... Introduction to Data Communications 1-2 Outline • Brief history of Data Communications – Communications, Information Systems and the Internet • Data Communications Networks – Network components, network types • Network Models – OSI model, Internet model, transmission via “layers” • Network Standards – Standards making, common standards • Future Trends – Pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services 1-3 Information Age • First Industrial Revolution – Introduction of machinery – New organizational methods – Changed the way people worked • Second Industrial Revolution – Information Age – Introduction of computers – Introduction of networking and data communication – Changed the way people worked again • Faster communication Collapsing Information lag • Brought people together Globalization 1-4 The Collapsing Information Lag Historical developments in electronic communications telegraph sped up the rate and volume of transmission of information 1850 Information took days or weeks to be transmitted 1900 Information transmitted in minutes or hours 1950 2007 large quantities of information transmitted in a fraction of a second growth of telecommunications and especially computer networks Globalization of networks 1-5 Advances in Phone Technology Phone invented 1876 first transcontinental and transatlantic phone connections 1915 1919 Packet-switched Telstar data (Telecommunications...
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...TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Maninder Kaur professormaninder@gmail.com What is Network? • A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. • The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. Different Types of Networks • Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is classified as: – Local Area Network (LAN) – Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – Wide Area Network (WAN) – Personal Area Network (PAN) Local Area Network (LAN) • A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home. • LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users • • Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile • Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps • Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each device • Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s Local Area Network (LAN) • LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s. • Every LAN uses a protocol – a set of rules that governs how packets are configured and transmitted. • Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These topologies include: – Bus – Ring – Star ...
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...Question 7 How do local area networks (LANs) differ from metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), and backbone networks (BNs)? Answer: A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of microcomputers or terminals located in the same general area. A Backbone Network (BN) is a large central network that connects most everything on a single company site. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) encompasses a city or county area. A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans cities, states, or national boundaries. Question 14 Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers. Answer: - When a message is transmitted from one computer to another through these seven layer protocols are wrapped around the data, the layers in the network use a formal language or protocol that is a set of instructions of what the layer will do to the message, these protocols are labeled or encapsulated onto the data. Think of the protocols as layers of paper with a message that only the individual layer understands. The application layer is the application software used by the network user. The transport layer is responsible for obtaining the address of the end user (if needed), breaking a large data transmission into smaller packets (if needed), ensuring that all the packets have been received, eliminating duplicate packets, and performing flow control to ensure that no computer is overwhelmed by the number of messages it receives. The network layer takes the message...
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...Networking Concepts and Applications Week 1 Homework : Questions Question 7: How do local area networks (LANs) differ from metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), and backbone networks (BNs)? One of the key differences between different network types is their geographical scope. A local area network, or LAN, is made up of a smaller group of computers linked together and located in the same small area such as a room, a floor or a building. A backbone network, or BN, is a larger network which connects multiple LANs, WANs, MANs or other BNs together and can range from a few hundred feet to miles in size. Metropolitan area networks, or MANs, normally range in size from a few miles up to thirty miles and LANs and BNs from different areas to each other as well as to WANs. Wide area networks, or WANs, can be hundreds or thousands of miles in size and connect MANs and BNs across these distances. Question 14: Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers. The message is first created at the application layer using a software application. This software translates the message based on the protocol being used to transfer the message and places the necessary information along with the message into a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) which is also known as a ‘packet’. This packet is then passed on to the Transport Layer. The transport layer, using its own Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, takes the packet from the application...
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...Networking Technology Concepts Capella University Abstract The purpose of my paper is to explain the concepts of networking technology and what impact these concepts have in an organization. A number of these concepts embody, but are not restricted to, improved communication, enlarged productivity, and enhanced mobility. In addition, what part does network architecture play in developing network technology? In doing thus, I will be able to justify the aim and role that standard-setting organizations play in establishing network standards and identify two standards in network technology and outline their roles. Explain the importance of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and show how they contribute to the advancement of the network industry. Keywords: technology, ISO, networking, architecture, concepts Networking Technology Concepts The basic concepts of networking technology are to improve communication, increase efficiency, and enhanced mobility. In addition, network architecture falls in line with these concepts because architecture is the foundation or the framework to configure networks. Improve Communications Technology is important because it expands communications in the workplace. Employees are no longer limited to using regular landline phones, couriers or snail mail. Technology has evolved tremendously whereas, you are able to start communicating electronically using computers, smartphones and other forms of electronic devices from...
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...Questions 7, 14, and 17 7. How do local area networks (LANs) differ from metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), and backbone networks (BNs)? LANs differ from other networks because they are small generally connecting a single building or floor and normally operate at 100 Mbps. Where BNs can connect all other types of networks together and can span hundreds of feet to several miles. BNs can also operate at 100 to 1,000 Mbps. MANs differ because they connect LANs and BNs in separate geographical locations to each other as well as to WANs. MANs are larger in size and span 3 to 30 miles that are slower in most cases where they operate at 64 Kbps to 100Mbps however new technologies have created much faster speeds in some areas at 10 Gbps. BNs and MANs are connected through WANs where they can span thousands of miles and are so large that space is generally leased due to cost and amounts of information that are able to be transferred. The transfer rates normally range from 64 Kbps to 10 Gbps. 14. Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers? Application Layer-A message is created through a web browser where the message is translated into a HTTP packet this HTTP packet is then placed into a TCP segment that contains HTTP and contains the message-Transport Layer. At this point the Network Layer – then uses Internet Protocol to select its destination for the message on the network; the IP contains the previous 2 layers...
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...TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Maninder Kaur professormaninder@gmail.com What is Network? • A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. • The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. Different Types of Networks • Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is classified as: – Local Area Network (LAN) – Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – Wide Area Network (WAN) – Personal Area Network (PAN) Local Area Network (LAN) • A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home. • LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users • • Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile • Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps • Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each device • Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s Local Area Network (LAN) • LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s. • Every LAN uses a protocol – a set of rules that governs how packets are configured and transmitted. • Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These topologies include: – Bus – Ring – Star • LANs are capable of...
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...Networking Technology Concepts Capella University Abstract The purpose of my paper is to explain the concepts of networking technology and what impact these concepts have in an organization. A number of these concepts embody, but are not restricted to, improved communication, enlarged productivity, and enhanced mobility. In addition, what part does network architecture play in developing network technology? In doing thus, I will be able to justify the aim and role that standard-setting organizations play in establishing network standards and identify two standards in network technology and outline their roles. Explain the importance of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and show how they contribute to the advancement of the network industry. Keywords: technology, ISO, networking, architecture, concepts Networking Technology Concepts The basic concepts of networking technology are to improve communication, increase efficiency, and enhanced mobility. In addition, network architecture falls in line with these concepts because architecture is the foundation or the framework to configure networks. Improve Communications Technology is important because it expands communications in the workplace. Employees are no longer limited to using regular landline phones, couriers or snail mail. Technology has evolved tremendously whereas, you are able to start communicating electronically using computers, smartphones and other forms of electronic devices from...
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...DATA COMMUNICATIONS First Semester 2012-2013 CMSC 137 Data Communications and Networking ICS-UPLB JAC Hermocilla Data Communications ● Communication involves information sharing : local or remote Telecommunication – communication at a distance – ● telephony, telegraphy, television ● Data communications – the exchange of data between devices via some form of transmission medium such as wire cable – data - information presented in whatever form agreed upon by parties creating and using data ● Devices must be part of a data communications system (DCS) , a combination of hardware and software First Semester 2012-2013 CMSC 137 Data Communications and Networking ICS-UPLB JAC Hermocilla Effective DCS ● Delivery – Must deliver data to the correct destination Must deliver data accurately Must deliver data in a timely manner Must consider variations in the packet arrival time CMSC 137 Data Communications and Networking ICS-UPLB JAC Hermocilla ● Accuracy – ● Timeliness – ● Jitter – First Semester 2012-2013 Components of a DCS (1) ● Message – Information to be communicated Device that sends the message: computer, phone Device that receives the message: computer, phone Physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver: twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optics, radio waves A set of rules that govern data communications An agreement between the communicating devices ● ...
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...those references within the body of your discussions, properly formatted using APA style. My experience with LAN's is minimal. I have never worked in a job that requires that from me. The most experience that I have working with, setting up, and maintaining a local area network is with the one I set up at my house. I built mine and my wife's computers and set up a small 4 node network to include 2 desktop computers, 1 laptop, and a router. There is one peripheral device, a printer which is connected to my wife’s computer. As long as my wife's computer is on, we all connect to the printer by means of the network. We also have a cable modem that is connected to our router, so that we can connect to the WAN, or internet. Much of the knowledge I have attained on networks in general has never come from a formal forum; so I am excited to be able to take a class about LAN technologies. Some of the things I would like to get out of this class are: To be able to differentiate between the different topographies used in businesses today for the most efficient and cost effective ways of setting up a network, a full understanding of how to formally set up a network to include what different protocols are used and how are the important, the understanding of the different means of security measures used in protecting a network, such as firewalls, and how to manipulate the whole LAN. In short, I would like to learn everything I can about local area networks. In 10 years, I expect that...
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...Topic 1 a) Discuss any 3 key skills and characteristic should an information system manager posses. b) Today’s Point of Sales – Electronic Fund Transfer (POS-EFT) system requires several components to function. List and discuss the function for these components. a) An Information System (IS) manager has two principle roles within an organization. He has to be able to manage the change processes that are inevitably initiated by the introduction of technology into his workplace, and he has to manage the operational aspects of business and organizational activities founded on computing and communication technology. Hence an IS manager is a leading figure in both organizational change and performance. From this definition, it is a natural deduction that for IS manager to work effectively, they must have or need to be: * Detailed knowledge of the organization’s mission and vision, its peculiar business strategies and implementation skills. With these understanding, the IS manager will then be able to design an information system which can help the organization to achieve its goal. * Skilled in inter-personal management. This consists of communication skills both written and oral, people oriented and also negotiation skill. Regardless of how an organization structures its information system department, system development is a team effort. So learning how to work and communicate effectively with other team members is important for any information system professionals...
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...7. How do local area networks (LANs) differ from metropolitan area network (MAN)? A local area network (LAN) is a group of microcomputers located in the same general area. It covers a clearly defined small area, such as an office, home network ,one floor or work area, a single building, or a group of buildings. While a metropolitan area network (MAN) connects LANs and BNs located in different areas to each other and to WANs. MANs typically span between three and 30 miles. For example a large university may have a network so large that it may be classified as a MAN. The MAN network usually exist to provide connectivity to local ISPs, cable tv, or large corporations but will not extend beyond the boundaries of a town, city, or metropolitan area.Thus, a MAN lets two remote nodes communicate as if they were part of the same local area network. A MAN usually consists of a number of interconnected LANs and WANs. [Dennis, A. & Fitzgerald, J. (2009), p.31. Business data communication and networking. Wiley] Also LAN are usually connected by Ethernet cables,have high speed connections and relatively inexpensive while MAN are often interconnected wirelessly using microwave radio links or fiber-optics and provide moderately fast transmission rates but can prove costly to install (very expensive). 14. Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers? In a network of computers each computer connected must have a unique IP address. IP: 1.2.3.4 ...
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...have certain recommendations and standards (Working Groups). Working groups were created so that it can address and fix certain problems. Working groups usually do not last long because once it completes what it was out to do then they no longer are generally needed. There are many active working groups in the IETF. One of the working groups is called Applications Area Working Group (APPSAWG). This group was started in October of 2010. This group focuses on many different topics which might be the reason to why there group has been around for a few years. Some of the main points in which APPSAWG works on include Well-defined security issues that are relevant to multiple application technologies (APPSAWG). Another of the main points that APPSAWG focuses on according to Applications Area Working Group is “small-scale additions to the protocol stack for HTTP and other application technologies, mostly related to service discovery and meta-data”. Then lastly one of the topics that is focused on includes “selecting other work items addressing topics that historically fall within the Applications Area, such as calendaring, date and time formats, HTTP, internationalization, language tags, MIME, URIs and XML” (APPSAWG). As of now the APPSAWG has had many of the proposals finished. Many of the publications that they have set out to do...
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...the textbook is used in, and to modify this material to best suit their instructional needs. Under no circumstances can copies be made for resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. 2 Chapter 1. Learning Objectives • Be aware of the history of communications, information systems and the Internet • Be aware of the applications of data communications networks • Be familiar with the major components of and types of networks • Understand the role of network layers • Be familiar with the role of network standards • Be aware of three key trends in communications and networking 3 Chapter 1. Outline • Introduction: The Information Society • Brief histories of: – communications, info systems and the Internet • Data Communications Networks – network components, network types • Network Models – OSI model, Internet model, message transmission using layers • Network Standards – importance of standards, standards making, common standards • Future Trends – pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services 4...
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...Wireless Networks & Network Security ISSC 340 Professor Vijay Venkatesh James Lange 08/13/2013 Wireless Networks are somewhat new technology in comparison to the know-how that makes them possible. The knowledge regarding wireless technology goes back about 200 years. One of the first individuals deserving recognition for today’s wireless networks is a scientist, inventor and politician named Benjamin Franklin. In 1747 he had built a model that showed how electricity could move through the air unaided by any type of wiring. In the early 1750’s Mr. Franklin started experimenting with electricity and the rest is history. Franklin was under the belief that lightening was an electrical current. So with the famous kite and key experiment he proved to himself and others that he was right. His fascination with electricity led him to later experiments with an electrical tube given to him by a friend. A second individual that played a part in today’s wireless technology is Hans Christian Oersted. In 1819 he had found that a compass needle had movement if it was presented with electrical current. This relationship between the needle and the electricity is an essential part of electromagnetism. It is said that this discovery by Oersted happened completely by chance. While preparing for one of his lectures he was setting up some of his equipment. The compass and battery were in close proximity to each other and the needle moved from magnetic north whenever the switch to the...
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