...Autism is commonly heard about but do people really know what it is? Autism is a series of developmental disorders that is generally diagnosed at a young age. Every now and then it is challenging to distinguish if someone is autistic. Many children with autistic behaviors do not have as much brain control as a person without autism. The disorder is not rare and more people should be acquainted with the term “Autism.” Researchers have been exploring for the past century to find if Autism has a type of inheritance. Over the years researchers have been working hard to find a specific type of genetic background in order to find the precise genetic nomenclature that contributes to the development of Autism. Even though the solid connection between...
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...Autism Autism The term “autism” comes from the Greek word “autos” meaning “self” and describes a person who is removed from social interaction (WebMD, 2010).The term autism was first used around 1911 by a Swiss physiatrist named Eugen Bleuler referring to symptoms of schizophrenia. The term autism was not used in the United States until the 1940s. Leo Kanner identified the key feature of “autistic aloneness” among his patients, describing their apparent reluctance to engage in social interaction with other people (Autism, Psychology of, 2005). Autism was thought to be the result of unloving mothers. Not until the 1960s and 1970s, a separate understanding of autism emerged. Dr. Bernard Rimland, father of an autistic son and founder of the Autism Research Institute, helped the medical community understand autism as a biological disorder (Autism Speaks, 2010). Early treatment during the 1960s and 1970s has included medications such as Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), electric shock, and behavior change techniques (pain and punishment). Behavior therapy and highly controlled learning environments became the primary treatments during the 1980s and 1990s. During the 1990s a concern arose that the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine contributed to the development of Autism, but a study published in 1998 that theorized there could be a link has been retracted because there is little evidence to support that theory (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Other common myths include autistic...
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...Autism is part of a group of neurological disorders. There are two specified groups pertaining to autism. Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). within PDD-NOS falls Rett Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorders. Autism is referred to in today’s medical field as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). (NICHD.gov) Although there are different level of autism; levels referring to severity, everyone that has autism falls under the category of “ASD“, Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills. Children and adults with autism have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions and leisure or play activities. This disorder makes it hard for them to relate to the outside world. It is hard for them to communicate with others. Aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior may be present in some cases. (Autism Speaks, 2009) The word "Autism," which has used for the last one-hundred years, comes from the Greek word "autos," meaning "self." The term describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction (self removed). Eugene Bleuler, who was a Swiss psychiatrist, was the first person to use the term Autism in 1911 (Wikipedia ). Autism research and discovery is greatly in part to the research of Leo Kanner, a psychiatrist who became the first physician in the world to be titled...
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...Background of Study Jade Birkley PSY480/Senior Project February 14, 2013 Professor Eric Durbrow Background of the Study In a given year 2 million Americans and 25 million people worldwide suffer from one of the top ten most debilitating diseases. Schizophrenia is a long-term major mental disorder that affects several aspects of behavior, thinking, and emotion, which makes it difficult to tell between what is real and unreal; it is also characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Either being acute with a rapid beginning and good hopes of resurgence or a chronic longer term course that builds over time. Such variation in symptoms leads to observations of discord in patients. “According to the DSM-IV, schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, movement disorder, and inappropriate emotional expressions” (Kalat, 2009, p. 449). The positive symptoms fall into two cluster (psychotic and disorganized) and represent behaviors that are distorted version of normal functions. Psychotic symptoms consist of delusions (unsubstantiated beliefs) and hallucinations (hearing voices, seeing things others do not or feeling things that are not there). Disorganized symptoms “consist of inappropriate emotional displays, bizarre behaviors, incoherent speech, and thought disorder” (Kalat, 2009, p. 449). The negative symptoms represent behaviors deficiency or absence...
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...Life is movement, flows spontaneously but requires ducts, follows the principle of inhibitory modification. Trunk stability is allowing us to sit and use hands. Is the control of hand movements which allows us to use each of our fingers voluntarily. Is the inhibitory tuning, which gradually sculpt the baby awkwardly finely controlled actions. The formation of character, like the movement involves voluntary choices based on self-control that gives us the discipline. The most important tools that we can give our children is the self-control, the ability to strive for their goals. When the child grows up with a disability, this tool becomes indispensable. His life, develop their abilities, fulfill their dreams, the construction of a daily life where you feel full, we require a double effort. Therefore, it’s essential not only learn to work hard but learn to enjoy this effort, the way of high performance athletes. The word “authority” comes etymologically from the Latin verb boom, which means among other things, to grow. We can not educate if we give up our authority as parents. The contradiction of all training is to learn to send ourselves in obedience to others. As ivy, children need to grow, a wall that gives, at once, support and resistance. So, to be truly nurturing, the authority has to go left, slowly, a space to another. Take over is a strong word, it means take the place of one more, steal your identity. Overprotection and authoritarianism are usurping the authority...
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...Autism Spectrum Disorders Cristina Sanchez Introduction to Psychology Professor Hall April 23, 2011 Life is movement, flows spontaneously but requires ducts, follows the principle of inhibitory modification. Trunk stability is allowing us to sit and use hands. Is the control of hand movements which allows us to use each of our fingers voluntarily. Is the inhibitory tuning, which gradually sculpt the baby awkwardly finely controlled actions. The formation of character, like the movement involves voluntary choices based on self-control that gives us the discipline. The most important tools that we can give our children is the self-control, the ability to strive for their goals. When the child grows up with a disability, this tool becomes indispensable. His life, develop their abilities, fulfill their dreams, the construction of a daily life where you feel full, we require a double effort. Therefore, it’s essential not only learn to work hard but learn to enjoy this effort, the way of high performance athletes. The word “authority” comes etymologically from the Latin verb boom, which means among other things, to grow. We can not educate if we give up our authority as parents. The contradiction of all training is to learn to send ourselves in obedience to others. As ivy, children need to grow, a wall that gives, at once, support and resistance. So, to be truly nurturing, the authority has to go left, slowly, a space to another. Take over is a strong word, it means...
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...AUSTISM “Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old. Autism affects many parts of the brain; how this occurs is not understood. The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) also include the related conditions Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS, which have fewer signs and symptoms.” Back in the 1900’s, Autism had been confused with schizophrenia. “For year people thought that autism was from one single cause”. A Dr. named Eugene Bleuler, identified a pattern in schizophrenia behaviors which he called self-absorbed. This is when he decided to label it as autism. He was not the very first person to actually identify and recognize the behavior as being different from schizophrenia. Leo Kanner was the very first person to recognize autism as having behaviors of its own. He observed 11 children and noticed that these children had sensitivity to sound and food, had trouble with certain task, and they were not very intellect. After his observation he labeled these children as having early infantile autism. A Dr. named Hans Asperger also observed a group of autistic children and noticed that they had some of the same signs and symptoms as the Asperger’s syndrome which includes: lack of social skills, lack of empathy, focus on a particular topic, lack of motor skills and physical coordination. In the...
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...because you are not like them. This is what it feels like to live in America with Autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD is a complex brain development disorder. ASD has varying degrees of severity and many sub groups, including Asperger's syndrome. Most people with ASD are born with the disorder and can be diagnosed as early 2 years old, although symptoms...
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...Autism Autism is the most common condition in a list of developmental disorders known as the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). People with autism may display impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonberbal communication, and unusual, repetitive, or severely limited activities and interests ("What is autism," 2011). As of today there is no official cure for autism but through education and training of parents most can have some sort of productive life. The word “autism” has been used for about 100 years comes from the Greek word “autos” meaning “self” (Nickolson, 2008). The term describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction or other words an “isolated self”. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist, was the first person to use the term autism. Austic children at one time thought or classified as schizophrenic as it was thought to be a behavioral issue. There are many key dates in the history of autism since 1911 and some more important than others. Here is a list of some of the important dates in the history of autism: * 1944 - Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger publishes his work on autistic symptoms, Autistic Psychopathy in Childhood. * 1964 - American psychologist Bernard Rimland writes in Infantile Autism: The Syndrom and Its Implications For a Neural Theory of Behavior that autism is a biological disorder. * 1967 - Bernard Rimland founds the Autism Research Institute ARI in San Diego. Bruno Bettelheim...
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...Autism is a brain development disorder that is defined by restricted and repetitive behavior, and by impaired social interaction and communication. Autism is a complicated disease having many signs and symptoms, myths, misconceptions, and different diagnoses and treatments. The environment of an autistic patient plays an important role in the treatment or therapy because it can help or impair the effectiveness of the treatment. The severity of signs and symptoms vary between individuals who suffer from autism, but there are some core signs and symptoms that all autistic people share in the areas of social interactions and relationships, a lack of interests in play and activities and nonverbal and verbal communications. Some of these signs and symptoms include gazing, certain facial expressions and posturing, failure to establish friendship, lack of interest in sharing enjoyment, interests, empathy, delay or lack of learning to talk, repetitiveness, preoccupation with certain things, need for the same routines, rocking, hand flapping, or banging of the head. Signs and symptoms of autism are almost always noticed by parents first during their child's first three years. Parents often become aware that something is wrong with their child when the child does not seem to be interested in playing certain games or being held, when their child's hearing abilities change, and when the child does not begin to talk or suddenly loses his or her ability to talk. The word autism goes...
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...recognized throughout history and recorded in all cultures. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), a Swiss physician, coined the term “schizophrenia,” due to the fact that he thought the cognitive impairment associated with the illness came from the splitting of psychic function. Schizophrenia affects about one out of a hundred people in the world. About a third of the people who are diagnosed with this disorder are most likely to be hospitalized (Nevid, 2009). Although a relatively small percentage of the population in the United States is affected by schizophrenia, it is serious and incapacitating enough that 50% of those diagnosed will become permanently and severely disabled, making them dependent on public assistance (Sarason, I., & Sarason, B., 2005). Schizophrenia sufferers are 10% of the totally and permanently disabled population in the United States and make up a large percentage of the homeless populations in many large urban centers (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). It can be brought on by many factors, but is not linked to any one cause in determining the onset of this illness. Medications and therapy treatments help sufferers live a life as normally as possible among society by reducing the symptoms of the disorder (AllPsychOnline, 2011). Etiology Schizophrenia is not like most mental disorders. There is no definitive way to determine exactly why some people will suffer from it. Bleuler was one of the first people to emphasize the psychological aspects of the...
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...Schizophrenia which affects approximately 1 percent of the population usually begins before age 25 and persists throughout life. The illness is a life long debilitating condition for about 40% of patients and is enormously costly in both social and economic terms. Despite the presence of delusions, hallucinations and cognitive impairment which characterize the illness, overall life expectancy is not altered (although there is a significantly increased risk-of suicide in the early years). Schizophrenia is usually viewed as a functional psychosis, a label which implies that the symptoms arise from the disorderly activity of neurons without accompanying anatomical and pathological alterations of brain structure. This view is due to the failure of pathologists to find convincing pathological changes associated with the disease in the first seven decades of the century. Over the last ten years things have changed considerably. Recent CT and MRI scan, and also postmortem studies show that various brain areas of schizophrenic patients are altered. HISTORY The two key people in the history of Schizophrenia were Emil Kraepelin and Eugene Blealer. Kraepelin organized the seriously mentally ill patients by three diagnostic groups: dementia praecox, manic depressive psychosis, and paranoia. Kraeplin’s description of dementia praecox emphasizes a chronic deteriorating course, in addition to including such clinical phenomena as hallucinations and delusions. Kraepelin reported that...
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...THE AUTISM EPIDEMIC By ENGL 135 December 9, 2008 The Autism Epidemic For many adults one of the happiest days of their lives is when they see their children being born. Sometime between the two and four age some parents begin to realize that their child’s behavior is a bit abnormal. At first they chalk it up to just children being children and ignore what is happening with their behavior. It gets to a point and the parents realize that they should go see the child’s pediatrician concerning the abnormal behavior. The doctor runs tests and comes back with a scary diagnosis: Autism. Autism, a lifelong disorder, is defined as a behavioral and neurological disorder affecting physical, language, and social skills1. Autism is a common condition among children that begins within the first two and a half years of life, although it may not be evident until three or four years of age. Autism is a mental behavior that causes children to experience the world differently than normal kids. Autism impairs behavioral skills and development from early on and into adulthood. Children with autism almost always learn at a slower rate, have a lower rate of communication skills, and often times have repetitive types of behavior such as body rocking, clicking a pen for hours at a time, or turning the TV on and off again. Adults with autism continue to have difficulties interacting with society, show some socially inappropriate behavior, and show peculiar use of language such as repetitive...
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...Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), also known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), is defined as a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Autism Spectrum Disorder affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize, however, how this occurs is not well understood. Autistic Disorder is only one of four recognized disorders in the autism spectrum. The others included in the spectrum are Asperger Syndrome(AS), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for Autistic Disorder or Asperger Syndrome are not met. In an article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2011), over the last twelve years, prevalence of developmental disabilities has increased 17.1% which equals about 1.8 million more children in 2006 through 2008 as compared to a decade earlier. Additionally, prevalence of Autism increased 289.5% while the prevalence of ADHD increased 33.0%. With this increase, more research and studies are being done to learn more about a disorder that is relatively recent. Specifically, the focus of this paper is on Asperger Syndrome, which is defined as a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and motor coordination, and unusual or restricted patterns...
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...Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder. English term schizophrenia comes from two Greek words that mean “split mind” it was found in 1908 by Eugene Bleuler Swiss doctor. Main characteristic of schizophrenia splitting apart of mental functions. Schizophrenia is a group of disorders, which affects thinking, emotions, behavior. Most of the people who diagnosed with schizophrenia disorder may have enhanced perceptions of sounds, and colors. There are two different types of such disorder type one and type two. It is split in to five different subtypes Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual. Schizophrenia is one of the mental disorders that is more common in one racial group than the other, and have different effect on the person according to their racial group. Many times schizophrenia is misdiagnosed with autism especially in children by the persistence of hallucinations and delusions for at least six months, and a later age of onset seven years old. Children with schizophrenia is educated in special schools where they get extra help and surrounded with the faculty that trained to work with children that have mental disorders. When it comes to outside world people might be discriminated against because of schizophrenia, there for law were created to protect you if you are schizophrenic. There is a lot of treatments and medication to treat such disorder but actual cure is not found. ...
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