...CASE STUDY REPORT Late Blight in Potato and Its Sustainable Management Kiran Parajuli Principles of Sustainability (FS 536) Professor Dr. Gregor Moller Washington State University Pullman, WA ABSTRACT Phytophora infestans causes the devastating diseases in potato crop called late blight. It has two mating type population ie; A1 and A2. While A1 type is reproduced asexually, A2 type is reproduced sexually. The main habitat of these pathogens is moist and damp places where they complete their cycles and completely destroy the potato crop. The potato growers are seeking the sustainable late blight management techniques to increase the yield of potato crop. The integrated disease management process would be the cornerstone of sustainable late blight management. Cultural practices, chemical controls and late blight resistant cultivars would be the integrated late blight management techniques to increase the yield of potato to fulfill the current demand of potato as dietary supplements. INTRODUCTION At first potato was introduced in South America through Andes and was grown in Europe at the initial stage (Haverkort et al. 2008). Potato became one of the best crops worldwide behind the rice, wheat and maize since its worldwide distribution from the Europe in the sixteen century (Spooner et al., 2010). This crop is cultivated in more than 100 countries of the world and more...
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...I23/3384/2008. Signature…………………… Date……………………….. SUPERVISOR: DR. P.M WACHIRA Signature …………………… Date………………………. SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. 2011-2012 DECLARATION iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 JUSTIFICATION 2 1.2 OBJECTIVES 3 1.2.1 Broad objective 3 1.2.2 Specific objectives 4 CHAPTER TWO 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Trichoderma Spp. 4 2.2 Fusarium species 8 CHAPTER THREE 11 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY. 11 3.1 Media Preparation 11 3.2 Isolation of pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp). 12 3.4 Dual culture inoculation 13 CHAPTER FOUR 13 RESULTS 13 CHAPTER FIVE 18 DISCUSSION 18 CHAPTER SIX 20 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 20 REFERENCES 21 8. Dudley, N. S. (2007). Pathogenicity of four Fusarium species on Acacia koa seedlings. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, Forest Health Protection. 21 12. James, R. L. (2002). Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum on young Douglas-fir seedlings by a nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region. 21 21. Ozbay, N. (2003). Biocontrol of Fusarium crown and root rot of fresh market tomato with Trichoderma harzianum strains under greenhouse conditions. New York: Biological Association. 22 DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this research paper. Every finding arrived at in...
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...disease-causing bacteria as it is to be able to prevent their growth in food. Sanitation refers to the maintenance of healthy and hygienic conditions that is free from disease-causing organisms The Prevention of Food-Borne illness Preventing food-borne illness- is one of the most important challenges facing every food service worker. Most food-borne illness is the result of eating food that has been contaminated. To say that a food is contaminated means it contains harmful substances that were not present originally in the food. In other words, contaminated food is food that is not pure. Any substance in food that can cause illness or illness or injury is called a hazard. Food hazards are 3 types: * Biological * Chemical * Physical Biological Toxins are made by pathogens, or they come from plant and or animal. Seafood Plant toxins Mushrooms toxins Seafood Toxins Seafood toxins can’t be smelled...
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...IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATES WITH WILT DISEASE OF TOMATO By Anam Nawaz Chapter No: 1 INTRODUCTION Occurrence of Disease in a Host due to Pathogen can only happen in the presence of conducive Environment, or in other words “ disease causal are only the combination of these three elements, Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen and Conducive Environment. Otherwise disease does not happen. So these three elements was taken into more consideration which are involved in the topic of research. The host tomato, and the effectiveness of casual pathogen with in conducive environment, resulting wilt disease. As a host Tomato provide a unique variety of nutrients. Such as lutein, and zeaxanthin); flavonoids (including naringenin, chalconaringenin, rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin); carotenoids (including beta-carotene, (including caffeic, ferulic, and coumaric acid); hydroxycinnamic acids, glycosides (including esculeoside A); and fatty acid derivatives (including 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid). Nutritional Significance of Tomato: Tomatoes are an excellent source of vtamin C and vitamin A as well as vitamin K which makes repairs, bone-healthy and heart-healthy, potassium keeps healthy heart , vitamin B6, folate, and dietary fiber; these are very good source of enzyme-promoting molybdenum; manganese a blood sugar-balancing factor. In addition, tomatoes are a good source of niacin, heart-healthy magnesium and vitamin E; energy-producing...
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... de Souza Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands (∗ Author for correspondence) Abstract Interest in biological control of plant pathogens has been stimulated in recent years by trends in agriculture to-wards greater sustainability and public concern about the use of hazardous pesticides. There is now unequivocal evidence that antibiotics play a key role in the suppression of various soilborne plant pathogens by antagonistic microorganisms. The significance of antibiotics in biocontrol, and more generally in microbial interactions, often has been questioned because of the indirect nature of the supporting evidence and the perceived constraints to an-tibiotic production in rhizosphere environments. Reporter gene systems and bio-analytical techniques have clearly demonstrated that antibiotics are produced in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of a variety of host plants. Several abiotic factors such as oxygen, temperature, specific carbon and nitrogen sources, and microelements have been identified to influence antibiotic production by bacteria biocontrol agents. Among the biotic factors that may play a determinative role in antibiotic production are the plant host, the pathogen, the indigenous microflora, and the cell density of the producing strain. This review presents recent advances in our understanding of antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents and their role...
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...CPROT 106.6 CULTURAL CONTROL Is the practice Of modifying The growing environment of the crop or habitat of the unwanted pests to reduce their prevalence. It is also defined as the deliberate alteration of the production system, either the cropping system itself or a specific crop production practices to reduce pest populations Or avoid pest injury to crops. >It differs from physicomech'lcontrol Because the effect of these tactics are mediated through the crop or the crop environment rather than having an impact on the pestItself Drawbacks Being indirect, makes it slow acting has limitation where immediate action is needed as the lone method, cultural method may not eradicate pests; implementation must be in tandem with another or as part of the whole management program. Cultural Control _ Mechanics 1. Impediment to pest colonization of the crop 2. Creation of adverse biotic conditions that reduce survival of individuals or populations of the pest 3. Modification of the crop in such a way that pest infestation results in reduced injury to the crop 4. Enhancement of natural enemies by manipulating the environment CROP ROTATION Effective when used against Pests that attack biennial or annual crops Pests that have relatively narrow host range Pests that have restricted movement Pests that are present prior to planting CULTIVATION MODES cause Mechanical injury, starvation, dessication and exposure TRAP CROPS VSANTAGONISTIC PLANTS USE OF HEALTHY ...
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...important global food commodity after rice, wheat and maize in terms of gross value production. At present, it is grown in more than 120 countries throughout tropical and subtropical regions and it is the staple food for more than400 million people (Molina and Valmayor, 1999). Among the production constraints, Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense(Foc) is the most devastating disease affecting commercial and subsistence of banana production through out the banana producing areas of the world (Ploetz, 2005). The disease is ranked as one of the top 6 important plant diseases in the world (Ploetz & Pegg, 1997). In terms of crop destruction, it ranks with the few most devastating diseases such as wheat rust and potato blight (Carefoot andsprott, 1969). The disease almost destroyed the banana export industry, built on the Gros Michel variety, in Central America during the 1950’s (Stover, 1962). In addition, the widely grown clones in the ABB ‘Bluggoe’ and AAA ‘Gros Michel and Cavendish’ sub groups are also highly susceptible to this disease worldwide. Presently, Fusarium wilt has been reported in all banana growing regions of the world (Asia, Africa, Australia and the tropical Americas) except some islands in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, Melanesia,and Somalia (Stover, 1962; Anonymous, 1977; Ploetz and Pegg, 2000). The fungus Focis the soilborne hyphomycete and is one of more than 100 formae specialesof F. oxysporumthat causes vascular wilts...
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...Isolation of root-rot fungus and biocontrol agents M. phaseolina was isolated from the wilted and rotted mungbean plants in an infected farmer’s field in Aligarh. The infected plants were packed in sterilized polythene bags and brought to the lab. Roots showing rooting symptoms were washed under running tap water. Then, they were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride for a minute and rinsed three times with distilled water. They were further dried on filter paper and put on solidified Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) in a Petri plate after cutting into small pieces (1 cm). The plates were then put under incubation for 6-8 days at 25±2°C. The mycelial growth of the fungus in the plates were observed for the association of M. phaseolina with the infected roots and was further identified on the basis of cultural and morphological characters (Dhingra and Sinclair 1978). After confirming, the fungus was subcultured and maintained on PDA plates. Out of the four biocontrol agents used in the study, two of them namely, T. virens and P. aeruginosa were isolated from the soil of farmer’s field in Aligarh and processed by serial dilution method (Waksman 1922) at a dilution of 10-4 (for fungi) and 10-6 (for bacteria). The suspension (0.3 ml) from final dilution...
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...Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health Biological Molecules Biological Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other. This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around. Property of water Solvent Importance Metabolic processes in all organisms rely on chemicals being able to react together in solution Examples 70-95% of cytoplasm is water. Dissolved chemicals take part in processes such as respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly...
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...Materials and methods Location of the experiments This study was performed at the Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Isolation of the pathogens Lettuce plant (cv. Aviram) showing wilt symptoms were collected from different fields located at Giza, Qalubiya, and Behira governorates. The infected roots were washed several times with tap water, cut tissues with the discolored vascular system or cortex after removing and discarding the epidermis into small pieces (Hubbard & Gerik 1993), surface sterilized by immersing in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, washed in several changes of sterile water and finally aseptically transferred onto potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in Petri plates and incubated...
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...Microbiology Exam 3 Amber E. Baity Excelsior College 1.Blood isolated from an emergency room patient contains antibodies against the measles virus. Please explain whether or not the patient should be quarantined immediately because they are infected with the measles virus and why? What are the other plausible explanations for anti-measles antibodies in the patient’s blood? Though this could appear a critical situation, this patient does not need to be quarantined, as we do not know if the antibodies present in his body are from a current infection or due to a vaccination. Measles and mumps antibodies are virus-specific proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection by the measles or mumps virus, or in response to vaccination. There are two types of antibodies produced, IgM and IgG. The first type to appear in the blood after exposure or vaccination is IgM antibodies. Levels of IgM antibodies increase for several days to a maximum concentration and then begin to taper off over the next few weeks. IgG antibodies take a bit longer to appear, but once they do, they stay in the bloodstream for life, providing protection against re-infection. When measles or mumps IgG antibody is present in a person who has been vaccinated and/or is not currently ill, then that person is protected against infection (immune). If a person does not have measles or mumps IgG antibodies, then they are not considered immune to the viruses. This may be because they have not been...
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...1. What were the historical scientific breakthroughs that led to our current understanding of viruses, viroids, and prions? Researchers discovered viruses by studying a plant disease. The discovery of viruses resulted from the search for the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease. In 1935, Wendell Stanley isolated tobacco mosaic virus, making it possible to carry out chemical and structural studies on a purified virus. Viroids are infectious pieces of RNA that cause some place diases such a potato spindle tuber disease. In 1980s Prions were first discovered as infectious proteins. Prions are pathogens that are proteins, and they appear to cause a number of degenerative brain diseases, such as Scrapiein sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. 2. How do viruses, viroids, prions, and bacteria differ in terms of their biological identity and method of infection? Viruses contain both nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses cause infection by inserting their genetic material in a host cell. The host cell then reproduces and reads the genetic material, making new viruses that eventually burst out of the cell and leave to infect more. The reason viruses cause disease is that the infected cells can’t carry out the normal functions necessary. Viroids on the other hand have no protein coat, but are only the nucleic acid RNA. Since they have no protein coat and are only the nucleic acid RNA they are often carried around inside...
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...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
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...Isolation and characterization of bacterial endophytes from indigenous tree legumes (Colophospermum mopane) and screening for their potential to produce plant growth hormones. HIT 400 Project Proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Hons) Degree in Biotechnology To Biotechnology Department School of Industrial Sciences and Technology Harare Institute of Technology (HIT) By Edinah Tembo` H1210549T Under the supervision of Mrs P.D Chiunzi 1.0 Introduction The status quo of Zimbabwe’s agriculture seeks to increase productivity along with a long term maintenance of a sustained yield. This aim however, can only be successfully achieved if there is a sufficient supply of plant growth hormones to the plants. Due to the market globalization, the exporting of the agricultural products is rapidly rising hence a need to meet the export demand. Zimbabwe has an abundant variety of indigenous tree legumes, unfortunately scientific taxonomic knowledge of the inhabiting endophytic species is limited and more has to be done to catch up with the rest of the world . The performance of the Zimbabwean economy has always been historically dependent and anchored on the production of the primary sector that is mining and agriculture. Although unpredictable rains continue to adversely affect the sector, the 2000 land reform programme made significant strides in employment creation and improving the livelihoods of the generality...
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...Literature Survey: The Prince Edward Island Incident By: Sheila Suyo Jaime Rivera Jacyn De Leon Jonas Magcalayo John Mar Rosqueta Jacem Borromeo In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Chemistry 11 under Ms. Mary Vanessa C. Nartia Prince Edward Island and the Philippines Pollution of rivers, streams, and lakes contaminate ground and surface waters, thus exposing the population to environmentally-related diseases. The relationship between polluted water and disease has now been firmly established and accepted. According to the World Bank, just under a third, or 31 percent of illnesses in the country, monitored for a five-year period were caused by water-borne pathogens. In the agriculture sector, application of agrochemicals (i.e. fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides) remains a common practice among farmers in rural areas. Intensive use of agrochemicals has been known to create and result to both environmental problems and diseases. The hazards accompanying this practice, especially those associated with persistent organic pollutants or POPs have been known for years and the knowledge of the extent of harm they cause has increased. According to a study by Dr. N. Maramba (1996), most farmers may be aware that pesticides are hazardous but there is a lack of awareness of exposure risks. Pesticide handlers are the ones most heavily exposed. In addition, exposure of households in farming communities may occur due to spray drift from nearby fields. This exposure...
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