...BLOOD • Blood is a tissue which is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (pieces of cells) and plasma. Table showing Structure and Function of the Components of Blood |Component |Structure |Functions | |Red blood cells |Biconcave discs with no nucleus. |Transports oxygen | | |Contains haemoglobin. |Transports small amounts of carbon dioxide | |White blood cells |Variable shape (larger than red blood cells) with a |Fight, engulf and destroy bacteria. | | |nucleus. |Make antibodies | | |There are 2 types: | | | |Lymphocytes – produce antibodies which kill germs or | | | |pathogens | | | |Phagocytes – surrounds pathogen and destroys it by | ...
Words: 659 - Pages: 3
...different genetic disorders. Hemophilia is a sex- Linked disorder that affects the way a person’s blood clots. A sex-linked disorder has to do with the XX chromosomes of the mother and the XY chromosomes of the father. These genes have more functions than just identifying the sex of the person. Sometimes there are genetic mutations to these genes or certain traits that are passed down from parent to child. When a normal healthy person gets injured there blood clots or thickens so that they will stop bleeding and make a scab to protect the wound and begin the healing proses. Platelets are tiny elements made in the marrow of your bones. They flow though the blood stream waiting for bleeding to occur. After the body detects bleeding, it floods the damaged area with platelets. These platelets go through a chemical reaction that makes the outside of the sticky. They begin to stick to the damaged area and each other. This forms what is known as a white clot. The second thing that happens in the blood clotting procedure is many blood proteins in the thrombin system get activated when the body detects bleeding. When these proteins are activated they go through many chemical reactions to produce fibrin. Fibrin is a sticky string like substance that covers the wound in a Genetic Disorder 3 Web-like pattern. This is how a red clot forms. The web like design traps many red blood cells in it and that’s how it gets its red color. When someone has hemophilia there body has little...
Words: 891 - Pages: 4
...of the family was that the males in the family affected them more than the females of the family. The males developed progressive renal failure and deafness. Why is it that the females are less affected of the disease? Well there is a pattern, and it is called “ X-LINKED “. The usual print of the gene onto the other chromosome is relatively protects female carriers who inherit an unusual alport gene on the X chromosome. Some females may develop renal insufficiency, but they experience these symptoms later in life. Males receives one Y chromosome from his father and one X chromosome...
Words: 1019 - Pages: 5
...What is Angina? Angina is a heart condition a chest pain that occurs if there’s an area of your heart muscle that does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. Angina is a symptom of heart problem, usually a symptom of coronary heart disease this only happens to adults, how it works is a substance called plaque builds up on the inner walls of coronary arteries, these are the arteries that carry rich oxygen blood to your heart. Angina pain is similar to the asthma pain, but in this case the pain can also occur in your shoulders, arms, jaw, neck and even back. What system does it affect & what causes it? Angina is affected by the cardiovascular system. Angina is caused by the result of underlying coronary artery disease the arteries that supply the heart with blood rich blood, when the cholesterol aggregates on the artery wall and the hard plaque form the artery narrows. It is very difficult for the oxygen rich blood to reach the heart muscle as these arteries will then become more narrower, in addition the damage to the arteries from such as smoking and high levels fat or sugar in the blood can cause plaque to build up where the arteries are damaged, these narrow the arteries or may break off and form blood clots that block the arteries. Types of Angina? * Stable Angina occurs when the heart is working harder and faster than usual. Angina is a painful condition but if a person takes angina medication or rest’s for a bit then the pain will go. The stable...
Words: 1867 - Pages: 8
...Hemophilia & Transposons Hemophilia is an inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body’s ability to coagulate blood or control blood clotting. Hemophiliacs have problems in the blood coagulation mechanism and blood platelets and/or blood vessel defects that cause the individual to have problems forming blood clots to stop bleeding. The individuals tend to bleed for longer periods then normal individuals. Hemophiliacs do not bleed more intensely than normal individuals but due to the length of time for a clot to form their volume of blood loss is more severe.This can be deadly or debilitating in injuries to the brain. Minor injuries can lead to extreme blood loss over hours or days that require hospital attention. There are two main types of Hemophilia, Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B. Both are recessive X-linked chromosome disorder that are more prevalent in males than females. Hemophilia A is the most common type affecting 1 in 5,000 males. It is due to a deficiency in clotting factor VIII, an essential blood clotting protein. Hemophilia B is less common and affects 1 in 30,000 males. It is due to a deficiency in clotting factor IX which is a serine protease of the coagulation system. Females are usually asymptomatic carriers of the disorder. The defective gene can either be a new mutation in the X-chromosome or can inherited either from her father or mother. Hemophilia is a Class I transposons. This is a retrotransposons that transcribes DNA into...
Words: 455 - Pages: 2
...As part of some stress tests, pictures are taken of your heart while you exercise and while you rest. These imaging stress tests can show how well blood is flowing in your heart and how well your heart pumps blood when it beats. Coronary angiography Coronary angiography, also known as a cardiac catheter test, can identify whether the coronary arteries are narrowed and how severe any blockages are. It also provides information about the pressure inside your heart chambers and how well your heart is functioning. In an angiogram, a catheter is passed into an artery in your groin or arm and guided into the coronary arteries using X-rays. A dye is injected into the catheter to show up the arteries supplying your heart with blood. A number of X-ray pictures are taken, which will tell you if there are any blockages. It is usually performed under local anaesthetic. Measurement This is used to take the person blood pressure, body temperature, and body weight this enable the body mass index to be calculated. BMI is calculated by diving a person’s weight in kilograms by their highs in metres...
Words: 1188 - Pages: 5
...The stimuli could be conditions that make it hard for the body to remove phosphate, kidney failure, not enough calcium in diet, too much calcium lost in urine, Vitamin D problems, and trouble absorbing calcium from food. (“Hyperparathyroidism”. National Institute of Health. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001215.htm). (c) The release of the PTH hormone causes blood-calcium levels in the body to rise in the blood. Thus, more calcium is taken from the bones and is absorbed by the kidneys. This results in normal blood-calcium levels throughout the body. (“Hyperparathyroidism”. National Institute of Health. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001215.htm). 3. (a) A PET scan, otherwise known as a position emission tomography scan, uses radioactive material to locate a numerous diseases in the body as well as revealing the size, shape, position, and some organ function. PET scans provide images of brain function, can identify masses as cancerous or benign, track the progression of cancer through the body, and show areas of poor blood flow to the heart. PET scans can also provide a diagnosis of cancer, heart problems, and brain disorders. (PET Scan. National Institute of Health....
Words: 1025 - Pages: 5
...listed just before the case study. Which individuals in figure 5.2 demonstrate principle 1? Bill, Terry, Greg, and Jenny. 2. Which individuals in figure 5.2 represent principle 2? Carl, Terry, and Greg. 3. Which individuals in figure 5.2 represent principle Florence, Jessica, Terry, and Greg. 4. Why are none of the males in figure 5.2 shown as carriers of hemophilia? Males cannot carry hemophilia because it is an X-linked disease and males only have a single X chromosome. If the male has an X, he has the disease. 5. What is the probability that Marcy and Tom will have any child with hemophilia (irrespective of sex)? Show how you calculate this. The probability of Marcy and Tom having a child with hemophilia is 12.5%. This is because Marcy has a 50% chance of being a carrier. Marcy’s children in turn have a 50% chance of receiving a copy of the X chromosome. Thus, there is a 25% chance that any of the children would receive a copy of the recessive X allele from Marcy. Tom does not have hemophilia, so we know that the gene on his X chromosome is normal. Therefore, only Marcy and Tom’s sons could have hemophilia. The total probability of Marcy and Tom having a child with hemophilia is 12.5% which brakes down mathematically (0.5)(0.5)(0.5) = .125. 6. Suppose Marcy becomes pregnant and has an amniocentesis, a prenatal cell-sampling technique that can identify the sex of a child (among other things). She finds that she is going to have a baby girl. Should...
Words: 640 - Pages: 3
...Factors Hemophilia is a genetic disorder where protein factors that help blood clot are missing, or not fully functional. Those with hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding following injury, surgery or even minor trauma. Severe forms of the disease may cause spontaneous bleeding in the absence of any trauma to the body. Bleeding internally into the joints, brain or other organs can lead to serious complications when left untreated. There are three main types of hemophilia depending on which clotting factor is affected: • Hemophilia A: deficiency in clotting factor VIII • Hemophilia B: deficiency in clotting factor IX • Hemophilia C: deficiency in clotting factor XI. Hemophilia...
Words: 509 - Pages: 3
...linked inherited bleeding disorder directly linked to the X chromosome, which is responsible for the increased epidemiology in males. Women become carriers and pass it down to male offspring. The person has a decrease or lack of clotting factors in their blood, specifically factors XIII and IX which prevents their blood from clotting properly, causing excessive bleeding. Keywords: X chromosome, Factor VIII, and Factor IX Hemophilia Hemophilia is a condition that has been referenced to throughout history. Although in the second century A.D. they did not know that the excessive and unexplained bleeding after circumcision of male babies was in fact just that, Hemophilia. In the twelfth century A.D. the disease was linked to one particular village, then to one family. This connection was discussed in writings by Dr. John Conrad Otto. Through the years many theories about the cause of Hemophilia have been developed, researched, and investigated. The field of scientific research has come far since then leading to in-depth analysis of exactly what the genetic inherited disease Hemophilia is and a better understanding of how to treat it. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder in which the affected person’s blood does not clot properly. More specifically, there is something wrong with the gene that codes for clotting proteins in their blood. This causes the patient to end up with little or no clotting factors in their blood. The severity of the disease is directly linked to the...
Words: 715 - Pages: 3
...sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Two or more of the following clinical signs of systemic response to endothelial inflammation: • Temperature > 38°C or < 36°C x Heart rate > 90 beats/min • Tachypnoea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min or hyperventilation (Paco2 < 4.25 kPa)) • White blood cell count > 12 ⋅ 109/l or < 4 ⋅ 109/l or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils In the setting (or strong suspicion) of a known cause of endothelial inflammation such as: • Infection (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, yeasts, or other organisms) • Pancreatitis x Ischaemia x Multiple trauma and tissue injury x Haemorrhagic shock x Immune mediated organ injury x Absence of any other known cause for such clinical abnormalities Sepsis Systemic response to infection manifested by two or more of the following: • Temperature > 38°C or < 36°C x Raised heart rate > 90/min • Tachypnoea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min or hyperventilation (Paco2 < 4.25 kPa)) • White blood cell count > 12 × 109/l or < 4 × 109/l or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils Septic shock Sepsis induced hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or a reduction of >40 mm Hg from baseline) despite adequate fluid resuscitation Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Presence of altered organ function in an acutely ill patient such that homoeostasis cannot be...
Words: 1653 - Pages: 7
...Osmosis Experiment Diana Arrowood Grand Canyon University BIO-100L Biology Concepts September 16, 2011 Osmosis Experiment Directions Use the information below to complete the Osmosis Experiment. Materials 1 fresh baking potato Water Salt Four small containers (i.e., drinking cups or clear glasses) A metric ruler Methods and Procedure 1) Place 1 cup (236 ml) of water in each of the 4 containers. In 2 of the containers, add 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) of table salt and mix well until dissolved. Label which containers have salt. Cut a fresh baking potato into 5 mm slices. Cut four rectangles 2.5 cm x 1 cm from the slices as close to the same size as possible. Measure the length and width of each rectangle in metric units and place one in each of the containers, keeping track of which measured slice went in which container. There will be two slices (duplicates) for fresh water and two for salt water. After 1 hour, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato and return it to the appropriate container. Note any physical changes. After 24 hours, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato. Note any physical changes in the potatoes and describe their appearance. Written Lab Report Introduction 1) Address the following questions: A) Define osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations...
Words: 3074 - Pages: 13
...respiratory elements. All units has to be in L and min VT= 200 ml/breath IRV =3 L ERV= 2 L Anatomic dead space = 150 ml Residual volume= 1 L Respiration rate = 5 breaths/ 7 seconds What is pulmonary ventilation? What is alveolar ventilation? What is her vital capacity? What is her inspiratory capacity? What is her expiratory capacity? What is her total lung volume? What is the function of the conduction portion of the respiratory tract? Describe the anatomical structures that accomplish this. What is the function of the respiratory portion? Describe the anatomical structures that accomplish this. Draw the HB saturation curve. Be sure to identify the X and Y axis and labels where the systemic and pulmonary blood sits and where the normal systemic venous blood sits. What is the significance of the shape of the curve? Briefly describe pH, T, PCO2, and [DPG] Provide a mechanistic and teleogical explanation for the changes you described above. a. A b. B c. C d. A & B e. A & C f. B & C g. All of them h. None of them A. Normal surface area B. May have an increase in dead space C....
Words: 1838 - Pages: 8
...tissues in heart wall SA node to AV node to bundle fibers to perjunkie fibers cycle of ecg blood goes through the superior vena cava, then to right atrium, then out through pulmonary veins, into lungs, then back to left ventricle, then through left atrium out through aorta krebbs cycle glycoloysis 1. goes from glucose to 6 phosphate molecules 2. then to fructose 6 phosphate 3. f 1-6 biphosphate cardiac output = stroke volume x cardiac rate cardiac rate = stroke volume x cardiac output epinephrine mimics symphathetic nervous system binds to norepepinephrine receptor cites increase cardiac rate and force of contraction tissue in heart: epicardium myocardium endocardium systole and diastole (contraction and relaxation) lubb dupp electron transport left side more pressure than right t wave ventricular recovery qrs ventricular excitation ecg - recording of electrical activity atrial fibrillation - not fatal ventricular filbrilation -fatal cardiac output - volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one minute stroke volume - the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per contration cardiac rate - number of ventricular contactions per minute three functional correlates - allow body to function (notes from 10/26/11) functions of blood (regulates body temp, acid base balance, involved in immunity, transports oxygen from lungs to body cells, transports co2 from body cells to lungs, transports nutrients from digestive track to body cells, transports...
Words: 326 - Pages: 2
...Review Article 539 Dengue Prophylactic Platelet Transfusion—Changa Kurukularatne et al When Less is More: Can We Abandon Prophylactic Platelet Transfusion in Dengue Fever? Changa Kurukularatne,1,2MD, Frederico Dimatatac,1,2MD, Diana LT Teo,3MBBS, MSc, FRCPath, David C Lye,1,2,4 MBBS, FRACP, FAMS, Yee Sin Leo,1,2,5 M.Med (Int Med), FRCP, FAMS Abstract Dengue fever (DF) has several hematological manifestations including thrombocytopenia and increased bleeding risk. Prophylactic platelet transfusion—in the absence of major bleeding—is utilized in DF with thrombocytopenia with the intention of preventing hemorrhagic complications. However, prophylactic platelet transfusion in DF is neither standardized nor supported by clinical evidence. We conclude that risks, costs and poor resource utilization associated with prophylactic platelet transfusion in DF far outweigh any potential hematological benefit, and as such, should not constitute routine clinical practice. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2011;40:539-45 Key words: Thrombocytopenia, Preventitive, Arbovirus, Bleeding, Hemorrhage Introduction Dengue fever (DF) is the most common mosquito-borne human viral illness worldwide, and has rapidly spread to reach hyper-endemic proportions in the urban tropics over the last quarter of a century.1 With an estimated 2.5 billion people at risk and a global annual incidence of 50 million cases, DF has been identified as an example of a potential international public health emergency.2...
Words: 1019 - Pages: 5
