...2 Categories of Fracture Complications Early complications • Shock • fat embolism • compartment syndrome • deep vein thrombosis • thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism) • disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and infection. Delayed complications • delayed union and nonunion • avascular necrosis of bone • reaction to internal fixation devices • complex regional pain syndrome (formerly called reflex sympathetic dystrophy) • eterotrophic ossification. SHOCK (EARLY) • Hypovolemic or traumatic shock • Results from hemorrhage (both visible and nonvisible blood loss) and from loss of extracellular fluid into damaged tissues may occur in fractures of the extremities, thorax, pelvis, or spine. • Treatment of shock consists of restoring blood volume and circulation, relieving the patient’s pain, providing adequate splinting, and protecting the patient from further injury and other complications. FAT EMBOLISM SYNDROME (EARLY) • After fracture of long bones or pelvis, multiple fractures, or crush injuries, fat emboli may develop. • At the time of fracture, fat globules may move into the blood because the marrow pressure is greater than the capillary pressure or because catecholamines elevated by the patient’s stress reaction mobilize fatty acids and promote the development of fat globules in the bloodstream. • The fat globules (emboli) occlude the small blood vessels that supply the lungs...
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...Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue Multiple Choice 1. Important functions of the skeletal system include A) protection of the brain and soft organs. B) storage of water. C) production of Vitamin E. D) regulation of acid-base balance. E) integration of other systems. Answer: a Level: 1 2. A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n) A) aponeurosis. B) ligament. C) bursa. D) epimysium. E) tendon. Answer: e Level: 1 3. Ligaments attach A) muscle to muscle. B) bone to bone. C) muscle to bone. D) nerve to bone. E) nerve to muscle. Answer: b Level: 1 4. Chondroblasts produce A) ligaments. B) cartilage matrix. C) bone tissue. D) blood cells. E) synovial fluid. Answer: b Level: 1 5. The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is A) elastic cartilage. B) fibrocartilage. C) hyaline cartilage. D) interstitial cartilage. E) osteocartilage. Answer: c Level: 1 6. The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the A) matrix. B) chondrocyte. C) ligamentous cord. D) lacuna. E) perichondrium. Answer: e Level: 1 7. Cartilage A) is composed of osteons. B) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum. C) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae. D) does not need nutrients and oxygen so it has no blood vessels. E) is well vascularized. Answer: c Level: 1 8. Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage A) replace collagen fibers in the matrix...
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...and Prognosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Anitra Swann Baltimore City Community College Professor McNair AH 130 October 18, 2011 Abstract Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a heritable disorder of bone formation resulting in low bone mass and a propensity to fracture. It exhibits a broad range of clinical severity, ranging from multiple fracturing in utero and perinatal deaths to normal adult stature and a low fracture incidence. The disorder is currently classified into seven types based on differences in bone architecture. In addition to its primary effect on the skeletal system, the alterations in connective tissue may affect several extra skeletal structures, such as the cardiovascular system, sclera, middle and inner ear, tendons/ligaments, and central nervous system. Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta also have a greater incidence of airway anomalies, cardiovascular anomalies, and increased incidence of perioperative bleeding, easily fractured bones and teeth. Treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta by bisphosphonate therapy can improve bone mass in all types of the disorder, and while not being a cure for the disorder does improve the quality of life of the patient. This paper will examine the causes, treatment, and prognosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Student Examination into the Causes, Treatment, and Prognosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an abnormally brittle bone disease that is inherited. The term Osteogenesis Imperfecta means...
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...Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10e, (Marieb) Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissue 6.1 Matching Questions Figure 6.1 Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure: Flat, long, irregular, short, sesamoid A) Irregular B) Flat C) Sesamoid D) Short E) Long 1) Bone 1. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 2) Bone 2. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 3) Bone 3. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 4) Bone 4. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 5) Bone 5. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 6) Bone 6. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 7) Bone 7. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 1) B 2) E 3) B 4) A 5) E 6) C 7) D Figure 6.2 Using Figure 6.2, match the following: A) A B) D C) C D) B 8) Compact bone. Section: 6.4 Learning Outcome: 6.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 9) Location of the epiphyseal line. Section: ...
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...Overview Can you imagine what the human body would be like if it were devoid of bones or some other form of supporting framework? Picture a "blob" utilizing amoeboid movement. Ugh! The skeletal system consists of bones and related connective tissues, which include cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is a living tissue and is functionally dynamic. It provides a supportive framework for vital body organs, serves as areas for muscle attachment, articulates at joints for stability and movement, and assists in respiratory movements. In addition, it provides areas of storage for substances such as calcium and lipids, and blood cell formation occurs within the cavities containing bone marrow. The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, 80 of which are found in the axial division, and 126 of which make up the appendicular division. Many of the bones of the body, especially those of the appendicular skeleton, provide a system of levers used in movement, and are utilized in numerous ways to control the environment that surrounds you every second of your life. Few people relate the importance of movement as one of the factors necessary for maintaining life, but the body doesn't survive very long without the ability to produce movements. The study and review for this chapter includes microscopic and macroscopic features of bone, bone development and growth, location and identification of bones, joint classification, and the structure of representa tive articulations. Review...
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...Skeletal.eap3am 8/20/02 1:20 PM Page 50 50 The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3....
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...with respect to phenomenon underling the present study, such presentation had included almost all issues related to care of fracture that treated with external and internal fixation. Part I: Historical Prospective of Beginning and use External and Internal Fixation. Part II: Traumatic Bone Injury: 2.2.1. Causes of Fracture. 2.2.2 Pathophysiology of Fracture. 2.3. Types of fractures. 2.4. Clinical Manifestations. 2.5. Diagnostic Tests. 2.6. Phase of Bone Healing. 2.7. Complications of Fracture. PartIII: Treatment and Management of Fracture by External and Internal fixation . 2.3.1.External Fixation Method....
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...INTRODUCTION I. SYLLABUS & COURSE POLICIES II. BODY ORGANIZATION A. Chemical Level: atoms and molecules B. Cellular Level: Cell: basic structural and functional unit of life C. Tissue Level: Tissue: similar cells that perform a common function D. Organ Level: Organ: 2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific functions E. Organ System Level: Organ system: organs having related functions F. Organismal Level: Organism: has several organ systems which work together to maintain life III. PLANES OF REFERENCE & DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY A. Anatomical Position: upright, feet parallel, eyes & palms forward B. Planes of Reference: Imaginary lines or actual dissecting cuts (sections) which may be used to "section" the body or an organ. 1. Sagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal right and left portions. a. Midsagittal: divides the body or organ into equal HALVES 2. Coronal (= Frontal) Plane: divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions 3. Transverse (= Horizontal, Cross-sectional) Plane: Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) C. Directional Terms for the Body: Terms are in table 1.2 on p. 12, (and fig 1.7 on p. 13) - LEARN THEM!! Ex: Medial: closer to midline Lateral: away from the midline IV. BODY REGIONS A. Cephalic Region or Head 1. Facial Region a. Orbital – eye ...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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