Free Essay

Biology Laboratory

In:

Submitted By valwinckelmann
Words 1222
Pages 5
U.E Academia Washington
Asignatura: Biología
Componente: Laboratorio
Convocatoria: 25/02/2013

PRÁCTICA DE LABORATORIO 1
Objetivo: determinar la sensibilidad de la piel con el sistema de la doble estimulación. Clasificar la sensibilidad a la presión por áreas de la piel.

Valeria Winckelmann
24.311.791

Obtención y procesamiento de datos:

Tabla #1: Datos brutos

REGIÓN DEL CUERPO | LADO DERECHO mm (±1mm) | LADO IZQUIERDO mm (±1mm) | Mejillas | 10 | 14 | | 12 | 12 | | 12 | 14 | Palmas de la mano | 4 | 6 | | 4 | 4 | | 6 | 4 | Hombros | 8 | 12 | | 6 | 8 | | 10 | 10 | Planta del pie | 4 | 6 | | 4 | 4 | | 4 | 4 | Espalda baja | 10 | 14 | | 10 | 10 | | 8 | 12 |

Gráfica #1: Datos Brutos

Media:

Mejillas:

* Lado derecho:
Media= 10+12+12 3
Media= 11.33 mm

* Lado izquierdo:
Media= 14+12+14 3
Media= 13.33 mm

Palmas de la mano:

* Lado derecho: Media= 4+4+6 3
Media= 4.67 mm

* Lado izquierdo:
Media= 6+4+4 3
Media= 4.67mm

Hombros:

* Lado derecho:
Media= 8+6+10 3
Media= 8mm

* Lado izquierdo:
Media= 12+8+10 3
Media= 10mm

Planta del pie:

* Lado derecho:
Media= 4+4+4 3
Media= 4mm

* Lado izquierdo:
Media= 6+4+4 3 Media= 4.67mm

Espalda baja: * Lado derecho:
Media= 10+10+8 3
Media= 9.33mm

* Lado izquierdo:
Media= 14+10+12 3
Media= 12mm

Tabla #2: media de las medidas Región del cuerpo | Lado derecho mm (±1mm) | Lado izquierdo mm (±1mm) | 1. Mejillas | 11.33 | 13.33 | 2. Palmas de la mano | 4.67 | 4.67 | 3.Hombros | 8 | 10 | 4. Plantas del pie | 4 | 4.67 | 5. Espalda baja | 9.33 | 12 |

Gráfica #2: Datos procesados

Desviación estándar:
Ds=∑x-xn-1

Mejillas: * Lado derecho: 1,155mm * Lado izquierdo: 1,155mm

Palmas de la mano: * Lado derecho: 1,155mm * Lado izquierdo: 1,155mm

Hombros: * Lado derecho: 2mm * Lado izquierdo: 2mm

Plantas del pie: * Lado derecho: 0mm * Lado izquierdo: 1,155mm

Espalda baja: * Lado derecho: 0mm * Lado izquierdo: 2mm

T-student:

H0= No existe una diferencia en la distancia entre el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo de las regiones del cuerpo en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’.

H1= Sí existe una diferencia en la distancia entre el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo de las regiones del cuerpo en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’.

* Grados de libertad: n1+n2-2. 3+3-2= 4

4 grados de libertad.

Por lo tanto la t teórica según la tabla ya establecida es: 2.776

T-student experimental: t=ǀx-xǀsn+sn
Mejillas:

T student= 2.121

Como la T-student experimental es menor a la t teórica la hipotesis H0 no se descarta por lo tanto no existe diferencia en la distancia entre el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo de las mejillas en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’. Por lo cual hay la misma sensibilidad en ambos lados de las regiones del cuerpo.

Palmas de la mano:

T-student= 0

Como la T-student experimental es menor a la t teórica la hipotesis H0 no se descarta por lo tanto no existe diferencia en la distancia entre el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo de la palma de la mano en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’. Por lo cual hay la misma sensibilidad en ambos lados de las regiones del cuerpo.

Hombros:

T student= 1.225

Como la T-student experimental es menor a la t teórica la hipotesis H0 no se descarta por lo tanto no existe diferencia en la distancia entre el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo de los hombros en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’. Por lo cual hay la misma sensibilidad en ambos lados de las regiones del cuerpo.

Plantas del pie:

T student= 1.005

Como la T-student experimental es menor a la t teórica la hipotesis H0 no se descarta por lo tanto no existe diferencia en la distancia entre el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo en la planta del pie en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’. Por lo cual hay la misma sensibilidad en ambos lados de las regiones del cuerpo.

Espalda baja:

T student= 2.312

Como la T-student experimental es menor a la t teórica la hipotesis H0 no se descarta por lo tanto no existe diferencia en la distancia entre el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo de la espalda baja en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’. Por lo cual hay la misma sensibilidad en ambos lados de las regiones del cuerpo.

Tras haber calculado la T-student para cada región del cuerpo, se observó que todas las T-student el resultado fue menor a la t teórica. Esto significa que no existe diferencia en la distancia entre lado derecho y lado izquierdo de las regiones del cuerpo en la cual se perciben las dos puntas del clip en forma de ‘’U’’, ya que la H0 no se descarta. Por lo tanto hay la misma sensibilidad en ambos lados de las regiones del cuerpo.

Conclusión y evaluación:

Después de haber obtenido los datos brutos y haberlos procesado se puede ver cierta diferencia entre las gráficas. En la gráfica de los datos brutos se puede ver gran disperción entre los datos. Una gran variación entre ellos. Se observa tambien a traves de las gráficas que en la que corresponde a datos brutos, la tendencia de la gráfica era en cierta forma que los dos lados se percebían casi al mismo tiempo. Pero en la gráfica de datos procesados, la tendencia es que el lado derecho se percibe antes que el lado izquierdo. Sin embargo después de haber calculado la T-student se concluye que no existe diferencia entre ambos lados de las regiones del cuerpo. Es decir no hay diferencia de sensibilidad. A pesar de que esta práctica de laboratorio se hizo con mucho cuidado y se trato de ejercer la misma presión cada vez en todas las regiones del cuerpo, estos resultados al ser experimentales no son 100% confiables. Ya que es posible, como dicho anteriormente, que la presión ejercida no haya sido uniforme ya que fue realizada por un humano y la precisión del mismo es muy baja. A demás las pruebas fueron realizadas en el mismo individuo por lo tanto no podemos generalizar que esto pasa así en todos los humanos. Para que los datos sean más efectivos estos cálculos y estudios se debieron haber realizado en varios individuos con diferentes edades y etnias. Las mediciones de distancia fueron hechas con una regla con un error de ±1mm, por lo tanto ya desde el comienzo se sabe que las medidas no son precisas. A demás como mencionado anteriormente la precisión del humano no es muy confiable. Para mejorar esto se pueden utilizar elementos de medición más precisos que una regla como un vernier por ejemplo. De este modo el error es mucho menor. Si tomas estas medidas la mejora del experimento es bastante significante pero nunca será 100% confiable ya que siempre hay variables que no se pueden controlar.

Por Valeria Winckelmann

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Sections and Services of Crime La

... Topic : Sections and services of crime laboratory Date : 2016.01.13 Table of contents Contents page 1. Introduction………………………………………………………3 2. History and background ….……………………………………...3 3. Aim and Objective……………………………………………….4 4. The role of crime laboratories……………………………………4 5. Research tools * Budget…………………………………………..…………5 * Data collection and analysis……………………….……...5 * Work plan………………………………………….……...5 6. Limitations and Conclusion………………………………..…….6 7. Reference……………………………………………..………….6 1. Introduction Crime laboratory is one of the most valuable tool for a crime investigator. It is a scientific lab using primarily forensic sciences for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases. It provides answers to some or all the questions asked such as how the crime was committed, who committed it, and can also determine whether a crime has been committed or not. The crime laboratory seek answers for the questions mentioned above through scientific analysis of physical material collected primarily from the scene of a crime, suspect or the person affected. It provides an even more integrated approach to the analysis of exhibits and the presentation of expert evidence. Generally the aim of the crime laboratory is to effectively prevent and combat crime. 2. History and background of crime laboratory The Forensic Science Laboratory of the South African Police Service was formed...

Words: 1042 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Btru

...------------------------------------------------- Biology 215 (Biostatistics) Laboratory Spring 2016 Syllabus ------------------------------------------------- TA: Patrick Saldaña Office: LS 201 (Fish Ecology Lab, there is an angry fish on the door window) Hours: Thursday 1230-1330 (or by appointment) ------------------------------------------------- Email: psaldana@rohan.sdsu.edu Course Information: Located in room LS-126 Section 6, Thursday, 0800 Section 7, Thursday, 1400 Required materials: Biology 215 Course Packet, Dr. Douglas Deutschman Specific Grading Scheme Laboratory (Total = 40%) | Note | Quizzes and Homework 10% Lab Practical 1 12% Lab Practical 2 12% Participation 6% | You must pass both the lecture and lab portion of the class in order to receive a grade of C or higher for the class | Welcome to Biostatistics laboratory! The information below should be referenced for questions regarding class structure, policies, and procedures. Attendance is Required: You must attend lab! If you have more than two unexcused absences you will fail the course! Speak to me beforehand if you need to miss a lab for any reason. Come to Lab Prepared: You are responsible for reading the laboratory manual exercise for that day before class. Check Blackboard Regularly: You are responsible for checking Blackboard for announcements and materials. Be On Time: You are responsible for reading the laboratory manual exercise for that day...

Words: 809 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Laboratory Enh

...Laboratory Enhancement Project Created for: San Pedro College By: National Laboratory Incorporated Introduction The Laboratory Enhancement Project brings you a complete facility of equipment and machinery in a laboratory. The project proposes an updated materials in handling corrosive chemicals and heating or boiling plates. The company will be of help of renewing materials for the advantage of the incoming students. Also, this project will conduct a 5-day seminar for the employees in the stock holder room and teachers for a discussion of proper ways of how to handle with care of the new substances. The company will administer the materials to be delivered upon their transportation in order for your school to have a less difficulty of transferring the products. They are affordable for they are made of recycled residue. Background The school lacks apparatus for the laboratory purposes. Students can not commit fulfilment for the experiments and specimens. A lack of equipment leads to a lack of knowledge because without the certain material the experiment could not be achieved. The process will fail because the procedure cannot be completed without the object. In order to develop a generation of curious students who are socially aware, academically trained and technological-savvy, the school wants to build a new, well-equipped science lab and classroom. At the moment, the San Pedro College is delivered in a regular classroom through frontal, theoretic teaching. The current...

Words: 679 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Hospitals

...Means By Karen Southwick When a laboratory instrument breaks down at Marian Medical Center, on the central coast of California, staff members roll up their sleeves to fix it because the nearest repair facility is three to four hours away, which means at least a day’s turnaround. "We have to be very good at repairing instruments ourselves and doing on-site and preventive maintenance," says Nancy Felton, laboratory manager at Marian, a 167bed hospital in Santa Maria, Calif., about equidistant from San Francisco and Los Angeles. Consequently, reliability and user-friendly maintenance and repair are key criteria in the hospital’s purchase of new or replacement instruments. "We want to be able to deal with most problems ourselves," Felton says. Marian Medical Center and other small hospitals (under 200 beds) share similar labmanagement problems: When considering new tests, these labs must justify not only the cost of the equipment, but also the space and training resources they will consume. Turnaround time and volume are also important factors. 1 Practice Management Toolkit © 2011 College of American Pathologists. All rights reserved. At the same time, small hospitals must compete vigorously to attract and retain physicians. And, since these hospitals are often the sole providers in their areas, they emphasize high-quality, wide-ranging patient care. "Being small is no excuse for being less than excellent," says Edward Ewing, DO, laboratory medical director for Waynesboro...

Words: 2512 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Phsics

...Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 (Dated: March 4, 2014) In response to national calls to better align physics laboratory courses with the way physicists engage in research, we have developed an epistemology and expectations survey to assess how students perceive the nature of physics experiments in the contexts of laboratory courses and the professional research laboratory. The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey for Experimental Physics (E-CLASS) evaluates students’ shifts in epistemology and affect at the beginning and end of a semester. Also, at the end of the semester, the E-CLASS assesses students’ reflections on their course’s expectations for earning a good grade. By basing survey statements on widely embraced learning goals and common critiques of teaching labs, the E-CLASS serves as an assessment tool for lab courses across the undergraduate curriculum and as a tool for PER research. We present the development, evidence of validation, and initial formative assessment results from a sample that includes 45 classes at 20 institutions. We also discuss feedback from instructors and reflect on the challenges of large-scale online administration and distribution of results. I. INTRODUCTION Laboratory courses offer significant opportunities for engagement in the practices and core ideas of science. Laboratory course environments typically have apparatus, flexible classroom arrangements, low student/teacher ratios, and opportunities for collaborative...

Words: 9395 - Pages: 38

Free Essay

Linux

...Fall 2014-Spring 2015 Tuition, Fees & Other Expenses Undergraduate, Graduate & Professional Students www.enrollment.vcu.edu/accounting TUITION & FEE CHARGES Tuition is determined by the student’s residency status, the number of credit hours for which the student is registered, the student’s course of study, and the student’s classification level. Undergraduate An undergraduate student (freshman, sophomore, junior or senior) registered for 12 or more credits hours during any semester is classified as full-time. Non-Block Undergraduate Student: Students who are newly admitted to an undergraduate degree or certificate program beginning in or after the Fall 2013 Semester are classified as non-block for tuition assessment purposes. Non-block undergraduate students registered for less than 15 credit hours are charged tuition at a per-credit-hour rate. If registered for 15 or more credit hours, tuition for the additional credits hours (15 or more) will be assessed at a reduced per-credit-hour rate. The mandatory fees are charged at a per-credit-hour rate for one to 12 credit hours. The mandatory fees cap at 12 credit hours. Block Undergraduate Student:: Undergraduate students who were enrolled in a degree or certificate program prior to the Fall 2013 Semester and are not required to reapply for admissions to the University are classified as block for tuition assessment purposes. Part-time undergraduate students, those enrolled in fewer than 12 credit...

Words: 7526 - Pages: 31

Premium Essay

Biology

...Course Description and Objectives: In this laboratory, students will learn and practice fundamental concepts and methods in evolution and ecology. We will examine, using experiments, observations, simulations, and quantitative approaches, processes that cause evolution in populations and the dynamics involved in interspecific relationships in communities and ecosystems. After completing a semester of this lab, students should be able to: • Describe the process of evolution and the processes that shape the distribution and dynamics of ecological systems. • Analyze and display data using Microsoft Excel and appropriate statistical tests. • Generate and test hypotheses using the scientific method and careful laboratory techniques. • Select relevant primary literature on a given topic and integrate information from multiple primary sources into a written scientific lab report, using appropriate citations. • Conduct an experiment, collect and analyze data, and write a scientific lab report according to the conventions of biology, using a process of staged writing and revisions. Texts: McMillan, V. E. 2012. Writing in the Biological Sciences, 5th ed. Bedford/St. Martin’s Press: Boston. Readings as assigned from the lecture text - Freeman et al., 2014. Biological Science, 5th ed. All lab handouts and other readings as appropriate for particular labs, which will be posted on Blackboard. Overview: The lab is designed to complement the lecture with hand-on exercises...

Words: 621 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Clinical Lab Science

...Clinical Laboratory Science 1. What is the scope of practice for the designated health profession? If there are assistants or technicians within the profession, please include their scope of practice as well. * Medical Laboratory professionals, as members of the healthcare team, contribute to the prevention of disease, and the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pathophysiological conditions in humans. Medical laboratory personnel are responsible for assuring reliable and accurate laboratory test results. 2. In what settings might this professional work? * Clinical laboratory technicians can work in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, for-profit laboratories, clinical, nursing homes, public health facilities, private laboratories, doctors' offices, research, sales and commercial laboratories. 3. If there are areas of specialization for this profession, please list and describe at least 3. Do these specializations require further education or credentialing? Education depends on area of specialization. Clinical Laboratory Scientist programs can range from certificate level to doctoral level. For positions as Blood Bank Technologists, Medical Technologists, Cytotechnologist and Histotechnologists, a bachelor’s degree is the minimum requirement. Some of the areas of specialization in this field include: * Blood Bank Technology Specialist: A Blood Bank Technology Specialist is responsible for performing and supervising routine and specialized...

Words: 615 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Blahhhhh

...BIOLOGY 111-01 PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY I MWF 9:00-9:50 FALL, 2013 Instructor: Ellen S. Lamb Office: 307 Sullivan Phone: 334-4974 (office) Email: eslamb@uncg.edu Office Hours: TBD For whom intended: Bio 111 is the first of a two-semester series of general biology courses for science majors. IF YOU HAVE BEEN ADMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF NURSING, YOU SHOULD NOT BE IN THIS COURSE!!! If you are considered “prehealth,” instead, then this is where you should be. This course satisfies one of the natural science courses (GNS) necessary for the completion of the General Education Curriculum (GEC) requirements. However, this course is not intended for non-science majors. Major Concepts in Biology (Bio 105), which may be taken with a laboratory component (Bio 105L), is also a GEC Natural Science course and is designed for students who are not majoring in the sciences. NOTE: YOU MUST BE REGISTERED FOR BIOLOGY 111 LABORATORY (BIO 111L) Required Items: • Text: Principles of Life, Hillis et al; 2012; first edition; you also need online access to BioPortal • Lab Manual: Principles of Biology I – A laboratory manual for students in BIO 111, 2013-2014 edition; (Lab coordinator is Mr. Joseph Bundy, Sullivan 304. Only he can help you recycle a previous lab grade, although you are welcome to ask me questions before seeing Mr. Bundy.) • Answer Sheets: All tests will be optically scanned multiple choice; YOU must provide your own 200-item answer sheets (Scantron Sheets...

Words: 2209 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Answers

...Slovenia, 5-8 September 2011  2011 WIETE Remote engineering laboratories for collaborative experiments A. Nafalski, Z. Nedić & J. Machotka University of South Australia Adelaide, Australia ABSTRACT: Personal and professional attributes of university engineering graduates have become local and national priorities in Australia and elsewhere. These include communication skills, the management of information, a capacity for creation and innovation, commitment to professional and ethical responsibilities, leadership and team skills, capacity for lifelong learning and appropriate professional attitudes. This paper reports on selected collaborative remote engineering laboratory developments that can address some or all of the above competence items, and allow experiments to be conducted with partners sitting at the same computer next to each other or at computers dispersed around the world. The Internet enables the global collaboration and information interchange in social media and also in more professionally oriented remote engineering and science laboratories, where students may work together being geographically located elsewhere. INTRODUCTION Remote laboratories offer great opportunities for local students’ worldwide access to facilities elsewhere in the city, in the country and in the world, the facilities being either unique, expensive, or allowing for interaction via the Internet [1-3]. Few remote laboratories offer a co llaborative working environment, even though engineers...

Words: 1543 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Transmittal Letter

...As a part of a research project in our Business Communication class, we targeted the laptop requirement by students in the College of Business. Reasoning for the policy being implemented, its helpfulness for students and faculty alike, and the policy’s effectiveness was our main focus. This report will show the results of that research. Students, faculty, and the administration in the college of business were our focal point. Surveys were given to students with questions regarding financial hardships caused by laptop requirement and their opinions of the policy among others. Faculty was interviewed on their thoughts and how the policy helped with the classroom. Administration helped with the reasoning behind implementing the policy and some hints to phase outs of the computer labs located in the college of business. We found that students believed that the policy is not effective, but should be enforced. For faculty, some believe that the policy is helpful for learning and welcome laptops in the classroom while others feel that laptops can be a distraction to everyone. The administration implemented the policy because they want students to have the ability to work anywhere at any time with the specialized tools/software needed for courses taken. They also feel laptops are necessary for non-traditional students who may be full time professionals and have the option to complete courses online. Rumors that the laptop requirement was put into place because of possible computer...

Words: 314 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Action Research

...Action research Action research is a process by which educators carry out research, educators are urged to focus on issues they can influence. This is because educators are more often than not motivated to solve problems they have personally identified rather than those that have been identified by others. One of the topics approached through action research is the class specific research. In this topic, teachers investigate and seek solutions for a specific issue in the classroom. For example, a teacher may notice paroxysm in a certain student when a particular subject begins and can therefore move to address that issue by trying several remedial actions then identifying the most effective one. Another topic is collaborative research whereby teachers can work collectively to resolve a specific problem. For instance, a school may have limited computer facilities and teachers may notice that their requests to access the computer lab are overlapping. Teachers can seek a remedy to this problem by developing plans that allow different classrooms to access the labs at different times of the school year which will never overlap. The third is presenting findings. In this topic, teachers work individually in conducting action research which then can benefit other teachers who are doing research. After conducting individual research, teachers present their findings to a teacher’s meeting to let other teachers to incorporate their findings in the classroom. The final topic is the district...

Words: 267 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

English Paper

...This is to be written about a lab you've already done in the course. See the instructions for possibilities on the lab topic. It is to be at least 3 pages, and not more than 5 pages double spaced. Below are listed the sections you should have in the paper. You DO need to separate sections and label them each separately! Don't run them all together or else points will be deducted. Title: 10 words or less. Introduction: This is to be background information. Here you give the hypothesis and talk about what other experiments have been done on this subject. This is where you can cite some outside sources. What is the purpose of the experiment? Methods: What equipment was used to do the experiment? What was being measured? Results: Here is where your graphs, figures, tables etc. go. Record the data here. Conclusion/Discussion: Here you can describe the data. What does it mean? Did your experiment support the hypothesis? Come to a conclusion. Here you also cite outside sources as you explain the results. References: Here is where you cite the sources used in your paper. This lab report should be 3 to 5 double spaced pages. Its format should follow that given in Lab Module 1 and illustrated in the lab simulation concerning Scientific Reports assigned at the beginning of the semester. That is, the report should be divided into 4 sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion or Conclusion. Consult the Scientific Reports lab simulation concerning the content...

Words: 369 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Paper

...After completing Lab 4 Acceleration Due To Gravity I can conclude that using a direct method (free falling activity) in obtaining acceleration is more precise than compared to the indirect method (pendulum swing activity). Thusly when I compared my results of each experiment, the free falling measurements were not so great, but closer to the earth’s acceleration. For example, my last measurement of the free falling activity was approximately 985.11 cm/s^2, which was very close to the earth’s acceleration. On the other hand my last measurement on the pendulum swing activity my last measurement was 2196.14 cm/s^2, which was very off from the earth’s acceleration. It is possible to assume errors in my calculations may had alter any of my measurements. Also possible errors in the experiment could have also altered my results. I can honestly say it is not that simple to obtain multiple measure close to the earth’s average. This experiment was overall simple to conduct, but obtaining really good results compared to the earth’s average is the challenge. I really enjoyed conducting this experiment using two different methods to obtain acceleration. My favorite activity was the free falling activity, because I actually obtain one very good measure. These experiments were pretty simple once I got the hang of using the equipment. I thought this experiment was quite interesting looking at my results and comparing them to the average. I had no dislikes on these experiments. Overall this...

Words: 258 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Outline and Critically Evaluate Research Into Out-of-Body Experiences

...is inconclusive. Miss Z was an American student who claimed to have out-of-body experiences during her sleep. Charles Tart arranged for Miss Z to spend four nights in a sleeping laboratory, during which time he would test to see whether her out-of-body experiences really occurred. In order to test it, Tart hid a random five-digit number in the sleeping lab each night and asked Miss Z to find and remember the number during her out-of-body experience. She managed to get the number correct every night – the probability of this being due to luck is 1/100,000 therefore Tart concluded that she must have had out-of-body experiences each night in order to get the number correct. Sceptics have since questioned the reliability and validity of the findings of Tart’s research. Miss Z moved away straight after the experiment, meaning it could not be replicated. The results therefore cannot be verified and compared to other results therefore they lack reliability. Tart (1969) did attempt a similar study using Robert Monroe who also claimed to have out-of-body experiences but the experiment was unsuccessful and the findings were never published. Also noted by sceptics were the methodological issues during the Miss Z experiment. Despite Tart’s claim that Miss Z had limited movement in the sleep laboratory due to being attached to several machines, sceptics claim it could have been possible for her to gain the information using normal sensory channels. The target object was in the same...

Words: 529 - Pages: 3