...What is Diabetes:- Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose. Absence or insufficient production of insulin, or an inability of the body to properly use insulin. What is the leading cause of diabetes? Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that affects how your body turns food into energy. Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar (also called...
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...Diabetes Pathophysiology * The underlying pathophysiologic defect in type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Following this destruction, the individual has an absolute insulin deficiency and no longer produces insulin. Autoimmune beta cell destruction is thought to be triggered by an environmental event, such as a viral infection. Genetically determined susceptibility factors increase the risk of such autoimmune phenomena. * About 90% of diabetic Americans have type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher in African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and Pacific Islanders than it is in Caucasians. Most type 2 diabetes patients are overweight, and most are diagnosed as adults. The genetic influence in type 2 diabetes is greater than that seen with type 1. While concordance rates between monozygous twins for type 1 diabetes are about 30 to 50%, the rate is approximately 90% for type 2 diabetes. Although the genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes is strong, no single genetic defect has been found. In addition to genetic influences, acquired risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, advancing age, and an inactive lifestyle. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION * Type 1 Diabetes: About 5 to 10 percent of those with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. It's an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Patients with type 1 diabetes have very...
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...1. What is the importance of closely monitoring blood sugar levels? The importance of closely monitoring blood sugar levels is because of the risks of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. The normal blood sugar is between 70-110 mg/dl. Hyperglycemia occurs when the body’s blood sugar is higher than the normal range. When the body is not using insulin properly, hyperglycemia occurs. Severe complication of hyperglycemia may cause ketoacidosis which is a diabetic coma. Ketoacidosis occurs when the body breaks down fats since the body cannot use glucose for energy. When the blood sugar is below the normal range hypoglycemia occurs. Confusion is a sign of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may cause a loss of consciousness in a person if untreated. 2. What...
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...turn your back on it; you can live with a tiger. If you abuse it; it'll pounce on you and rip you into shreds.” Diabetes, also known as Diabetes mellitus, is characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose (Sugar) in the blood. This is a complex group of diseases caused by a number of different reasons. When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar to decrease to normal levels. In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain...
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...The diagnosis of diabetes is very easy to make and it should be considered in any disease where there is a chronic weight loss or weight gain. Frequent urination and chronic thirst are warning signs that should be explored. A six-hour Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)** will show a steep rise of blood glucose at 30-60 minutes to over 275 mg % and may keep rising to over 350 and stay elevated after 4-6 hours. The urine should be tested for sugar with the "dipstick" test every time the blood is tested for sugar. A positive diabetic will always include a positive urine sugar during the six-hour GTT. A morning fasting urine sugar test is useless for the initial diagnosis of diabetes. Blood of the diabetic is also typical in that the lipids and cholesterol are elevated as well as the sugar. Treatment of diabetes should include chromium and vanadium at 250 mcg/day in the initial stages to prevent "insulin shock" (sudden dropping of blood sugar because of a relative insulin overdose). Keep checking urine blood sugar before and after meals, and as the blood sugar level drops you can adjust your insulin or pill medication just like you have been taught. You will also need to deal with food allergies that cause celiac-type intestinal lesions (i.e. wheat gluten, cow's milk, soy, etc.) and supplement with betaine HCl and digestive enzymes at 75-200 mg t.i.d. (three times a day) before meals. Have patience; the intestinal lesions take 60-90 days to heal. Treatment of diabetes should also include...
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...D2: Explain the importance of homeostasis in maintaining the healthy functioning of the body Temperature regulation of fall and rise above normal ranges The hypothalamus in the brain behaves as a thermostat and changes in the blood temperature. When the temperature of the blood comes the hypothalamus falls, this delivers impulses to organs in the body setting the heat reduced less. The opposite happens when the temperature of the blood enters the hypothalamus rises. The hypothalamus tends to activate the sympathetic nervous system and increase he heart rate when the body gets hot. The thermo-receptors point out an increase in the body temperature delivering messages to the brain. The body faces hypothermia is the body temperature falls or rises above their normal ranges. When the body temperature gets too cold or too hot, messages are mailed from the thermo-regulation in the skin or from the blood to the brain and the hypothalamus. The change that is senses by the brain allows a person to change in their attitude for example, when a person feels cold they may close a window. During Hypothermia when the body temperature falls below the normal temperature of the body can be dangerous as the heat energy is lost from the body than it is produced. Brain is the first feature affected making the person clumsy and slow. Hypothermia Hypothermia is a state where the body's normal body temperature of 37°C (98.6°F) drops below 35° (95°F). When the body is exposed to cold the mechanisms...
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...Artificial Pancreas ; The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. 1. The mouth. 2. The pharynx, which in humans, leads to both the trachea and the esophagus. While food is being swallowed, the epiglottis blocks the trachea. 3. The esophagus, which is the tube from the pharynx to the stomach. 4. The stomach is a J-shaped, expandable sack, normally on the left side of the upper abdomen. 5. The small intestine, which has a length of about 6 m. 6. The large intestine or colon. 7. The rectum . As well as digestive system, there is endocrine system, and the pancreas is a part of this system; with purpose and a role in hormone production. Endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism and sexual development and function. * Endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism and sexual development and function. * Pancreas: is a glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes...
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...Diabetes Association, 1995-2011). Type II diabetes is considered the most common of all diabetes types. Because type II diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, this is the type that will be discussed in detail. What is type II diabetes? Type II diabetes is a disease of the endocrine (hormone) system. In a normal working endocrine system, blood sugar levels stay consistent. In the case of diabetes, blood sugar levels fluctuate causing the body’s cells to keep from function properly (Web M.D., 2005-2011). Type II diabetes occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin, or the body cannot use the insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone regulated by the endocrine system. Insulin helps the body store and use the sugar from eaten food (Web M.D., 2005-2011). The body is made up of cells; these cells need energy that energy comes from food and drink. When food or drink is ingested that food is broken down into sugar called glucose. Glucose is then distributed through the bloodstream to the cells in which energy is used for daily use. Insulin is very important for the glucose levels found in the body. Insulin is produced and stored in the pancreas. Insulin is also stored in the liver. The pancreas...
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...diagnosed in children and young adults. Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, an organ located in the area behind your stomach. Testing Fasting Blood Glucose Test Diabetes can be diagnosed if blood sugar is higher than 126 mg on two occasions. Keystone Testing Keystones are produced by the breakdown of fat and muscle. Keystones are harmful at high levels, which can be tested in a urine sample. Resources American Diabetes Association Phone: 1-800-DIABETES E-mail: AskADA@diabetes.org Web Address: http://www.diabetes.org/ Type 1 Diabetes can occur at any age, but is most commonly diagnosed in children and young adults. Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, an organ located in the area behind your stomach. Testing Fasting Blood Glucose Test Diabetes can be diagnosed if blood sugar is higher than 126 mg on two occasions. Keystone Testing Keystones are produced by the breakdown of fat and muscle. Keystones are harmful at high levels, which can be tested in a urine sample. Resources American Diabetes Association Phone: 1-800-DIABETES E-mail: AskADA@diabetes.org Web Address: http://www.diabetes.org/ Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Myths * Taking insulin cures diabetes. * Diabetes is caused by obesity, or eating too much sugar. * People with diabetes should never eat sweets. * Only kids get type 1 diabetes. * Kids don’t get type 2 diabetes. * People with diabetes can’t participate...
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...broken down into its simplest form, a sugar known as glucose. Insulin is the hormone normally produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. Under normal circumstances, the pancreas releases insulin which then help the body store and utilize the sugar and fat from the food you eat. When the amount of glucose in your blood rises to a certain level, the pancreas will release more insulin to push more glucose into the cells which causes the glucose levels in your blood to drop. Unfortunately, there are instances where the...
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...type 1 diabetes, you should probably have a check-up each week until you have good control over your blood sugar. Your health care provider will review the results of your home blood sugar monitoring and urine testing. Your provider will also look at your diary of meals, snacks, and insulin injections. These are some basic step to follow if suffering from type 1 diabetes INSULIN Insulin lowers blood sugar by allowing it to leave the bloodstream and enter cells. Everyone with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day. A patience must inject the insulin under the skin. Insulin types differ in how fast they start to work and how long they last. The health care provider will choose the best type of insulin for you and will tell you at what time of day to use it. More than one type of insulin may be mixed together in an injection to get the best blood glucose control. You may need insulin shots from one to four times a day. People with diabetes need to know how to adjust the amount of insulin they are takingWhen they exercise, when they are sick, when they are traveling DIET AND EXERCISE People with type 1 diabetes should eat at about the same times each day and try to eat the same kinds of foods, diabetes diet and snacking when you have diabetes. This helps to prevent blood sugar from becoming too high or low. Regular exercise helps control the amount of sugar in the blood. It also helps burn extra calories and fat to reach a healthy weight. Ask your health care provider...
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...Type II Diabetes in Pennsylvania 4/29/2015 Introduction Diabetes is a lifelong disease that occurs when a person’s pancreas stops or isn’t producing enough insulin and/or the body cannot use it. Insulin is needed to use the energy from food. The body makes glucose from food that is eaten and then the glucose goes into the bloodstream and circulates around the body. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells where it is used for energy, growth and repair. When people have diabetes, glucose cannot enter the cells. It builds up in the bloodstream until it reaches high levels, which is damaging to the body. High blood glucose levels can be returned to normal with such treatments as meal planning, medication, and regular physical activity. It sounds too good to be true on reversing Type II diabetes through exercise and healthy eating is true. While certain lifestyle changes are key to managing diabetes, whether you can actually turn back time so that it's like you never had diabetes is a different matter. That depends on how long you've had the condition, how severe it is, and your genes. "The term 'reversal' is used when people can go off medication but still must engage in a lifestyle program in order to stay off," (Ann Albright, 2015). Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes and can be diagnosed at any age. It is most commonly seen in adults. Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes, more than 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the U...
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...similar to estrogen, reports the Harvard School of Public Health, which is why they are called phytoestrogens. In theory, these isoflavones may be able to have a similar effect on the body as naturally produced estrogen. Soy milk, have a low-glycemic index value. Glycemic index, or GI, is a numerical system that measures the amount of sugar in a particular food. Soy foods are digested and absorbed slowly, which means your body converts them to sugar and absorbs them into your bloodstream gradually. This gradual release of sugar helps minimize blood sugar swings. Consumption of soy foods may also increase production of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes, according "Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease," by Maurice Edward and Moshe Shike. Eating food is how you provide fuel to your body to stay alive. Food is digested by a complex system of organs, hormones and enzymes and eventually becomes the usable energy for your cells called glucose. Your brain and muscles must have a supply of glucose to function. Blood glucose is the amount glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. The purpose of this study is to determine the...
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...smoking three packs a day for 40 years and unfortunately has admitted to smoking again. She has high blood sugar; however, she cannot remember the name of the medication she is taking for it. She has a “touch” of high blood pressure and claims she controls her hypertension by eating a low salt diet. Her husband passed away 14 years ago and she states that she misses him very much. As the weeks continue, our patient is experiencing dyspnea upon rising in the morning. She has bilateral diminished lung sounds along with crackles. Our patient’s condition continues to worsen and she is diagnosed with congestive heart failure. She is complaining of pain in her extremities and abdomen. Her lab work shows azotemia, red blood cells and protein in her urine, and elevated blood glucose level. The fluid buildup continues in her lungs and her urine output is minimal. Heart failure and fluid volume excess seems evident, as well as, her renal system appears to be impaired. Underlying Disease This patient’s underlying disease is diabetes mellulitis; she has uncontrolled high blood sugar that she has been neglecting to take care of. According to Porth (2007), “Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting from an imbalance between insulin availability and insulin need”. She states that she “does not remember” what the medication she takes for her high blood sugar...
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...Diabetes Diabetes mellitus, or often referred to as diabetes, is a metabolic disease in which a person has high blood sugar. This can happen either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because the cells in the body do not respond to the insulin that is produced. Insulin is the hormone that unwinds the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them. Type 1 diabetes results from the body’s failure to produce insulin. This type of diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. Another name for this type of diabetes is juvenile diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In this type either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin the body produces. Another type of diabetes is Gestational diabetes, which only occurs in women because it shows up during pregnancy. (Schütze, Rix, Laws, Passey, Fanaian & Harris, 2012) Diabetes can be a serious lifelong disease; which can lead to heart attacks, kidney failures, blindness, and even death. Type 1 diabetes also known as juvenile diabetes is characterized by the body’s immune system destroying insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps the body store Glucose (sugar) in the body. This being said the body cannot regulate blood sugar, and glucose levels rise in the body. Type 1 diabetics need to regulate their blood sugar by taking insulin shots and like both forms of diabetes regulating what is eaten. Because their body is not producing...
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