no item in the physical creation had any purpose save to serve man’s purpose (White).” only served to justify these actions and put Christianity as “the most anthropocentric religion the world has seen.” White continues to argue that simply applying more science and more technology to our ecologic crisis is not going to solve the problem. To him the issue is essentially...
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...“considers” the interests to non-human animals because they too can experience pleasure and pain. Utilitarian ethics equates good with pleasure and bad with pain. Therefore, if animals have these same experiences they must have a quality of interest in not experiencing pain, so we should extend to them some ethical standing. Singer does not, however, extend interests to all species of non-human animals; an oyster in his view is not the same as a deer or bear. Moreover, Singer does not believe that human and non-human animals should be viewed as having equal interests; he merely extends to non-human animals some interests. Additionally, vegetation has no sake in his view. Paul Taylor believed that all living things have an inherent value as a biocentric ethicist. All living creatures, according to Taylor, have a good of their own and therefore have a quality of interest. Humans, non-humans, and plants each have a sake in their own survival and therefore, ethical standing. That’s not to say that humans, non-humans, and plants have equal standing, according to Taylor. Non-humans, and plants may have some worth or interest, but humans have a greater extent of moral standing. Christopher Stone argued that “natural objects” such as forests, oceans, and rivers have interests and therefore should be extended standing. These natural objects, according to Stone, have a sake in not becoming polluted, or destroyed and should have someone who is able to argue on their behalf in a court of law. Stone...
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...on humans in society. To begin the research, it is essential to include the practices and current views on non-human animals in our society to help portray the reason behind a human violent nature. We examine these practices and views by criticizing the federal law. This research will then further investigate how the treatment of non- human animals in a commoditized fashion leads to violence or maltreatment to beings in society. This study will be using supporting findings of the relationship between animal abuse and domestic violence as well as findings for the relationship between slaughterhouses and its effect on their communities’ crime rates. The perspective of the research is going to address species justice concerns using a biocentric perspective over the use of animals and transition to what some may criticize as anthropocentric concerns between the use of animals and its impact of human social behavior. In green criminology we have three ‘actors’, the state, economic systems, and individual citizens. These actors are the main contributors to the influence of our environment, us as humans, and non-human animals. Society has commoditized non-human animals for mass production to satisfy the political structure of the state, economic needs of corporations, and the greed of individual pleasure. Society has been speciesist because we have prejudice or biased attitudes favoring our own species over others (Cazaux, 1999); consequently, society is majorly anthropocentric...
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...Question: Answer all five parts. 1.1 Identify each of the stakeholders and how they are affected. What are the main harms and benefits in this case for the different stakeholders based on the current situation? (20 MARKS) 1.2 From a utilitarian perspective, would you argue for or against the proposed tightening of UK banking regulation? (20 MARKS) 1.3 Using arguments based on the ‘maxims’ of duty, would you consider the UK banks to have acted ethically in their operations? (20 MARKS) 1.4 What clashes of rights are involved in this situation? Is it possible to judge their relative importance? Whose rights matter most in this situation? (20 MARKS) 1.5 Select and apply two other normative theories to critically examine the current situation? (20 MARKS) NOTE: (Word guideline 1,500 words not including appendices) APPENDIX C: – A Sample exam SAMPLE EXAM Enterprise and Social Responsibility TIME ALLOWED: 2 Hours. Semester - Examination Answer any 2 questions: (Both questions carry equal marks) 1. What do you understand by the term ‘globalisation’? How can its components be examined, and what is its relevance to the ethics of business practice? 2. Explain and evaluate the concept of ‘Corporate Citizenship’? Why should commercial firms invest in activities not directly related to their profitability? 3. Using appropriate examples, discuss the value of personal and situational influences in assessing how and...
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