...Health is defined based on three dimensions: physical, mental and social health; a fairly recent modification from the 18th century viewpoints (Ware,1987). Health is perceived differently according to the different models of health that help in guiding and understanding of health and health issues. In relation to the following essay, two models; biomedical model and social model will be discussed and compared in terms of their relevancy in the modern times. The second half of the essay will focus on the effectiveness of the social model in explaining the increasing prevalence of health conditions related to the obesity epidemic. During the early part of the 20th century, infectious diseases predominated as the highest cause of mortality in both developing and non-developing counties affecting 42% of the world’s population (Tulchinsky and Varavikova,2000; Boutayeb and Boutayeb,2005). This is the era that was heavily reliant on the biomedical model to diagnose illness which focused primarily on the proximal causes of disease (factors that act directly to cause a disease) and was confined to the objective measures for disease treatment (diagnosis solely based on medical facts without considering other possibilities)(Johnson,2012). Since the leading causes of death at those times were infections based i.e. pneumonia (11.8%), T.B. (11.3%) and diarrhoea (8.3%) (National Office of Vital Statistics,1947), the biomedical model’s germ theory which stated that all diseases were caused by...
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...20, 2015 Instructor Bill Plath Biopsychosocial vs. Biomedical Model Essay The most effective way to understand biopsychosocial model of health and biomedical model of health is to compare and contrast the two model. With biomedical model there are some benefits that are remarkably positive for the studying of diseases. Biomedical is a model in which it has the ability to be reductionistic, meaning that it plays a role reducing illness to a lower level. Whereas the biopsychosocial model maintains the factor of biological, psychological coupling social factors in of health and illness it also focuses while emphasizing extensively on health and illness as a deviation. Even though medical practitioners focus more on diagnosis and treatment, this essay will provide a compared and contrasted evidence between biopsychosocial model of health and biomedical model of health, making it easier to understand the advantages of the biopsychosocial model while revealing of the model which is most ready to used in researches and studies. The concept of mind and body in compilation makes up health and illness, so here a model has to be determined for the study of these issues, biopsychosocial model would be the model implemented for the logic of health and illness. In accordance to: Suls, J (2004) "Biopsychosocial is the foundational assumption, health and illness are consequences of the inter-play of biological, psychological, and social factors." (p119) In the United States, the leading...
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...spell of witchcraft, possessed by demons or big sinners, being punished by god for wrong doing by themselves or their parents (Medical model vs social model, 2007). These ideas still remain some power, in different cultures. Before the development of medical science, quasi – religious views of health and illness were dominant, whereby illness was connected with sin, penance and evil spirits. This dominant view had conceived the body and soul as a sacred entity beyond the power of human intervention. The influence of scientific disconnect, linked diseased organs with symptoms observed before death. Pasteur’s germ theory, eventually endorsed a belief in the separation of body and soul. This view came to be known as mind/body dualism, referred to a Cartesian dualism after the philosopher Rene Descartes 1590-1650 which refers to a belief that the mind and body are separate entities, which ignores the psychological and subjective aspects of illness. Descartes suggest that although the mind and body interacted with one another with the say of “I think therefore I am”. He identifies that the brain was part of the physical body, whereas the mind existed in the spiritual realm. Therefore medicine could rightly practise on the body while religion could focus on the soul (Capra, 1982; Porter, 1997). This created their intervention of the biomedical model, as disease was then seen as located in the physical body and the mind was considered unimportant. In the 18th century came a more scientific...
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...Psychology Vs Public Health Which approach would you choose to promote healthy living.................... Although the main focus of Community Psychology and Public Health centres around ‘prevention’ in order to promote health and wellness, there are also some visible differences as mention in Tutorial Letter 102 for PYC4811 (2015) between the two approaches. Community Psychology originated from mental reform units in the United States of America (Guerina, 1995). There were three influential movements that led to the development of particular types of institutions namely the moral treatment movements (Therapeutic mental hospitals) in the 1800s, the ‘mental hygiene movement’ (Child Guidance Clinics) in the 1900s and deinstitutionalisation (community health centres) in the 1960s (Guerina). Whereas ‘Public health’ is based on the biomedical model of illness, and is practised in most industrialised countries that is South Africa and many other post colonial societies as mentioned in Tutorial Letter 102 for PYC4811 (2015). The ‘New Public Health’ was set in place between 1914-1918, it recognised the importance of social aspects of health problems caused by lifestyles (Hattingh et al ., 2008). As defined by Hattingh et al (2008,P.5) “Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organised community efforts”. There are four regimes of public health that is : public health as a sanitary science, social medicine...
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...Unit F912: Promoting Good Health Health & Social Care AS Contents Page A01 – Pages 3 - 13 A02 - A03 – A04 – Promoting good health This unit explores what is good health, the models, the range of lifestyle choices and societal factors which influence health and well-being. Health and well-being are not only affected by an individual’s lifestyle choices (e.g. smoking, eating unhealthy ‘fatty food), but also by societal and environmental issues (e.g. living near a motorway – high pollution levels) Government policies and legislation have an imperative part to play in the promotion of good health, as the introduction on screening programmes (e.g. cervical smear test, antenatal screening etc.); which prevent ill health, has been an incredible and useful tool. Health promoters also have a significant role to play in helping individual’s using services to make the right decision about their health. As their choice of presentation approach can make or damage a health promotion campaign. Further, health promoters need to take into account the presentation methods, and to ensure that they have been chosen well to confirm that the message is successfully put over to the individual to whom it is directed. What is ‘health’? The Worlds Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. However, others may simply define health as the absence of illness...
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...Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1999, 30(6), 1432±1440 Issues and innovations in nursing education Evaluation of an innovative curriculum: nursing education in the next century 1 Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa Hasida Ben-Zur PhD Dana Yagil PhD Lecturer, Faculty of Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa and Ada Spitzer RN PhD Senior Lecturer and Head of Nursing Department, Faculty of Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Accepted for publication 22 March 1999 BEN-ZUR H., YAGIL D. & SPITZER A. (1999) BEN-ZUR Journal of Advanced Nursing 30(6), 1432±1440 Evaluation of an innovative curriculum: nursing education in the next century The present research focused on an interim evaluation of a new nursing curriculum made by ®rst- and second-year undergraduates. Study 1 examined the assessments made by 90 students of the new, actual programme of their studies, as well as an ideal one, on 21 bipolar criteria re¯ecting the developing changes in health care practices and higher educational processes in western society. The results of study 1 indicated that students perceived the actual programme as compatible with health care changes, but lacking in terms of the learning process. Study 2 investigated the same assessments among 105 registered nurses who evaluated the traditional nursing programme under which they were trained as well as an ideal one. The results of study 2 showed that registered...
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...directly analyze Singapore in his analysis, although many of his suggested areas for improvement can be found in Singapore’s strategy over the past 50 years. In many ways, the Singapore Model has been an example of success in focusing on productivity to produce growth and value. It also provides a counterexample to several of Lewis’ ideas arguing against market distortions and level playing fields. I will now outline Lewis’ main ideas, and analyze them according to the Singaporean experience: - Industry Analysis: Lewis advocates for analysis at the industry level, rather than the macroeconomic level. Singapore has also followed an approach that has favored industrial policy. Recognizing its lack of natural resources, Singapore since the 1960s has focused on investing in 4 key industries: ship refitting and repair, metal engineering, chemicals and electrical equipment. The current emphasis is on the biomedical science industry. Singapore has been effective at identifying key industry “clusters” for development and growth, strategies that move its economy up the value chain towards knowledge-based sectors. The country can improve upon this by identifying new industries, such as the latest focus on biotechnology, which are beyond the currently established industries from decades past. - Skill training vs. education: Lewis argues that education is not directly linked to productivity, and that job skill training is more important to a society. In 1979, Singapore created the Skills Development...
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...by major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotions and behavior. Furthermore, it can also trigger hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and lack of motivation (Rosenberg and Kosslyn). Experts now agree that schizophrenia develops as the result of the combination of a biological predisposition, and the kind of environment the person is exposed to. However, not until recent days, schizophrenia was thought to have “no “organic” cause and thus related to the psychological environment that one was born into” (Delisi). In “What Causes schizophrenia, by Grohol, even though the author emphasis how genetic, behavioral and other factors, are interrelated in the development of the disorder, he emphasis his article in how the tools of biomedical research are being used to search for genes or critical moments of brain development. At the same time, “The concept of Progressive Brain Chain in Schizophrenia: Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia”, by Delisi focuses in the new “discoveries” regarding brain change in schizophrenia, and how this ones support. Kraepelin perspective. The article states the different brain chances a schizophrenic patient goes through from its earliest stages to its chronic course. Both articles are related to my topic in the way that they tide schizophrenia to...
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...ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Kenji Suzuki Artificial Neural Networks - Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications Edited by Kenji Suzuki Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Bruce Rolff, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in...
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...Implications of modern day gadgets to grade 7 students' classroom performance" Chapter 2 : Many parents are under the belief that technology and gadgets are essential for a child's development, but can you go too far? How much time should a child spend in front of a screen is a question being asked not just by worried parents but psychologists, health organizations and even governments. Read an expert's guidelines for managing a child's screen time, and his warnings on the dangers of recreational screen time, especially before bedtime. A new TLF Panel survey conducted on behalf of kids clothing retailer Vertbaudet.co.uk found that four in five parents believe technology and gadgets are good for kids, aiding in their development. The study found that 37 percent of parents asked said that their child spent between one and two hours a day playing with tech gadgets, and 28 percent said between two- and three hours. Moreover, the study found that 38 percent of two- to five-year-olds own an Android tablet, and 32 percent own an iPad; almost a third (32 percent) of these kids also have a mobile phone. The reason behind all this gadget use: over a third of parents (35 percent) said they use tech gadgets to entertain their children because they are convenient, and nearly a quarter (23 percent) because they want their children to be tech-savvy. A 2015 survey of 1,000 British mothers of children aged 2 to 12 found that 85 percent of mums admit to using technology...
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...Media, Medicine and American Expectations What constitutes the media? Changed over time? What constitutes medicine? Health or health culture as alternate name to describe what course encompasses? Bert Hanson – medical breakthrough = social phenomenon * How has promise of medical breakthroughs influenced: media culture and patients expectations relationship between medicine and media place of medicine in American political culture How and why does the medical community use media to communicate with public? Increasingly interdependent spheres w/ differing perspectives on vision of media’s role is in “media-ted” world What makes health “news”? Producing Medical Heroes How and why has American society selected its medical heroes? How has this changed over time? What functions do depictions of heroic doctors (Walter Reed, and House, M.D.) and patients serve? How have fictional medical characters – in novels, Hollywood films, on TV – shaped expectations of medical culture? VD, HIV, and the Media How did the media contribute to the publics perception of venereal diseases and HIV? What images (both visual, and stories told to make a point) came most powerfully to cultural prominence? What were the aims of medical and public health authorities, the state, and media professionals in working to make those images publically visible? What role did the media play in changing public’s image of HIV? Stigmatization, Destigmatization, and Medical...
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...HLSC111 Stress and Health Continuing with psychosocial aspects affecting health and particularly the role of stress and its possible mechanisms Week 6 Lecture A PNI, Pain and Health We will examine PNI ‐ Psychoneuroimmunology The immune system – its role in preventing disease Lect B – coping – what works Where are we? This lect draws a number of threads together: So far we have looked at: People and ways to understand them What people share with each other – developmental psychology What makes people unique – individual differences The role of groups people belong to Stress – causes and effects Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) What is it? PNI ‐ examines the relationships between the mind/brain and immune system “The field that studies the interactions between the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system; the impact of behaviour/stress on these interactions; and the implications for health of these interactions” Ronald Glaser Now we will examine in more detail the relationship between behaviour, 1919 ‐ researchers noted increased stress increased the the nervous system, the endocrine system, immunity and coping ‐ ways to stay healthy Back to Physiology progression of pulmonary tuberculosis. Research foundations Psychosocial factors modulating immunity Immune system problems result from Increased Age Genetic disorders Infectious diseases Nutrition...
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...Human Subjects Research (HSR) Series CITI Program’s HSR series consists of modules from two basic tracks, Biomedical (Biomed) and Social-Behavioral-Educational (SBE), and a set of Additional Modules of Interest. Organizations may group these modules to form a basic Biomed or SBE course, or a course that combines the two tracks. The Additional Modules of Interest should be used in any course variation, if relevant. The basic Biomed modules have three corresponding sets of refresher modules and the basic SBE modules have two corresponding sets of refresher modules. These refresher modules are intended to provide learners with a review of what was covered in the basic level modules. It is generally recommended that organizations select refresher module requirements that reflect their selections for the basic course(s). Refresher courses should be taken in a cycle at an interval specified by your organization (for example, Refresher Stage 1: 3 years after completion of basic course; Refresher Stage 2: 6 years after completion of basic course). Three additional standalone courses are available: Institutional/Signatory Official: Human Subject Research, and IRB Chair. The Institutional/Signatory Official: Human Subject Research course provides a general introduction to the roles and responsibilities of the institutional official at an organization holding a Federalwide Assurance (FWA). The IRB Administration course offers members of an Institutional Review Board’s (IRB)...
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...others through identifying the differences between cultural groups that require health care providers to identify culture specific health and illness practices and caring behaviours that transcend cultural groups and appear to be universal care practices to enable the provision of care that is holistic, effective and culturally competent. The field of transcultural nursing which was pioneered by Madelein Leininger in 1975 represent a shift from the biophysiological and psychological models that dominated nursing in the 1950s as it advocates the recognition of each individual as a social being and must be handled as unique entity having cultural beliefs, norms, values and customs that influence his or her life in all ramifications including health, illness and treatment. Leininger, who was considered the leader and initiator in the field of transcultural nursing, postulated the theory of “diversity and universality of cultural care” and refined the specialty through the use of the “sunrise” model from 1955 to 1975 which marks a breakthrough in the field. The concept was further expanded in 1983 and that is where the journey for its establishment as a field in nursing starts. II. CULTURE: This is commonly defined as the knowledge, belief, norms, customs, arts, morals, laws and any other capabilities and...
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...Apollo hospitals Strategic analysis of corporate social responsibility practices Bhupesh Manoharan (0086/49) DESIGNING CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP INITIATIVES ASSIGNMENT 2 Industry overview – Health care Industry in India In India, the health care industry is split into public sector, private sector and a wide network of informal healthcare providers operating together in a large and unregulated network. This irregularity has caused wide disparities in access, especially in the regional and rural distribution of healthcare infrastructure. The Indian healthcare industry was valued at US$ 79 billion in 2012, and is expected to reach US $160 billion by 2017. The Indian healthcare sector is expected to grow at about 15 percent year-on-year, on account of factors such as rapid growth in infrastructure development, creation of demand for higher levels of healthcare and rising awareness of end users. The growth of the Indian healthcare sector is further driven by the 300 million strong middle class with significant disposable income, which is likely to demand superior healthcare services. According to the World Health Organization rankings, India’s healthcare system ranks 112th in the world .The quality of Indian healthcare are varied. In major urban areas, healthcare is of adequate quality, approaching and occasionally meeting Western standards. However, access to quality medical care is limited or unavailable in most rural areas. Rural India contains over 68% of India's total population...
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