...“Happy Birthday!”, what does that even mean? A ‘wish’. A wish? A wish for my birthday girdled in happiness. With no trace of sorrow and misery and all things making life what it truly is. Sometimes I feel that the wish had enough, and rebelled to be an order. A commandment for happiness. Required. Or demanded, of course. And what’s with happiness anyhow? Is happiness really the one truth? Can one not wrap themselves up with unhappiness on their birthday? The lone thing which they know can keep them warm and safe. Can one not feel lonely?, or grief?. Can one not celebrate sorrow?, heartache? And anguish? No. It is my birthday. I must be happy. I must shake off my depression and attempt to enjoy and revel in the astronomical splendor of the day; or at the very least, pretend to. And what is it, which I’m being asked to celebrate? What is so exceptional about a birthday? A day I cannot even remember. A day with no memorable significance. A day of ‘what’ and ‘how’, but no ‘why’. A day, stripped of its conventional festivity, holds no sense, and no memory which I can take to my grave. What should I celebrate then? Is it the celebration of the culmination of nine months, and more, of struggle which my parents braved?; the sacrifices they made and the pain my mother endured?; the ‘happiness’ which ‘they’ felt when they heard me cry for the first time?; The only time my tears brought a smile to their face. Then why am ‘I’ being celebrated? My adolescent birthday...
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...Happy Birthday, 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. Summary: This is a short story about the repercussions of war. The story starts in medias res with an old man choosing the day for a young boy's birthday. There has been a war that ended seven years ago and the pair has been hiding ever since. They were discovered by soldiers and are now filling out their documents. The old man has made a small cart for the boy for his birthday and also takes him for a trip to the countryside. In the calm countryside they discover a rusty tank, which preoccupies the boy a lot. They have lunch and afterwards a small nap. When the old man awakens the boy is gone. He immediately heads for the tank to look for him, fearing he may have drowned in the nearby stream. The boy is nowhere to be seen, but suddenly raises his head from the turret and says “Gotcha!”. (151 words) Characterization of the boy and old man: The boy has never known anything but the war-torn everyday. He has always had to search for food and shelter and has never had a birthday, just as he has missed out on a lot of activities that normal seven-year-olds participate in. He is very preoccupied with the war and the marching soldiers. His birthday gift, which the old man imagines is a grocery cart, the boy pretends to be a tank. Since the boy has never experienced anything but the post-war years he glorifies the soldiers. He has never experienced the gory and bloody truth of war, or known what soldiers do in war. Hence he also...
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...For many people a birthday marks a day of festivities: inviting family and friends over for a celebration with a meal, presents, and the popular cutting of the birthday cake. However, I believe that Paul Goodman’s “Birthday Cake” depicts a painful and upsetting scene with the celebration of a birthday. Through his choice of words, images portrayed in the poem, and symbols, Goodman reveals a dark point of view on this special day: birthdays celebrate death rather than life for the old. The first clue of the painful reminder of death is the use of anaphora in the first stanza. Goodman repeats “too many” four times in three quick lines: when the candles on the icing are one two too many too many to blow out too many to count too many The first time the phrase is used, Goodman is referring to the candles on the cake—there are too many candles. Candles on a birthday cake represent the age of the birthday person; too many candles indicate old age. Goodman emphasizes the amount of candles with a pun by using the words two and too, successively. The speaker is reminded of his old age with the excessive amount of candles. Anaphora continues when Goodman reiterates, “now isn’t it time,” in the first and last line of the stanza. This first stanza ends in a rhetorical question, “isn’t...
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...Write a summary of Happy Birthday, 1951 in about 150 words."Happy Birthday, 1951" is a short story by Kurt Vonnegut. The main characters in the shortstory are a man and a boy. We are told that a refugee woman left her baby by the old manand then she never came back - That's how the man got the boy. The man doesn't knowsomething about the boy and that's why they are choosing a day to celebrate the boy'sbirthday. As a birthday present the man wants to take the boy to a place without war. Ontheir way to the place, they talk about the color of different uniforms when they see foursoldiers. When they arrive, they eat their lunch, close their eyes and sleep for a while. In theend of the story, we are told that the man wakes up and discovers that the boy is gone.Different thoughts go through the man's head and those are interrupted by the boy when hesays "Gotcha!"Characterize the boy and the old man.The two main characters in the short story are the boy and the old man. The old man in the shortstory feels that he hasn't been a good father, which is expressed different places in the story, suchas:"I haven't been a good father, letting you go without birthdays this long… You're entitled toone every year, you know, and I've let six years go by without a birthday. And presents, too. Youare supposed to get presents." (7. 30 - 32)The old man does not like the war and he does not like the soldiers. Every time the boy talks aboutsomething which has to do with the war, the old man gets a bit...
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...happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy birthday happy...
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...resources for our production of The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter. These resources are divided into 2 parts. Part 1 is intended to give an insight into Pinter, his style of writing and the play itself by looking at previous productions of The Birthday Party. Generally aimed at Higher Drama students, this pack complements units 1, 2 and 3 of the syllabus. However, these resources are also useful for the Knowledge and Understanding elements of Standard Grade as well as the Special Study for Advanced Higher Drama. I have collated information from various sources in order to provide material for use before your students see TAG’s production. In September 2003, Part 2 will be available to download from TAG’s website. This section of the resources will focus on the process of creating our production of The Birthday Party. It will include contributions from the Director, the Designer, the Performers and other members of the creative team. I hope that Part 2 will open up TAG’s working methods and provide a real insight into how a theatre company works. Please feel free to reproduce any section of the on-line resources for your use in the classroom. We are always aiming to provide the most effective and beneficial resources for teachers and so please do offer any comments you have regarding either part of this pack. We welcome and appreciate all feedback. I very much hope that you and your pupils find the resources useful and enjoy TAG’s production of The Birthday Party. Emily Ballard Education...
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...Birthday Cake History In our society today birthdays are one of the celebrations that we hold in a year. Every year a person gets older and we celebrate that factor. The day that the person was born on is the day that we celebrate their birthday. We have party favors, noise makes, food, punch, balloons, presents and cake. So when the person’s birthday is happening everyone is always excited for the cake, but why is the cake so important to us, how did the tradition of the birthday cake get started and what is the deal with the birthday candles? It is said that back in the time of the Greeks they would make these sweet beads and top them off with honey and bring them to the temple and offer them to the gods. In an article that I found this is what they understand “Cakes were initially called by the name ‘plakous’ by the Greeks, which is a similar word to ‘flat.’ These were a combination of nuts and honey. Besides, they also made a cake called "satura," which was a flat heavy cake. It is also believed that the Greeks offered round shaped cake to the Goddess of Moon called Artemis[1].” In another article it talks about the Romans ad how they brought cakes into play, “During Roman times, 'cakes' were served at special birthdays. However, these cakes did not resemble contemporary cakes in the least. They were simply flat rounds made with flour containing nuts, leavened with yeast, and sweetened with honey. In early Europe, the words for cake and bread were virtually...
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...Assignment B – ”Happy birthday, 1951” 1. Summary of ”Happy Birthday, 1951” “Happy Birthday, 1951”, is a short story written by Kurt Vonnegut, 2008, which begins in media res. The story is about a young boy and an old man, who is not the father of the boy. The boy was given to him as a baby, by a refugee woman. They have lived in the ruins, for 7 years, after a war and have survived by collecting things they could find or steal. One day soldiers find them and order some documents filled out. For this he needs the boy’s unknown birthdate. The boy selects a day, and becomes entitled to have a birthday and presents. The man makes a present, a cart, for the boy, but also gives him a day away from the war. The boy likes his cart, which he calls a tank. The day away from the war becomes a day to a place the boy never has been before. At the trip he sees some soldiers and a tank witch the man does not like. 2. Characterize the boy and the old man There is not mentioned much about the two characters, we do not know their age, nationality, names or birthdays. What we know is they live by themselves, poor, in the ruins after a war. “… the old man and the boy had lived in the ruins for seven years without documents …” (l. 10-11). They survive on things they steal or dig out of the cellars of the ruins. “But the old man and the boy had found all three for the digging in the catacombs of cellars beneath the shattered city, for the filching at night.” (l. 12-14). The boy is...
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...Probability of At least 2 People Having the Same Birthday in a group of 25, 50, 75, 100, 500 and 1000 The Simulation has been designed using the computer based program Excel. It is formed to understand the probability of at least 2 people sharing the same birthday in randomly selected groups of 25, 50, 75, 100, 500 and 1000. The simulation is run for 30 iterations for each group that means that the simulation for 25 randomly selected people will be run 30 times and so on. Assumptions v The year has 365 days (not considering the leap year). v Every day of the year has an equal probability for a birthday to occur. v The year of the birth is not considered; only the date and the month are considered. v Any other factor influencing the birth such as human behavior or weather etc. is not taken into account. v Twins or triplets are not in same group. A. · Open the new excel file, name it Task1, save it on desktop. Take the cursor to cell A1 (the horizontal column is represented by alphabets and vertical rows by numbers and each of the box is called a cell). Write Group 1 and drag it horizontally up to 30 columns the last cell would have Group 10. · In cell A2 write the formula =RANDBETWEEN (1,365) and enter (we are taking the number of days in a year as we cannot take the dates of months). Then keep the cursor on the lowest right corner and drag until A26. · Now select the cell A2 and drag it to its right side cell B2 and drag down until B26, similarly do the same process...
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..."Happy Birthday to You", also known more simply as "Happy Birthday", is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness Book of World Records, "Happy Birthday to You" is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow". The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.[1], p. 17 The melody of "Happy Birthday to You" comes from the song "Good Morning to All", which was written and composed by American siblings Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill in 1893.[2][3] Patty was a kindergarten principal in Louisville, Kentucky, developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse;[4] Mildred was a pianist and composer.[1], p. 7 The sisters created "Good Morning to All" as a song that would be easy to be sung by young children.[1], p. 14 The combination of melody and lyrics in "Happy Birthday to You" first appeared in print in 1912, and probably existed even earlier.[1], pp. 31–32 None of these early appearances included credits or copyright notices. The Summy Company registered for copyright in 1935, crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R.R. Forman.[citation needed] In 1990, Warner Chappell purchased the company owning the copyright for $15 million, with the value of "Happy Birthday" estimated at $5 million.[5] Based on the 1935 copyright registration, Warner claims that the United States copyright will not expire until 2030, and...
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...A birthday attack is a type of cryptographic attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory. This attack can be used to abuse communication between two or more parties. The attack depends on the higher likelihood of collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degree of permutations (pigeonholes), as described in the birthday problem/paradox. Understanding the problem As an example, consider the scenario in which a teacher with a class of 30 students asks for everybody's birthday, to determine whether any two students have the same birthday (corresponding to a hash collision as described below [for simplicity, ignore February 29]). Intuitively, this chance may seem small. If the teacher picked a specific day (say September 16), then the chance that at least one student was born on that specific day is, about 7.9%. However, the probability that at least one student has the same birthday as any other student is around 70% (using the formula for n = 30). The Mathematics Given a function, the goal of the attack is to find two different inputs such that a pair is called a collision. The method used to find a collision is simply to evaluate the function for different input values that may be chosen randomly or pseudorandomly until the same result is found more than once. Because of the birthday problem, this method can be rather efficient. Specifically, if a function yields any of different outputs with equal probability...
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...The Birthday Party , Harold Pinter – Act 1 The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter is a play which explores many themes including binary options like insanity vs. sanity and even the conventions of society. In 1958 when “The Birthday Party” was first performed in London it received a lot of criticism due to the fact that it was very complicate to comprehend and the characters didn’t seem to have the same popular structure as many plays did in that time e.g. Stock characters\stereotypical characters, as a matter of fact the play was infested with characters who were suffering from a serious case of insanity. However as a modern audience of the birthday party people are more open to research into the deeper meaning of what Shakespeare was perhaps trying to portray under the surface of the plot. In Act 1 of The Birthday Party we are flooded with a wide range of mundane images but the dialogue used in the scene creates a strange atmosphere to what we would expect in an everyday environment. The act begins with the everyday situation of husband and wife sitting at the breakfast table alongside their tenant Stanley who joins them. Shakespeare tries to enforce the idea of realism in this act by using objects such as the tenant Stanley eating cornflakes and talking to the landlady Meg. However Shakespeare turns this around through conversation “Those lovely flakes? You’re a liar, a little liar” This is an abnormal way for a landlady to treat her tenant , the phrase “You’re a little...
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...Bobby Bandleader performed unknowingly the copyrighted “Happy Birthday to You” song in his restaurant, Bobby’s Bistro, for more than 20 years. He obviously did not know that Johnny Singstealer had the song’s copyright, along with many other people that sing the Happy Birthday song in public. When it comes to the law, it is clear that Bobby Bandleader had no right to perform the song in his restaurant without working out a deal with Johnny Singstealer, the copyright holder. Bobby Bandleader was clearly engaging in copyright infringement of the “Happy Birthday to You” song based on his unauthorized public performance without the knowledge and permission of the copyright holder, Johnny Singstealer. (Galpert, 2008) Based on the United States Code Title 17 §106, it is stated that owners of works such as musical composition, even this particular composition, have the exclusive right to perform the copyrighted work publicly. Bobby Bandleader is the offender and he should apologize and offer to pay Johnny Singstealer whatever is due or whatever his demand is as long as it is fair, reasonable, and just amount. Johnny Singstealer has the right to collect the necessary royalties or licenses fee from Bobby Bandleader since it is against the law to steal the copyright-protected works of others and perform them without pay. (Unhappy Birthday, 2012) The amount of 1 million dollars that Johnny Singstealer demanded for the past and present copyright abuse they requested Bobby Bandleader...
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...Is Meg presented simply as a comic fool? In The Birthday Party, Pinter makes Meg a fool so that the audience can feel above her. The establishment of the audience’s feeling of superiority is, for me, best exemplified in the discourse between Meg and Petey: PETEY. ‘there’s a new show coming to the Palace….’No singing or dancing’. MEG. ‘What do they do then?’ PETEY. ‘They just talk (pause)’ MEG. ‘Oh’. This device ridicules Meg, as the audience obviously comprises a group of people who enjoy shows in which ‘they just talk’. Pinter therefore uses mockery of class and lack of intelligent understating as a comedic device with Meg. Pinter uses dramatic irony to push this, like Meg’s speech in Act 2, which confirms her naivety. This conforms to conventional clichés of the comedy genre, in which class and social aspects are frequently used. Studies have shown[1] that the middle class use comedy to assert social authority as a form of veiled snobbery, suggesting that Meg is simply a comic fool. However, I see Meg less as a simple source of humour but more as a moving representation of isolation. A lot of the humour when Meg is portrayed as a comic fool, and thus the conforming to the comic genre arises out of her general social awkwardness. The non-sequiturs and awkward pauses highlight her social ineptitude, contrasting deeply the mellow tones of Petey, like in the discourse: ‘PETEY: Yes, it gets light later in winter’, to which Meg replies simply ‘Oh. (Pause) What are you reading...
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...Application of Birthday Paradox With regards to the investigation of the application of birthday paradox, it becomes vital to follow some basic rules that relates with lottery1. In this case, consider the situation of a ticket SuperCash. In this case, make a choice of six various numbers that have a range from 1 to 39 with the objective of marking them on the panels. In this regard, it is possible to calculate the odds for winning the jackpot of a value of $350,000 through the use of the combinatorics simply because the order of the numbers does not have an effect on the outcomes. Following the basic equation of combinatorics; ∅k=∅!k!∅-k! Where ∅ = refers to the number of numbers to choose from; k = number of numbers that are chosen. 39!6!39-6!= 39!6!33!= 3262623 sets of numbers In consequence, the odd that leads to the winning of the lottery are in this case has a value of 1 with respect to the quantity of the set of the possible combinations2. 13262623≅0.00003% 1Huck, Schuyler W. 2012. Reading Statistics And Research. Boston: Pearson.23 2ibd.45 Upon the application of the general formula to the lotteries will require the use of the birthday paradox with the objective of finding the solution of the problem. However, it is worth to first find the manner in which the paradox works altogether. Based on the birthday paradox, with the consideration of a room situation that has a total of 23 people, in this case the odds for a minimum of two people that share similar birthdays is indeed...
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