...Boethius was an influential philosopher; poet; translator and Politian. While in prison Boethius wrote an influential book ‘The consolation of Philosophy’. Within this book it consists of a dialogue between Lady Philosophy and Boethius as characters discussing many topics such as; the problem of evil; the relationship between divine foreknowledge and human free will. Boethius had many discussions and views example of these are; the idea of divine foreknowledge; eternity the two types of necessity and to prove that God rewards and punishes justly. Boethius concept of God links to the idea of the Platonic God. God is not part of the temporal world and as a result of this; time does not pass for him as it does for us. This links in with Aquinas’s view of divine foreknowledge is different for us to God. This is a traditional concept of God who is wholly; simple; immutable and perfect. This can be argued to be a realistic view of God because the idea of change and perfection is questioned today therefore if God was in time this would mean God is not perfect as being able to change makes being lose what they once had. Firstly, in the Book ‘The consolation of philosophy’ Boethius argued that God knows the past; present and future. Boethius described this as God’s foreknowledge however; Boethius argued that although God has this foreknowledge he does not cause the future to happen. Boethius argues that God sees our timeline of our life as it is progressing in one timeline. Boethius...
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...for many assert that free will is incompatible with the divine knowledge. Roman philosopher Boethius directly tackles the issues between divine omniscience and free will in his work Consolation of Philosophy. Boethius argues that free will and divine omniscience are in fact compatible, even though it might not seem true at first glance. First, it is necessary to discuss what Boethius defines as the concept of being “free” or having “freedom”. Freedom is a state of being in which there is no requirement or predetermined outcome of what a...
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...limitations. Calvin states that ‘human beings are sinful and fallen. God who is omniscient wills the elect to be saved’ Supporters may view the idea of heaven and hell to not affect God’s omniscience or omnibenevolence. They may suggest that all these features are required for God to have and for humans to act accordingly to God’s commands. Boethius (480-525) highlights the incompatibility of eternity and foreknowledge by creating a dialogue between himself and Lady Philosophy in ‘The Consolidation of Philosophy’. Boethius suggests that the many problems include that if what God foresees in the future will inevitably happen then our actions may become irrelevant. If God does not cause our actions they are still necessary and we have no other choice. He suggests that it may be pointless to punish and reward if this is predestined, that if actions are foreseen by God then he is responsible and that prayer may be without point. The strength of Boethius’ idea is that he provides a solution for problems that he has recognised. Lady Philosophy states that all of time is what God would call ‘now’; God sees all things in an eternal present. Boethius also argued that God is outside of time and therefore cannot be subject to such things that are within time. Anthony Kenny provides a critical assessment of this. He argues that the idea of all time being eternally present to God does not make sense. It could be countered that this incoherency may only be because humans are not capable of understanding...
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...There is no one way to have lived a good life; however, characters in texts such as The Aeneid, I Samuel, II Samuel, Consolation of Philosophy, and Hamlet all demonstrate one common theme. Each character from these works have a strong devotion to their God and that reliance on their faith have brought them opportunities for desired fame, fortune, glory, knowledge, wisdom, and power. These opportunities were directly influenced by their Gods and it was their servitude to God that presented them with a better life. Conversely, characters who did not comply with their Gods were punished by being stripped of opportunities they once had. Characters going against God’s word were then left to live a fateful unravelling, when they could have been rewarded...
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...1. Augustine asked, “How can anyone suffer an unhappy life by the will, when absolutely no one wills to be unhappy?” How would the Consolation of Philosophy answer this question? a. How can anyone suffer an unhappy life by the will when absolutely no one wills to be unhappy? i. We found that it is by the will that human beings deserve and therefore receive either a happy or an unhappy life. ii. How can we claim that it is by the will that human beings achieve a happy life, when so many are unhappy despite the fact that everyone wills to be happy? iii. It is one thing to will rightly or wrongly, and quiet another to deserve something because of a good or bad will iv. Just because you will to be happy does not mean you are going to be happy v. No surprise that unhappy human beings do not attain the happy life that they will vi. So when we say that it is by the will that human beings are unhappy we don’t mean that they will to be unhappy, but that their will is in such a state that unhappiness must follow whether they will it or not. (On Free Choice of the Will, PAGE 23) b. How would the Consolation of Philosophy answer this question? vii. Book III is taken up with the proof of God’s existence viii. Based on the inadequacy of human desires to produce true happiness ix. Being capable of perfect happiness-in fact the source of that perfect happiness is innate and no human beings...
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...Revision - Philosopher’s and their views A.J Ayer weak verification, “mountains on the other side of the moon” Hick -eschatological verification “we’ll know at the end” -epistemic distance between us and God -Universal salvation -Replica theory -traducianism (soul inherited from parents) -Price’s mental world= consistent Price -“mental world” in which we live Karl Popper -falsification principle, true until proven otherwise Antony Flew -parable of the two gardeners, death of a thousand qualifications - historical evidence, tested experience -God could have made us free, but do the right thing R.M Hare -bliks, lunatics Basil Mitchell -resistance leader, rel people may accept points, but view won’t change Maimonedes -via negative avoids anthropomorphism of God! Scotus -analogy as a means of describing God= vague Aquinas -Analogy of attribution(good bread=good baker)/ analogy of proportion (it’s all relative) -God cant do “non actions” like 2+2=5 - God is timeless, REASON, we get his nature via revelation Tillich - symbols unlock things from God Bultmann -demythologising stories Wittgenstein -picture theory of language, language games James -physcology, empiricism,pluralism, pragmatism -passive, ineffable, noetic, transient -Philosopher/ Phychologist -rel exp has mental dimension, not just this -truth is in the results! Otto -Wholly Other Schliemacher -emotional experiences Buber -I thou relationship Feuerbach - God is man...
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...FULL TITLE · The Canterbury Tales AUTHOR · Geoffrey Chaucer TYPE OF WORK · Poetry (two tales are in prose: the Tale of Melibee and the Parson’s Tale) GENRES · Narrative collection of poems; character portraits; parody; estates satire; romance; fabliau LANGUAGE · Middle English TIME AND PLACE WRITTEN · Around 1386–1395, England DATE OF FIRST PUBLICATION · Sometime in the early fifteenth century PUBLISHER · Originally circulated in hand-copied manuscripts NARRATOR · The primary narrator is an anonymous, naïve member of the pilgrimage, who is not described. The other pilgrims narrate most of the tales. POINT OF VIEW · In the General Prologue, the narrator speaks in the first person, describing each of the pilgrims as they appeared to him. Though narrated by different pilgrims, each of the tales is told from an omniscient third-person point of view, providing the reader with the thoughts as well as actions of the characters. TONE · The Canterbury Tales incorporates an impressive range of attitudes toward life and literature. The tales are by turns satirical, elevated, pious, earthy, bawdy, and comical. The reader should not accept the naïve narrator’s point of view as Chaucer’s. TENSE · Past SETTING (TIME) · The late fourteenth century, after 1381 SETTING (PLACE) · The Tabard Inn; the road to Canterbury PROTAGONISTS · Each individual tale has protagonists, but Chaucer’s plan is to make none of his storytellers superior to others; it is an equal company. In the Knight’s...
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...Essays Essays Part II. 2, 2.] Part II. 2, 2.] Essays The Project Gutenberg EBook of Essays, by Ralph Waldo Emerson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Essays Author: Ralph Waldo Emerson Editor: Edna H. L. Turpin Release Date: September 4, 2005 [EBook #16643] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAYS *** 1 Essays Produced by Curtis A. Weyant , Sankar Viswanathan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net ESSAYS BY RALPH WALDO EMERSON Merrill's English Texts SELECTED AND EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY EDNA H.L. TURPIN, AUTHOR OF "STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY," "CLASSIC FABLES," "FAMOUS PAINTERS," ETC. NEW YORK CHARLES E. MERRILL CO. 1907 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LIFE OF EMERSON CRITICAL OPINIONS CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR COMPENSATION SELF RELIANCE FRIENDSHIP HEROISM MANNERS GIFTS NATURE SHAKESPEARE; OR, THE POET PRUDENCE CIRCLES NOTES PUBLISHERS' NOTE Merrill's English Texts 2 Essays 3 This series of books will include in complete editions those masterpieces of English Literature that are best adapted for the use of schools and colleges. The editors of the several volumes will...
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...Social Change and Modernity Edited By Hans Haferkamp and Neil J. Smelser UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford © 1992 The Regents of the University of California INTRODUCTION Hans Haferkamp and Neil J. Smelser Haferkamp is grateful to Angelika Schade for her fruitful comments and her helpful assistance in editing this volume and to Geoff Hunter for translating the first German version of parts of the Introduction; Smelser has profited from the research assistance and critical analyses given by Joppke. 1. Social Change and Modernity Those who organized the conference on which this volume is based—including the editors— decided to use the terms "social change" and "modernity" as the organizing concepts for this project. Because these terms enjoy wide usage in contemporary sociology and are general and inclusive, they seem preferable to more specific terms such as "evolution" "progress," "differentiation," or even "development," many of which evoke more specific mechanisms, processes, and directions of change. Likewise, we have excluded historically specific terms such as "late capitalism" and "industrial society" even though these concepts figure prominently in many of the contributions to this volume. The conference strategy called for a general statement of a metaframework for the study of social change within which a variety of more specific theories could be identified. 2. Theories of Social Change Change is such an evident feature of...
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...Prologue Florence, 1283 The poet stood next to the bridge and watched as the young woman approached. The world ground to a near standstill as he remarked her wide, dark eyes and elegantly curled brown hair. At first he didn’t recognize her. She was breathtakingly beautiful, her movements sure and graceful. Yet there was something about her face and figure that reminded him of the girl he’d fallen in love with long ago. They’d gone their separate ways, and he had always mourned her, his angel, his muse, his beloved Beatrice. Without her, his life had been lonely and small. Now his blessedness appeared. As she approached him with her companions, he bowed his head and body in a chivalrous salute. He had no expectation that his presence would be acknowledged. She was both perfect and untouchable, a browneyed angel dressed in resplendent white, while he was older, world-weary and wanting. She had almost passed him when his downcast eyes caught sight of one of her slippers — a slipper that hesitated just in front of him. His heart beat a furious tattoo as he waited, breathless. A soft and gentle voice broke into his remembrances as she spoke to him kindly. His startled eyes flew to hers. For years and years he’d longed for this moment, dreamed of it even, but never had he imagined encountering her in such a serendipitous fashion. And never had he dared hope he would be greeted so sweetly. Caught off balance, he mumbled his pleasantries and allowed himself the indulgence of a smile...
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